అధ్యాయము 10

Transformation Of Sentences

71. ఒక phrase ను clause గా పెంచవచ్చు. ఒక clause ను phrase గా కుదించవచ్చు. విషయం మనం చదివియున్నాము. దీని భావము ఏమనగా వాక్యము యొక్క రూపాన్ని (form) భావములో మార్పులేకుండా మనము మార్చవచ్చు. ఈ chapter లో వాక్యమును మార్పుచేయు మరికొన్ని పద్ధతులను చదివెదము. ఈ పద్ధతివలన వాక్యమును ఎలా అంటే అలా రూపొందించే నైపుణ్యం మనకు వస్తుంది.

1. Sentences Containing The Adverb ‘Too’

(‘కూడా’ అనే పదము ఉన్న వాక్యములు)
72. ‘Too’ అనే adverb ను కలిగియున్న వాక్యములను ఈ క్రింద చూపబడిన విధముగా మార్చవచ్చును:-
1. The news is too good to be true.
The news is so good that it cannot be true.
2. These mangoes are too cheap to be good.
These mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be good.
3. He drove too fast for the police to catch.
He drove so fast that the police could not catch him.

Read and Learn more Analysis Transformation of Sentences

అభ్యాసము 59 

‘Too’ అను adverb పదమును విరమింపజేసి ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను రాయండి :-
1. It is never too late to mend.
2. He is too proud to beg.
3. My heart is too full for words.
4. He was too late to hear the first speech.
5. He is too ignorant for a postman.
6. The boy was too old for a whipping.
7. This tree is too high for me to climb.
8. He speaks too fast to be understood.
9. He is far too stupid for such a difficult post.
10. She was sobbing too deeply to make any answer.
11. This fact is too evident to require proof.
12. The work is too much for any man to do single-handed.
13. This shirt is too small for me.
14. The bag was too heavy for me too carry.

2. Interchange Of The Degrees Of Comparison

(పోల్చిచూపించే Adjective యొక్క Degree భావములను ఒకదాని నుండి ఇంకొక Degree కి మార్చుట)
73. వాక్యము యొక్క అర్ధమును (భావమును) మార్పుచేయకుండా Adjectives యొక్కయు Adverbs యొక్కయు Degree of Comparison రూపమును మార్చవచ్చును.
Positive.             I am as strong as him.
Comparative.    He is not stronger than me.
Positive.            This razor is not as sharp as that one.
Comparative.    That razor is sharper than this one.
Positive             Few historians write as interestingly as Joshi.
Comparative.    Joshi writes more interestingly than most historians.
Positive.            No other metal is as useful as iron.
Comparative.    Iron is more useful than anyother metal.
Superlative.      Iron is the most useful of all metals.
Superlative.      India is the largest democracy in the World.
Comparative.    India is larger than any other democracy in the world.
Positive.            No other democracy in the world is as large as India.
Superlative.      Mumbai is one of the richest cittes in india,
Comparative.    Mumbai is richer than most other cities in India.
Positive.            Very few citiesin India are as rich as Mumbai.
Superlative.       Ushakiran is not the tallest of all the buildings in the city.
Comparative.    Usha Kiran is not taller than some other buildings in the city.
OR
Positive.            Some other buildings in the city are perhaps taller than Ushakiran.
Some other buildings in the city are at least as tall as Usha Kiran.
OR
Superlative.   Usha Kiran is perhaps not as tall as some other buildings in the city.
Comparative. Naomi is not one of the cleverest girls in the class.
Some girls of the class are cleverer than Naomi.
OR
Positive.        Naomi is less clever than some other girls of the class.
Naomi is not so clever as some other girls of the class.

అభ్యాసము 601
భావములో మార్పులేకుండా Degree of Comparison యొక్క position మార్చండి.
1.  Abdul is as strong as his brother.
2. Akbar was one of the greatest kings.
3. Some boys are at least as industrious as Karim.
4. Mahabaleshwar is cooler than Mysore.
5. No other bowler in the eleven is so good as Rama.
6. Very few cities in India are as big as Chennai. Nights.
7. No other story-book is so popular as The Arabian
8. This pony is better trained than yours.
9. This church is the biggest in Mumbai.
10. Helen of Troy was more beautiful than any other woman.
11. Samudra Gupta was one of the greatest of Indian kings.
12. The airplane flies faster than birds.
13. Hyderabad is one of the biggest of Indian cities.
14. Some beans are at least as nutritious as meat.
15. Australia is the largest island in the world.
16. This is one of the hottest districts in India.
17. Very few Indo-Anglian novelists are as great as R.K.Narayan,
18. He loves all his sons equally well.
19. It is better to starve than beg.
20. This newspaper has a bigger circulation than any other morning paper.

3. Interchange Of Active Ans Passive Voice

74. Active (ఇచ్చట voice అని అర్ధము) form లో ఉన్న వాక్యమును Passice voice యొక్క భావములోనికి మార్చవచ్చును. అలానే తిరిగి కూడా రాయవచ్చును. (Passive into Active)
గమనిక (Note): ఒక పనిని చేసినవాడు (agent) ఎవరైనది తెలిసినపుడు వానిని గురించి Passice voice వాక్యములో పేర్కొనవలసిన అవసరంలేదు. ఈ విధంగా ఆ వ్యక్తిని Passice నుండి అవతల పెట్టడం ద్వారా వాక్యము neat గా simple గా ఉంటుంది. ఇచ్చటనున్న ఆఖరి example లో (Passice voice example) agent ను Passice voice లో ప్రస్తావించడం జరగలేదు.
Active.          Brutus stabbed Caesar.
Passive.        Caesar was stabbed by Brutus.
Active.          The people will make him President.
Passive.         He will be made president by the people.
Active.          Who taught you grammar?/By whom was grammar taught to you?
Passive.        By whom were you taught grammar?/ Who were you taught grammar by?
Active.         The Governor gave him a reward.
Passive.        He was given a reward by the Governor. A reward was given to him by the Governor
Active.         The Romans expected to conquer Carthage.
Passive.        It was expected by the Romans that they would conquer Carthage
Active.         One should keep one’s promises.
Passive.        Promises should be kept.
Active.          I know her.
Passive.        She is known to me.
Active.          My captors were taking me to prison.
Passive.        I was being taken to prison by my captors.
Active.          His behaviour vexes me sometimes.
Passive.        I am sometimes vexed at his behaviour.
Active.          It is time to shut up the shop.
Passive.        It is time for the shop to be shut up.
Active.         The audience loudly cheered the Mayor’s speech.
Passive.       The Mayor’s speech was loudly cheered.

గమనిక (Note): Agent (ఒక కార్యములో direct గా పాల్గోనిన వ్యక్తి) ను ప్రాముఖ్యముగా చూపవలసి వచ్చినపుడు Active voice వాక్యమును రాసెదము. ఎవరయితే ఒక action ఫలాన్ని అనుభవిస్తారో, వారిని ప్రాముఖ్యంగా చూపవలసి వచ్చినపుడు, Passive voice వాక్యమును ఉపయోగిస్తాము. ఈ విధంగా Agent ఎవరో clear గా తెలియనపుడు గూడా Passive voice వాక్యమును రాస్తాము. Agent ను గురించి పెద్దగా చెప్పవలసిన అవసరం లేనపుడు గూడా Passive voice వాక్యమును రాస్తాము. ఉదాహరణకు పడవ ధ్వంసమైనది అనే వాక్యములో ఈ భావమును చూడవచ్చును.

Passive.        My pocket has been picked.
Active.          Someone has picked my pocket.
Passive.         Our army has been defeated.
Active.          The enemy has defeated our army.
Passive.        I shall be obliged to go.
Active.          Circumstances will oblige me to go.

అభ్యాసము 61
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను Passive voice లోనికి మార్చండి. వీలయినచోట్ల Agent గురించి ప్రస్తావించవద్దు.
1. Premchand wrote this novel.
2. We admire the brave.
3. I bought the baby a doll.
4. They know me.
5. He invited me to his house yesterday.
6. They enjoy bathing.
7. I opened the door.
8. I read the book long ago.
9. Pakistan expected to win the match.
10. The master appointed him monitor.
11. Who taught you such tricks as these?
12. Brutus accused Caesar of ambition.
13. The boy is climbing the cliff.
14. He taught me to read Persian.
15. One expects better behaviour from a college student.
16. They showed a video of ‘The Titanic’.
17. You must endure what you cannot cure.
18. The King reviewed the troops in the maidan.
19.The curator of the museum showed us some ancient coins.
20. They have pulled down the old house.
21. The rules forbid passengers to cross the railway line.
22. He made his wife do the work.
23. Nature teaches beasts to know their friends.
24. All desire wealth and some acquire it.
25. Lincoln emancipated four million African slaves.
26. They propose to build a dam for irrigation purposes.
27. We expect good news.
28. The French surrendered Quebec to the English in 1759.
29. I offered him a chair.
30. He showed me the greatest respect.
31. Alas! we shall hear his voice no more.
32. Shall I ever forget those happy days?
33. Do you not understand my meaning?
34. We must listen to his words.

అభ్యాసము 62
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను Passive Voice లోనికి మార్చండి. వీలయినచోట్ల Agent ను ప్రస్తావించవద్దు.
1. Macbeth hoped to succeed Duncan.
2. Who taught you Urdu?
3. They found him guilty of murder.
4. The King immediately gave orders that he should be imprisoned.
5. Somebody has put out the light.
6. They laughed at his warnings and objected to all his proposals.
7. The Swiss regarded him as an impostor and called him a villain.
8. I have kept the money in the safe.
9. He pretended to be a baron.
10. His subordinates accused him of various offences.
11. I saw him opening the box.
12. He ordered the police to pursue the thief.
13. One cannot gather grapes from thistles.
14. You never hear of a happy millionaire.
15. The public will learn with astonishment that war is imminent.
16. Did you never hear that name?
17. The legend tells us how the castle received its name.
18. Do not insult the weak.
19. Why did he defraud you of your earnings?

అభ్యాసము 63
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను Active Voice లోనికి మార్చండి.
1. The letter was written by the clerk.
2. Without effort nothing can be gained.
3. ‘Shakuntala’ was written by Kalidas.
4. I was struck by his singular appearance.
5. He was seen by my brother.
6. He was chosen leader.
7. Honey is made by bees.
8. The bird was killed by a cruel boy.
9. The steam-engine was invented by Watt.
10. The mouse was killed by the cat.
11. The boy was praised by the teacher.
12. The Exhibition was opened by the Prime Minister.
13. By whom was this jug broken?
14. I was offered a chair.
15. We shall be blamed by everyone.
16. He will be gladdened by the sight.
17. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
18. My watch has been stolen.
19. A king may be looked at by a cat.
20. The telegraph wires have been cut.
21. Harsh sentences were pronounced on the offenders.
22. This question will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
23. Why should I be suspected by you?
24. Stones should not be thrown by those who live in glass houses.
25. He was arrested on a charge of theft, but for lack of evidence he was released.
26. The ship was set on fire and abandoned by the crew.
27. He will be greatly surprised if he is chosen.

4.Interchange Of Affirmative And Negative Sentences

(అవును, కాదు అను భావమును చెప్పు వాక్యములు)
75. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి.
1. Brutus loved Caesar.
Brutus was not without love for Caesar.
2. I was doubtful whether it was you.
I was not sure that it was you.
3 Old fools surpass all other fools in folly.
There’s no fool like an old fool.
4. He is greater than me.
I am not so great as him.
5. Alfred was the best king that ever reigned in England.
No other king as good as Alfred ever reigned in England.

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలోని భావములకు (meanings) వ్యతిరేక భావములలో చూపండి.

అభ్యాసము 64
1. He was more rapacious than a griffin.
2. He was as rapacious as a griffin.
3. Akbar was the greatest of the Great Moghuls.
4. He was greater than Aurangzeb.
5. The rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
6. As soon as he came, he made objections.
7. These fishing nets are all the wealth I own.
8. I always love my country.
9. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
10. He is sometimes foolish.
11. He failed to notice me when he came in.
12. Everybody will admit that he did his best.
13. Only a millionaire can afford such extravagance.
14. Every man makes mistakes sometimes.
15. I care very little what he says about me.
16.  As soon as he saw me he came up and spoke to me.
17. He must have seen the Taj Mahal when he went to Agra.

అభ్యాసము 65
ఈ క్రింది Negative వాక్యములను Affirmative (భావార్థకమైన అనగా అవునని ఒప్పుకొనునవి) వాక్యములుగా మార్పు చేయండి :-
1. Nobody was absent.
2. He did not live many years in India.
3. No one could deny that she was pretty.
4. God will not forget the cry of the humble.
5. Ram not a little tired.
6. There was no one present who did not cheer.
7. I never in my life laid a plan and failed to carry it out.
8. Not many men would be cruel and unjust to a cripple.
9. No man could have done better.
10. The two brothers are not unlike each other.
11. He has promised never to touch wine again.
12. We did not find the road very bad.
13. There is no smoke without fire.
14. It is not likely that he will ever see his home again.

5. Interchange Of Interrogative And Assertive Sentences

(ప్రశ్నించుటను మరియు వక్కాణించుటను చేయు వాక్యముల పరస్పర మార్పులు)
76. ఈ క్రింది examples ను పరిశీలించండి :-
1. What though we happen to belate?
It does not matter much though we happen to be late.
2. Why waste time in reading trash?
It is extremely foolish to waste time in reading trash.
3. Were we sent into the world simply to make money? We were not sent into the world simply to make money.
4. How can man die better than facing fearful odds? Man cannot die better than facing fearful odds.
5. When can their glory fade?
Their glory can never fade.
6. Was he not a villain to do such a deed?
He was a villain to do such a deed.

 అభ్యాసము 66
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను Assertive sentences గా రూపొందించండి :- (నొక్కి వక్కాణించునవి)
1. Who can touch pitch without being defiled?
2. Can any man by taking thought add a cubit to his stature?
3. What though the field be lost?
4. Is that the way a gentleman should behave?
5. Who does not know the owl?
6. Shall I ever forget those happy days?
7. Who is so wicked as to amuse himself with the infirmities of extreme old age?
8. Why waste time in this fruitless occupation?
9. Is this the kind of dress to wear in school?
10. Can you gather grapes from thorns or figs from thistles?

అభ్యాసము 67
ఈ క్రింది Assertive sentences ను ప్రశ్నలుగా మార్చండి.
1. No one can be expected to submit for ever to injustice.
2. There is nothing better than a busy life.
3. Nowhere in the world will you find a fairer building than the Taj Mahal.
4. It is useless to offer bread,to a man who is dying of thirst.
5. We could have done nothing without your help.
6. That was not an example to be followed.

6. Interchange Of Exclamaatory And Assertive Sentences

ఆశ్చర్యార్థకములను, నొక్కివక్కాణించు భావములను చూపించు వాక్యముల పరస్పర మార్పిడి
77. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి.
1. How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank!
The moonlight very sweetly sleeps upon this bank.
2. If only I were young again!
I wish I were young again.
3. Alas that youth should pass away!втина
It is sad to think that youth should pass away.
4. How beautiful is night!
Night is very beautiful.
5. To think of our meeting here!
[Or] That we should meet here!
It is strange that we should meet here.

అభ్యాసము 68
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను (Exclamatory రూపములో నున్నవి అనగా భావమును అకస్మాత్తుగా తెలుపునవి) Assertive వాక్యములుగా మార్చండి.
1. What would I not give to see you happy!
2. Ah, what a sight was there!
3. What a piece of work is man!
4. What might be done, if men were wise!
5. What a wonderful creature an elephant is!
6. How awkwardly he manages his sword!
7. Oh! that we two were infants playing!
8. If only I had the wings of a dove!
9. What a large nose!
10. If only I had a good horse!
11. If only I were safe at home!
12. Oh! what a fall was there, my countrymen!
13. What a delicious meal!
14. What sweet delight a quiet life affords!
15. How well fitted the camel is for the work he has to do!
16. How cold you are!
17. What a beautiful scene this is!
18. What a delicious flavour these mangoes have!
19. Shame on you to use a poor cripple so!
20. If only I knew more people!
21. How you have grown!
22. If only I had come one hour earlier!

అభ్యాసము 69
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను Exclamatory వాక్యములుగా మార్చండి :-
1. It is a horrible night.
2. It was extremely base of him to desert you in your time of need.
3 It is hard to believe that he did such a deed.
4. I wish I had met you ten years ago.
5. It is very stupid of me to forget your name.
6. He leads a most unhappy life.

7. Interchange Of One Part Of Speech For Another

78. ఈ క్రింది examples ను పరిశీలించండి:-
1. That kind of joke does not amuse me.
That kind of joke does not give me any amusement.
2. It costs twelve rupees.
The cost is twelve rupees.
3. He has disgraced his family.
He is a disgrace to his family.
4. He fought bravely.
He put up a brave fight.
5. The treaty of Salbai should be remembered as one of toe landmarks in the history of India.
The treaty of Salbai is worthy of remembrance as one of the landmark in the history of India.
6. I cannot consent to your going.
I cannot give my consent to your going.
7. He gave a curt reply.
He replied curtly.
8. He showed generosity even to his enemies.
He was generous even to his enemies.
9. There is a slight difference between the two shades.
The two shades are slightly different.
10. The Act made the negro slaves free.
The Act gave freedom to the negro slaves.
11. I see him everyday.
I see him daily.
12. He examined the document carefully.
He examined the document with care.
13. We passed an anxious hour.
We passed an hour anxiously.
14. Few historians have written in a more interesting manner than Gibbon.
Few historians have wrirten more interstingly than Gibbon.
15. He presumptuously ignored my advice.
He presumed to ignore my advice.

అభ్యాసము 70
(a) ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లో ఉన్న నామవాచక పదముల స్థానములో Verb పదములను
ఉపయోగించండి :-
1. He rejected all our proposals.
2. Steel gains strength from the addition of nickel.
3. He made an agreement to supply me with firewood.
4. His purpose is not clear from his letter.
5. You cannot gain admission without a ticket.
6. He has no intention of leaving the city.
7. I have a disinclination for work today.
8. He made a success of all his undertakings.
9. These mangoes have a sweet smell but a sour taste.

(b) ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న Adverbs ను తొలగించి Verb పదములను ప్రయోగించండి:-
1. The defenders successfully repelled every attack on the city.
2. This scene is surpassingly beautiful.
3. He is admittedly the greatest general of the country.
4. They welcomed the good news most joyfully.

(C) ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న Verb పదములను Adjective పదములను తొలగించి
వానికి సరిపోయిన నామవాచక పదములను ఉపయోగించండి :-
1. Though the ant is small it is as intelligent as the elephant.
2. He said he regretted that he had acted so hastily.

అధ్యాయము 11

Transformation Of Sentences (Contd.)
1. Conversion Of Simple Sentence To
Compound (Double) Sentence

79. Simple sentence ను Compound Sentence గా మార్చవచ్చును. ఇచ్చట ఒక word ను గాని phrase ను గాని Co-ordinate clause గా మార్చవలసి ఉంటుంది.
Simple.                  He must work very hard to make up for the lost time.
Compound.           He must work very hard and make up for the lost time.
Simple.                  To his eternal disgrace, he betrayed his country.
Compound.           He betrayed his country, and this was to his eternal disgrace.
Simple.                  Besides robbing the poor child, he also murdered her.
Compound.           He not only robbed the poor child, but also murdered her.
Simple.                  He must work very hard to win the first prize.
Compound.           He must work very hard, or he will not win the first prize.
Simple.                  He must not attempt to escape, on pain of death.
Compound.           He must not attempt to escape, or he will be put to death.
Simple.                   Notwithstanding his hard work, he did not succeed.
Compound.            He worked hard, yet did not succeed.
Simple.                   Owing to ill-luck, he met with a bad accident on the eve of his examination.
Compound.            He was unlucky and therefore met with a bad accident on the eve of his examination.
Simple.                   The teacher punished the boy for disobedience.
Compound.            The boy was disobedient, and so the teacher punished him.

అభ్యాసము 71
ఈ క్రింది Simple sentences ను Compound Sentences గా (Double sentences ) మార్చండి
1. In this tower sat the poet gazing on the sea.
2. To everyone’s surprise, the project completely failed.
3. Seeing the rain coming on, we took shelter under a tree.
4. Besides educating his nephew, he also set him up in business.
5. The fog being very dense, the steamer sailed at less than half speed.
6. Raleigh, taking off his cloak politely, placed it in the muddy street.
7. Being occupied with important matters, he had no leisure to see us.
8. In spite of his popularity he cannot be called a great writer.
9. MI2 Rushing against Horatius, he smote with all his might.
10.  With all his learning, he was far from being a pedant.
11. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner, eating his Christmas pie
12. He must resign on pain of public dismissal.
13. Owing to drought the crop is short.
14. The men had not completed their work by sunset.
15. Notwithstanding several efforts, he failed.
16. By his pleasant manners he gained many friends.
17. In addition to pecuniary assistance he gave them much valuable advice.
18. The referee having whistled, the game was stopped.
19. On account of his negligence the company suffered heavy losses.
20. Running at top speed, he got out of breath.
21. Possessing all the advantages of education and wealth, he never made name.
22 . Taking pity on the mouse, the magician turned it into a cat.
23. Being dissastisfied, he resigned his position.
24. Throwing off his coat, he plunged into sea.

అభ్యాసము 72
ఈ క్రింది Simple sentences ను Compound sentences గా మార్చండి :-
1. Hearing their father’s footsteps, the boys ran away.
2. With a great effort he lifted the box.
3 The man, being very hungry, ate too much.
4. In spite of his great strength he was overcome.
5. Against the wishes of his family he left school.
6. He was universally respected on account of his virtue.
7. His friend having helped him, he is prospering.
8 The rain having washed away the embankment, the train was wrecked. Finding himself in difficulty, he went to his teacher for help.
9. My friend being now in Mumbai, I shall go there to meet him.
10. In the event of such a thing happening.
11. I should take long leave.
12.  They are forbidden to enter the sacred place on pain of death.
13. Being a cripple, he cannot ride a horse.
14. To make certain of getting a place you must apply early.
15. He intends to try again notwithstanding his repeated failures.
16.  In spite of all my advice he has done this foolish thing.
17. By reason of his great ability he has been able to win a high position.
18. Through no fault of his own he has become very poor.
19. Knowing no better, he used very inaccurate language.
20. His swords having broken, he was left defenceless.
21. He was rejected owing to ill-health.
22. I do not like him on account of his pride and boastfulnless.
23. To avoid punishment he ran away.
24. In his ignorance he followed the wrong course.
25. Out of a desire for revenge he agreed to this.
26.To add to their troubles, a tyre burst on the way.
27. Having made no provision for old age, he is very poor.

2. Conversion Of Compound (Doble) Sentences To
Simple Sentences

80. ఈ క్రింది examples Som Compound sentences  ను  Simple sentences గా  మార్పిడి జెయ్యడానికిగల ముఖ్యమైన పద్ధతులను వివరించును.
Compound.          He finished his exercise and put away his books.
Simple.                  Having finished his exercise, he put away his books.
Compound.          Not only did his father give him money, but his mother too.
Simple.                Besides his father giving him money, his mother also did the same.
Compound.         He was a mere boy but he offered to fight the giant.
Simple.                In spite of his being a mere boy, he offered to fight the glant.
Compound.        He must not be late, or he will be punished.
Simple.                In the event of his being late, he will be punished.
Compound.        You must either pay the bill at once or return the goods.
Simple.                Failing prompt payment, the goods must be returned by you.
Compound.         The men endured all the horrors of the campaign and not one of them complained at all.
Simple.                 The men endured all the horrors of the campaign without one of them making any complaint.
Compound.          We must eat, or we cannot live.
Simple.                 We must eat to live.

అభ్యాసము 73
ఈ క్రింది Compound sentences  ను  (Double Sentences) Simple sentences  మార్చండి
1. They were poor, and often suffered great hardship.
2. He overslept himself, and so he missed the train.
3. The prince slew his brother and became king in his place.
4. This coat cannot be mine, for it is too big.
5. This general fought bravely, the king therefore made him commander-in-chief.
6. The camel pushed his head into the tent and asked to be allowed to warm his nose.
7. As a boy he had never been at school, and therefore he had no opportunity of learning to read or write.
8. This must not occur again, or you will be dismissed.
9. He granted the request, for he was unwilling to disappoint his friend.
10. They took every precaution; still they ran aground.
11. He is rich, yet he is not contented.
12. Make haste, or else you will be late.
13. The steamer went down, yet the crew were saved.
14. The piper advanced, and the children followed.
15. The horse reared and the rider was thrown.
16. Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.
17. I called him, but he gave me no answer.
18. Either he is drowned or some passing ship has saved him.
19. He must have done his duty, for he is a conscientious man.
20. He tried hard, but he did not succeed.
21. He tried again and again, but he did not succeed.
22. We decided not to go any further that day and put up at the nearest hotel.
23.  Either you must help me or I must try to carry out my task alone.
24. His partner died, and this added to his difficulties.
25. He was horrified for he saw blood stains on the floor and no sign of his child.
26. Not only men, but women and children were put to death.
27. He is a well-read man, but in matters of business he is a fool.
28. Work at least six hours a day, or you cannot make sure of success.
29. He is very poor, but he does not complain.
30. He neither retumed the goods nor paid the bill.
31. Everybody else went down to meet him in the train, but I did not.

అభ్యాసము 74
ఈ క్రిందిCompound sentences   ను (Double Sentences) Simple sentences  మార్చండి
1. My friend arrived and we went for a walk.
2 The servant brought the lamp and I began my homework.
3. The ink had dried up and I could not write.
4. I have a lot of work and must do it now.
5. We must hurry and we shall escape the rain.
6. He has an unpleasant duty and must perform it.
7. He not only pitied him but relieved him.
8. He did this and so offended his master.
9. He had read the book carefully and could tell the story in his own words.
10. His object became known and everybody tried to help him.
11. He found a rupee, and was delighted at his good luck.
12. Rama has hurt his ankle and will not be able to play today.
13. Be good and you will be happy.
14. He did not like the work and he began it unwillingly.
15. I ordered him to halt, but he took no notice.
16. He is a good steady worker, only he is rather slow.
17. He served out his sentence in gaol and was released.
18. He worked exceedingly hard at school, for he was a good obedient boy.
19. The dacoits stopped to divide the booty and the police overtook them.
20. He practised daily and so became an expert player.
21. Your attempt can hardly be called successful, for it has had no good results.
22. The President came into the hall and everyone rose from his seat.
23. He escaped several times but was finally caught.
24. He found himself getting weaker and weaker; so he consulted a doctor.
25. The horse fell heavily and his rider came down with him.
26. The plague broke out in the city and the people moved out into the jungle.
27. I had no money with me, and I could not give the beggar anything.
28. I continually invited him to visit me, but he never came.

3. Conversion Of Simple Sentences To Complex

81. ఒక పదమును గాని, ఒక Phrase నుగాని ఒక Subordinate clause గా develop చేయుట ద్వారా Simple sentence ను Complex sentence గా మార్చవచ్చును. ఈ clause తాను noun కావచ్చు. Adjective కావచ్చు లేదా Adverb కావచ్చు.
Simple.                 He confessed his crime.
Complex.             He confessed that he was guilty.
Simple.                His silence proves his guilt.
Complex.            The fact that he is silent proves his guilt.
Simple.                He bought his uncle’s library.
Complex.            He bought the library which belonged to his uncle
Simple.              On the arrival of the mails the steamer will leave.
Complex.           The steamer will leave as soon as the mails arrive.
Simple.               He owed his success to his father.
Complex.            It was owing to his father that he succeeded.
Simple.              He worked hard to pass the examination.
Complex.          He worked hard so that he might pass the examination.
Simple.              Cain, being jealous of Abel, struck him.
Complex.           Cain struck Able because he was jealous of him.
Simple.              Only Indians are admitted.
Complex.          If you are not an Indian you cannot be admitted.
Simple.              He succeeded unexpectedly.
Complex.          He succeeded although his success was not expected.
Simple.              The management is thoroughly bad.
Complex.          The management is as bad as it could be.
Simple.              A man’s modesty is in inverse proportion to his ignorance.
Complex.           The more ignorant a man is, the less modest he is.

అభ్యాసము 75
ఈ క్రింది Simple sentences ను Complex sentences గా మార్చండి. ప్రతి వాక్యములో Noun clause ఉండవలయును.
1. I expect to meet Rama to-night.
2 He hoped to win the prize.
3. Krishna wishes me to play for his team.
4. He believes their success to be certain in that case.
5. His father is not likely to punish him.
6. He admitted stealing toe watch.
7. I overheard all his remarks.
8. I did not think fit to reply to his writings.
9. He confessed his fault.
10. His hiding-place is still unknown.
11. I shall be glad of your advice in this matter.
12. He pleaded ignorance of the law.
13. Our friends will hear of our success.
14. You imply my guilt by your words and manner.
15. I request your help.
16. I cannot foretell the time of my departure.
17. I wish you to be quiet.
18. He is said to be a millionaire.
19. Tell the truth.
20. I have long suspected his poverty.

 అభ్యాసము 76
ఈ క్రింది Simple sentences ను Complex sentences గా మార్పుచెయ్యండి. ప్రతి వాక్యములో ఒక Adjective clause ఉండవలయును.
1. I saw a wounded bird.
2 Rama is happy in his present class.
3 The man near me is my brother.
4. Our guru is a man of blameless life.
5. Your father is the man to help you in this matter. 14.
6. The value of exercise is great.
7. Was this the deed of a good man?
8. I was the first to hear the news.
9. These are not the methods of business.
10. The class room is not the place for boys to play in.
11. He is hardly the boy to do credit to the school.
12. He liked his former place.
13. Smoke, the certain indicator of fire, appeared in the mine.
14. I was the first to arrive.
15. That is not the way to answer.
16. It was the work of a wild animal.
17. He is the water carrier,
18. I have nowhere to sit.
19. My friend, the magistrate of this place, is on leave.
20. He sat outside on a stone in the compound.

అభ్యాసము 77
ఈ క్రింది Simple sentences ను Complex sentences గా మార్చండి. ప్రతి వాక్యములో Adverb clause ఉండునట్లు చూడవలయును –
1. On being punished, he wept.
2. During Queen Victoria’s reign there were many wars.
3. Being quite contented, he never grumbled.
4. Being ill-treated by his master, he ran away.
5. He was too dull to understand.
6. The tiger is feared for its fierceness.
7. With your permission I will go away.
8. The peon would be quite happy with a rise of Rs. 10 a month.
9. He replied to the best of his ability.
10. I can only tell you according to my memory.
11. Of Krishna and Rama the latter works the harder.
12. Owing to ill-health he has resigned.
13. He was annoyed at being rebuked.
14. He cannot be caught on account of his quickness.
15. He is too lazy to succeed.
16. He came in very quietly to avoid waking his father.
17. He waited there with a view to meeting me.
18. There is no admission without permission.
19. I will help you in any possible way.
20. Do not go out without leave.
21. In spite of the heat they marched quickly.
22. For all his youth he is very capable.
23. Till my arrival, wait here.
24. After the death of his father he left Mumbai.
25. Up to his thirtieth year he remained unmarried.
26. From the time of that illness he has been partly blind.
27. Previous to his death he made his will.
28. In anticipation of sanction I have issued the order.
29. He hindered the police in the execution of their duty.
30. This was done in my absence.
31. For fear of imprisonment they kept silence.
32. Notwithstanding my entreaties he shot the dog.
33. He wrote according to instructions.
34. He worked to the best of his ability.
35. Come back at six o’clock.
36. With every blow the body quivered.
37. Speaking honestly, I do not know.
38. I came today to take advantage of the special train.
39. He failed to my great surprise.
40. Till the day of the examination he did no more work.
41. The tiger having fallen, he climbed down from the tree.
42. In the time of Aurangzeb taxes were very heavy.
43. We eat to live.
44. Some people live to eat.
45. He has gone down to the river to bathe. 46. Have you come to see me?
47. Does he wish me to go?

అభ్యాసము 78
ఈ క్రింది Simple sentences ను Complex sentences గా తిరిగి వ్రాయండి :-
1. Can you tell me the time of his arrival?
2. After seeing the King he departed.
3. Many ships were so shattered as to be whollyunmanageable.
4. England expects every man to do his duty.
5. The guests having departed, he went to bed.
6. Few know the date of Lucy’s death.
7. The source of the Nile was difficult to discover.
8. I will meet you at any place convenient for you.
9. In spite of his earnest protestations, he was condemned.
10. He is proud of his high birth.
11. The prince was to be found in the hottest of the battle.
12. I rejoice at his good fortune.
13. But for his own confession, the crime could scarcely have been brought home to him.
14. He alone entered, the rest of us waiting outside.
15. Not feeling well, he decided to lie down.
16. The last of these voyages not proving very fortunate, I grew weary of the sea.
17. Considering the difficulties of his position, he has acted admirably.
18. Speak low, to prevent our being overheard.
19. He was too much excited to hear reason.
20. A letter from the butler brings to the club the news of Sir Roger’s death.
21.  My right there is none to dispute.
22. Accustomed to rule, he schooled himself to obey.
23. He saved the child at the risk of his life.
24. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit.
25. I convinced him of his mistake.
26. It all depends upon the manner of your doing it.
27. He can prove his innocence.
28. Everybody knows the author of Gulliver’s Travels.
29. The date of his arrival is uncertain.
30.  The duration of the war is uncertain.
31. There is no hope of his recovery.
32. The exact date of the birth of Buddha is unknown.
33. A daily bath is necessary to perfect health.
34. Success or failure depends largely on your own efforts.
35.  In my hurry I forgot the most important letters. ”
36. Listeners never hear any good of themselves.
37. Finding the door unlocked, the thief entered the house.
38. It is impossible to trust the word of a habitual liar.
39. Gray, the author of the Elegy, lived in the eighteenth century.
40. The shepherd found the lost sheep.
41. The boy readily admitted his mistake.
42. Tell me your plans.
43. A spider saved Robert Bruce.
44. On arriving at the foot of the hill, he blew his trumpet.
45. For want of money, he was unable to prosecute his studies.
46. The prudent man looks to the future.
47. All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
48. It was too late for retreat.
49. He could clearly remember the incidents of his youth.
50. Our orders were to show no mercy.
51. Your remuneration depends on the quality of your work.
52. I must be cruel, only to be kind.
53. He conducted himself madly to escape suspicion.
54. He is too truthful to be a successful courtier.
55. The men fought with desperation.
56. The idle cannot hope to succeed.
57. Good boys need not fear punishment.
58. The accused confessed his guilt.
59. I asked him the reason of his coming.
60. But for your folly you could have been a partner in the firm today.
61. Tell me your age.
62. I was glad to hear of your arrival.
63. Being a very diligent and clever lad; he soon distinguished himself.
64. He is too short of a soldier.
65. This is said to be the birthplace of Buddha.
66. His success went beyond his expectations.
67. In spite of his poor health, he worked hard.
68. Feeling out of sorts, he went to bed.
69. He complained of being unjustly treated.
70. He killed the hen to get the treasure.
71. An army of ants will attack large and ferocious animals.
72. A very miserly planter formerly lived in the island of Jamaica.
73. He often gave his poor slaves too little food.
74. Industry will keep you from want.
75. A drowning man will catch at a straw.
76. It is excellent to have a giant’s strength.
77. With all thy faults I love thee still.
78. The world’s greatest men have not laboured with a view to becoming rich.
80. This tree is too high for me to climb.
82. Having finished our work, we went out for a walk.
79. The news is too good to be true.
81. He is too old to learn anything new.
83. With a change of wind we shall have rain.
84. With all his wealth he is not happy.

4. Conversion Of Complex Senences To Simple Sentences

2. ఈ క్రింది examples ను పరిశీలించండి :-

Noun Clause

Complex.        He said that he was innocent.
Simple.           He declared his innocence.
Complex.        That you are drunk aggravates your offence.
Simple.            Your drunkenness aggravates your offence.
Complex.          Tell me where you live.
Simple.           Tell me your address.
Complex.           It is a pity that we should have to undergo this disgrace.
Simple.              Our having to undergo this disgrace is a pity.
Complex.           It is proclaimed that all men found with arms will be shot.
Simple.              According to the proclamation all men found with arms will be shot.
Complex.            He remarked how impudent the boy was.
Simple.               He remarked on the boy’s impudence.
Complex.            How long I shall stay is doubtful.
Simple.               The duration of my stay is doubtful.
Complex.            Except that he hurt his hand, he was lucky.
Simple.                Except for the hurt to his hand, he was lucky.

అభ్యాసము 79
ఈ క్రింది Complex sentences ను Simple sentences గా మార్చండి :-
1. We believe that he is innocent.
2. It was much regretted that he was absent.
3. The consequence of his carelessness was that the game was lost.
4. He asked why I came.
5. He ordered that the traitor should be executed.
6. It is to be hoped that he escaped unhurt.
7. I do not know when I shall return.
8. We hope that better times will come.
9. The news that the enemy landed spread like wild fire.
10. That I was successful does not make me happy.
11. He ordered the police that they should imprison the rioters.
12. That you should be willing to believe this is incredible.
13. It is reported that our troops have won a victory.
14. All believed that he was guilty of murder.
15. Tell me what you mean by this.
16. Whoever is prudent is respected.

Adjective Clause

83. ఈ క్రింది examples ను పరిశీలించండి :-
Complex.          He died in the village where he was born.
Simple.             He died in his native village.
Complex.          The moment which is lost is lost for ever.
Simple.              A lost moment is lost for ever.
Complex.          Men who have risen by their own exertions are always respected.
Simple.               Self-made men are always respected.
Complex.            They that are whole have no need of the physician.
Simple.                Healthy persons have no need of the physician.
Complex.            We came upon a hut where a peasant lived.
Simple.                We came upon a peasants hut.
Complex.             Youth is the time when the seeds of character are sown.
Simple.                Youth is the time for the formation of character.
Complex.            The exact time when this occured has not been ascertained.
Simple.                The exact time of the occurence has not been ascertained.
Complex.             The son who was his chief pride in his old age is dead.
Simple.                His son, the pride of his old age! is dead.
Complex.            The place where Buddha was cremated has recently been discovered.
Simple.                The place of Buddha’s cremation has recently been discovered.
Complex.              I have no advice that I can offer you.
Simple.                  I have no advice to offer you.

అభ్యాసము 801
ఈ క్రింది Complex sentences ను Simple sentences గా మార్చండి.
1. As I was unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money.
2. He sold the horse which belonged to his brother.
3. I have no horse that I can lend you.
4. The marks that were left by the whip were still visible.
5. This is the place where we camp.
6. The heart that is full of grief is heavy.
7. The reply which you have made is foolish.
8. The evil that men do lives after them.
9. This is the needle with which she knits.
10. He prospered by the help he got from his friends.
11. Have you nothing that you wish to say?
12. Do you not remember him who was formerly your friend?
13. They were advised by a clever lawyer who was a High Court pleader.
14, He is weak from the illness which he had recently.
15. A man who is dead needs no riches.
16. I have seen the house which belongs to Rama.
17. He was the most learned of the judges who lived at that time.
18. He died in the village where he was born.
19. The horse which is an Arab of pure blood, is very swift.
20. Is there no place which is kept for bathing here?
21. Can he get no work that he can do?
22. He shot a tiger which was the scourge of the district.
23. The birds have no water that they can drink.
24. The chief thing that Wycliffe and his friends achieved was the translation of the Bible into English.
25. That is the book that belongs to me.
26. I saw a man who was blind.
27. This is the bottle which is used for water.
28. I found the book which I had lost.
29. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.
30. The boy who stood first got the prize.
31. The smell which comes from this drain, is very bad.
32. People who live in glass houses must not throw stones.
33. The services he has rendered to the state cannot be over-estimated.
34. The place where they live is very unhealthy.
35. This idea on which he based his philosophy, is very difficult to comprehend.
36. I have no time that I can waste on idle talk.
37. Here is a barrier that cannot be passed.
38. A person who relies on his own efforts has the best chance to win success.
39. A person who has risen by his own exertions is always respected.
or
40. A boy who had been notoriously idle was awarded a prize.
41. Such men as you cannot be easily disheartened.
42. A man who is industrious is sure to succeed.
43. He told us the time when he expected to arrive.

Adverb Clause

84. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి.
Complex.                          The Captain was annoyed that he had not carried out his orders.
Simple.                              The Captain was annoyed at his not having carried out his orders.
Complex.                           You can talk as much as you like.
Simple.                              You can talk to your heart’s content.
Complex.                          Everything comes if a man will only work and wait.
Simple.                             Everything comes to a diligent and patient man.
Complex.                          I am pushing my business wherever I can find an opening.
Simple.                             I am pushing my business in every possible direction.
Complex.                          He will not pay unless he is compelled.
Simple.                              He will pay only under compulsion.
Complex.                          You have succeeded better than you hoped.
Simple.                              You have succeeded beyond your hopes.
Complex.                           When the cat is away the mice will play.
Simple.                              In the absence of the cat the mice will play.
Complex.                           He does not always speak as he thinks.
Simple.                              He does not always speak his thoughts.
Complex.                           A good boy will always do as he is commanded by his superiors.
Simple.                              A good boy will always cany out (or execute) the commands of his superiors.
Complex.                            I was surprised to hear him talk so.
Simple.                                I was surprised when I heard him talk so.
Complex.                            He was so tired that he could not stand.
Simple.                                He was too tired to stand.
Complex.                             If I make a promise I keep it.
Simple.                                 I make a promise only to keep it.
Complex.                            As the war was ended, the soldiers returned.
Simple.                               The War being ended, the soldiers returned.
Complex.                            While there is life there is hope
Simple.                                Life and hope are inseparable.
Complex.                            As you sow, so you will reap.
Simple.                                You will ‘but reap the fruits of your sowing.

అభ్యాసము 81
ఈ క్రింది Complex sentences ను Simple sentences గా మార్చండి :-
1. As you are here you may as well see it.
2. He was angry when he heard the result.
3. Does he know the consequences if he refuses?
4. He cannot go unless I consent.
5. You cannot always talk sense if you are always talking.
6. 7. The boy ran as fast as he could.
7. The boy ran as fast as he could.
7. The boy ran as fast as he could.
8. You never come here but you steal something.
9. Although he has failed twice he will try again.
10. As it was beginning to rain we waited a while.
11. Because he was ill he stayed at home.
12. He made such good speed that he was in time.
13. Since I am unable to get much, I accept little.
14. He will pay you when he hears from me.
15. He was so tired that he could not sleep.
16. As he felt cold he lit a fire.
17. I congratulated him because he had passed.
18. They rejoice that they are going.
19. As the hour had arrived they started.
20. He can afford to be generous because he is rich.
21. The dog jumped up when he saw the cat.
22. Since I believed his word i did not ask for proof.
23. The horse is so old that it cannot work.
24.  The tiger is renowned through all the countryside  because he is so cunning and ferocious.
25. The longer we wait here, the darker it will become.
26. He was very angry when he had to pay again.
27. When they heard the signal they sprang up.
28. He is not so tall that he cannot enter the doorway.
29. Wherever you go I shall follow you.
30. As the truth is known, further lying is useless.
31. As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.
32. No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.
33. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
34. Because you have done this I shall punish you.
35.  They went where living was cheaper.
36. She stood as though turned to stone.
37. Wherever he preached the people gathered to listen.
38. You will pass If you work hard.
39. He cannot see unless he wears glasses.
40. His father still trusted him though he had deceived him.
41. He is not so prudent as he ought to be.
42. It was so dark that you could not see your hand.
43. When the fraud was discovered, he was imprisoned after being tried.
44. He was so indolent that he could not be successful.
45. An honest boy speaks as he thinks.
46. Sit down where you please.
47. The larger the brain, the more vigorous the mind.
48. We have com.e so that we may help you.
49. We will do the work as well as we can.
50. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
51. Though the sky falls, he will not be frightened.
52. Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman Empire lasted.
53. I will buy it, cost what it may.
54. I am surprised that you should believe such nonsense.
55.  Whatever you do, I will support. I shall give you my horse if you give me your silver.

అభ్యాసము 82
ఈ క్రింది Complex sentences ను Simple sentences గా మార్చండి :-
1. It is terrible that people should die of starvation.
2. I was unable to hear what you were saying.
3. We did not go, as the weather was too stormy.
4. It is doubtful whether he will succeed.
5. He became so ill that he was unable to walk.
6. No one is promoted to a higher class unless he is examined.
7. He ran as fast as he could.
8. He said that he would come tomorrow.
9. Tell me where you live.
10. He confessed that he was guilty.
11. It was so dark that we lost our way.
12. Tell me how old you are.
13. We hope that better times will come.
14. Grant me what I ask.
15. If you turn to the right you will soon reach the temple.
16. I insist that you should not go.
17. I shall remain where I am.
18. When he will arrive is not yet known.
19. He gave a graphic account of how he escaped.
20. We went half-an-hour earlier, so that we might get a good seat.
21. He complained that he had been unjustly treated.
22. It is certain that he will come.
23. The Commissioner gave rewards to such men as deserve them.
24. I asked him why he came.
25. A child who has lost his parents is to be pitied.
26. They left at six o’clock so that he might catch the early train.
27.  Suspicion always haunts the mind of a person who is guilty.
28. He went to Ooty so that he might improve his health,
29. A book in which were pictures of animals, was presented to him by his uncle.
30. When Caesar saw Brutus among the assassins, he covered his face with his gown.
31. John Bright once said that the safest place in England was a first-class carriage in an express train.
32. The question is so complicated that it cannot be settled immediately.
33. Had he been absent, the motion would have been carried.
34. The passage is so difficult that I cannot comprehend it.
35. We must do the work as well as we can.
36. Although they fought most valiantly, they were defeated.
37. Those soldiers who survived have received medals.
38. I wish to know the time when he died.
39.  This is a machine which is used for sewing.
40. The priests were satisfied when he offered the money.
41. He seemed very anxious that we should come.
42. You must be hungry if you have not dined.
43. It is lucky that he came just then.
45. You must write to me as soon as you reach Mumbai.
47. He gave away some books which belonged to his brother.
48. Can you tell me the name of the person who wrote the book?
49. If he wins the battle he will be crowned.
44. It is time you went.
46. It is certain that he will help you.
50. It is said that he died by his own hand.
51. While my parents are absent I cannot come.
52. This sum is so hard that I cannot do it.
53. As one man fell another took his place.
54. Work as hard as you can.
55. Drink while you may.
56. Such a man as he is should succeed.
57. The police know this from information which has been received by them.

5. Conversion Of Compound Sentences To Complex
Sentences

85. ఈ క్రింది examples ను పరిశీలించండి:-
Compound.         Search his pockets and you will find the watch.
Complex.            If yo’u search his pockets, you will find the watch.
Compound.         Do as I tell you, or you will regret it.
Complex.            Unless you do as I tell you, you will regret it.
Compound.        The lion was wounded but not killed.
Complex.            The lion was not killed although he was wounded. (=Although the liop was wounded, he was not killed.)
Compound.        Waste not, want hat.
Complex.            If you do not waste, you will not want.
Compound.         He saw the danger, but pressed on.
Complex.            Although he saw the danger, he pressed on.
Compound.        He saw the danger and paused.
Complex            When he saw the danger he paused.
Compound        He aimed at winning the prize and worked hard.
Complex.           He worked hard So that he might win the prize.
Compound.       He had to sign, or be executed.
Complex.          If he had not signed, he would have been executed.
Compound.      He is buried near Rome and myrtles grow round his grave.
Complex.          He is buried near Rome in a place where myrtles grow.
Compound.      He wishes to become learned; therefore he is studying hard.
Complex.          He is studying hard so that he may become learned.

అభ్యాసము 83
ఈ క్రింది Compound sentences ను Complex sentences గా మార్చండి :-
1. Spare the rod and spoil the child.
2. He put on his hat and went outside.
3. At length she woke and looked round.
4. Keep quiet, or you will be punished.
5. The ship was wrecked, but the crew were saved.
6. Either Shirin will come or she will send a letter.
7. Do your best, and you will never regret it.
8. He received your telegram and set off at once.
9.  I must hurry back at once, or my business will greatly suffer.
10. Do this, or you will be punished.
11. I put my hand into my pocket and gave him a rupee.
12. Rama may not be clever but he is certainly industrious.
13. Only do the right, and you will have no reason to be ashamed.
14. The crow stole a piece of cheese and flew with it to a tree.
15. I called at your house yesterday but you were out.
17. You have earned his gratitude, so you shall not go unrewarded.
18. He failed in his first attempt and never tried again.
19. Time flies fast, yet it sometimes appears to move slowly.
20.  Mosquitoes cause malaria, and this is well known.
21. He ran to the station, but he missed the train.
22. She must weep, or she will die.
23. He is poor, but contented.
24. The boy was tired, therefore he went to bed.
25. Eat few suppers and you’ll need few medicines.
26. Life has few enjoyments; still we cling to it.
27. He wishes to succeed; therefore he works hard.
28. He is working hard; therefore he will succeed.
29. We must do our work well, or our master will be angry with us.
30. He was going along this road, and met a dragon.
31. They were refused pay, but went on working.
32. I frowned upon him, yet he loves me still.
33. Do you find victories and we will find rewards?
34. The archers were poorly armed, but they offered a stubborn resistance.
35. Cross this line and you will be captured.
37. We are few, but we are of the right sort.
36. You must be warmly clad, or you will catch cold.
38. Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.
39. He adored his proud wife, but he was in mortal fear of her fierce temper.
40. Be diligent and you will succeed.
41. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.
42. It seems too good to be true, nevertheless it is a fact.
43. I will recover it, or die in the attempt.
44. Take a farthing from a hundred pounds, and it will be a hundred pounds no longer.
45. He has lost all his teeth, consequently he cannot eat hard food.
46. Give him an inch and he’ll take an ell.
47. Hear him out, and you will understand him the better.
48. Advance another step, and you are a dead man.
49. Send the deed after me and I will sign it.
50. He was very learned and seemed to know everything.
51. We landed at Karachi, and there we spent a very enjoyable week.
52. We called upon Mr. Pundit and he introduced us to his partner.
53. He was my friend, therefore I loved him.
54. He was ambitious and therefore I killed him.

అభ్యాసము 84
ఈ క్రింది Compound వాక్యములను Complex వాక్యములుగా మార్చండి :-
1. Give me the book and I will read it.
2. Take quinine and your fever will be cured.
3. I tell him to be quiet and he takes no notice.
4. He is deaf but he will always pretend to hear.
5. You have paid the bill but you will get no more credit.
6 I ran all the way to the station but I missed the train.
7. Rama  is a better player than Krishna and therefore he must take his place in the team.
8. You called me and here I am.
9. The master is nearly blind and the boys are very sorry for him.
10. We will win or die.
11. Let me come in, or I will break down the door.
12. Be careful in your diet and you will keep health.
13. Listen and I will tell you all.
14. He is very agreeable but I don’t like him.
15. It is cold, so I shall wear a coat.
16. Send me the gun and I will mend it.
17. Be good and you need not be clever.
18. Follow me, or you will lose your way.
19. I do not like his lectures and so I don’t attend them.
20. You must pay, or else sign a chit.
21. He was never present, but he always sent a deputy.
22. Pay heed to the small details and the general plan will surely succeed.
23. He has injured me but I will forgive him.
24. Be quiet, or I shall punish you.
25. Be just and fear not.
26. He ran away, or they would have killed him.
28. He is certain to be late, so why wait for him?
29. Sri Lanka went in first on a very wet wicket, and so they lost the match.
30. You or I must go away.
31. They tried to bribe the peon but he was too clever for them.
32. You ordered the goods and so they have been sent.

6. Conversion Of complex Sentences To Compound
Sentences

86. ఈ క్రింది ఉదాహరణలను పరిశీలించండి :-
Complex.               I am certain you have made a mistake.
Compound.           You have made a mistake, and of this I am certain.
Complex.               I am glad that he hai recovered from illness.
Compound.          He has recovered from illness, and I am glad of it.
Complex.              We can prove that the earth is round.
Compound.          I have found the book that I had lost.
Complex.              I had lost a book, but I have found it.
Compound.          As soon as he got the telegram, he left in a taxi.
Complex.              The earth is round, and we can prove it.
Compound.          He got the telegram, and immediately he left in a taxi.
Complex.              He worked hard so that he might win the prize.
Compound.           He aimed at winning the prize and worked hard.
Complex.                If he is at home, I shall see him.
Compound.            He is more a philosopher than a poet.
Complex.                He is something of a poet, but rather more of a philosopher. I
Compound.            We sow so that we may reap.
Complex.                He may be at home, and in that case I shall see him,
Compound.            He could afford to lose something, but he lost somewhat more.
Complex.                He lost more than he could afford.
Compound.            you do not hurry you will miss the train.
Complex.                We desire to reap, therefore we sow.
Compound.            You must hurry, or you will miss the train.
Complex.                Unless we do our work well our master will be angry with us.
Compound.            We must do our work well, or our master will be angry with us.

అభ్యాసము 85
ఈ క్రింది Complex వాక్యములను Compound వాక్యములుగా మార్చండి :-
1. Once upon a time a man owned a hen which laid everyday a golden egg.
2 We selected this bicycle after we had tried several times.
3. It is surprising that he did not succeed.
4. If you do not take exercise, you will be ill.
5. If you run, you will be in time.
6. He ran away because he was afraid.
7. Though you try with all your might, you will not succeed.
8. Although he saw the danger, he pressed on.
9. I shall not go unless I am invited.
10. A book’s a book, although there’s nothing in it.
11. If you eat too much you will be ill.
12. As Caesar loved me, I weep for him.
13. Unless you keep quiet, you will be punished.
14. As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.
15. Because ‘You have done this I shall punish you.
16. I forgave him because he was dying.
17. When you have rested, go on with the work.
18. His father still trusted him though he had deceived him.
19 . He stayed at home because he was ill.
20. Though the sky falls, he will not be frightened.
21. He was educated at a public school where he learnt Latin.
22. I struck him because he ventured to obstruct my path.
23. They went to war that they might extend their empire.
24. Although they fought most valiantly, they were defeated.
25. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
26. He writes so illegibly that I cannot read his letter.
27. I know what you told him.
28. The ship was steered so skillfully that it reached the harbour safely.
29 You must be respectable if you would be respected.
30. As he was ambitious, I killed him.
31. Though often capricious and impertinent, she was never out of temper.
32. Though the waves are raging high, I’ll row you o’er the ferry.
33. He finished first though he began late.
34. Though he tries hard, he is seldom successful.
35. When the sun set he returned home.
36. Since duty calls us, we must obey.
37. He had a cow that gave enormous quantities of milk.
38. He failed because he was too rash.
39. We eat so that we may live.
40. He was so learned that he seemed to know everything.

అభ్యాసము 86
ఈ క్రింది Complex sentences ను Compound sentences గా మార్చండి :-
1. Rama went to school as soon as he had finished his meal.
2. If I ask a civil question I expect a civil reply.
3. They have never been poor since they opened that shop.
4. I could answer if I chose.
5. We might admire a bad man though we cannot admire a weak one.
6. I advise you to try although you may not succeed.
7. I spoke plainly so that you might understand.
8 He feigned sleep as he had an object in doing so.
9. He gave himself up because the flight was useless.
10. As weare here we will stay here.
11. I do not think he will come.
12. I know there is a rupee in your hand.
13. Come when you like.
14. I shall come when I am in better health..
15.  I would have shot the snake if I had seen it.
16. His precept is as beautiful as his practice is disgraceful.
17.  At Rome we must behave as the Romans do.
18. He fell as I fired.
19. If you come here you will repent it.
20. I have never heard from him since he left Mumbai.
21. He went to the house so that he might leave a message.
22. Unless we run we shall miss the train.
23. As soon as the sun touches the horizon darkness begins to settle upon the scene.
24. However clever you may be, you cannot succeed without industry.
25. Do this, lest a worse thing befall.
26. If you trust to the book you will find yourself in difficulties.
27. We may lose all without regret, if we may keep our honour sustained.
28. Bad as things are they migl’it be worse.
29. You may go when you have finished your work.
30.His bark is worse than his bite.
31. If I am right you must be wrong.

అభ్యాసము 87
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను brackets లో చూపిన విధముగా మార్పు చెయ్యండి :
1. A soldier of the tenth legion leaped into the water as soon as the ship touched the shore. (Begin with No sooner.)
2 We have helped them with money as well as a body of workers, all well-trained and experienced. (Use the expression ‘not only’ and ‘everyone’.)
3. Mrs. Smith is the wisest member of the family and of her four daughters Jane is the prettiest. (Use the comparatives of ‘wise’ and ‘pretty’.)
4. The difficulty was solved by means of a special service devised for the occasion. (Make the word ‘service’ the subject)
5. The lady was compelled by the doctor to drink such vile medicine that she was all but killed by him. (Use the active voice throughout)
6. You are already as well acquainted with these affairs as I am. (Use ‘known’ for ‘acquainted”.)
7. As soon as Sir Roger had seated himself, he called for wax candles. (Use ‘no sooner’ for ‘as soon as’.)
8. When supper had been prepared, Robinson Crusoe sat down expecting to enjoy himself greatly. (Use noun forms instead of ‘prepared’ and ‘expecting’.)
9. Nelson knew the value of obedience so well that he anticipated some censure for his act (Rewrite this sentence, using ‘too’ for ‘so’.).
10. The secretary sent me no reply for ten days. (Rewrite, using the verb ‘reply’ instead of the noun.)
11. Have a look at the newspaper and you will find a lot of space devoted to advertisements. (Begin with if.)
12. His parents were compelled by poverty to send him abroad that he might earn his own living. (Simple sentence, active voice.)
13. His fondness for games increases with his proficiency. (Complex sentence, using ‘thethe’ and adjectives to replace the abstract nouns.)
14. Of all the men I know none is less inclined than he is to believe ill of others. (Reduce to two clauses.)
15. He has squandered his fortune, estranged his friends and ruined his health by his recklessness and extravagance (Use ‘not only……but’.)
16. He has discovered new facts al1d advanced new arguments, but my opinion is unchanged. (Complex sentence; negative principal clause with verb in active voice; two adjectival clauses.)
17. He is notoriously mean in his treatment of his servants. (Rewrite in four ways-(1) Simple sentence with ‘treatment’ as subject; (2) Simple sentence with ‘treat’ as the verb; (3) Complex sentence with a noun clause; (4) Complex sentence with an adjective clause and ‘meanness’ as subject of the principal clause).
18. You can imagine my annoyance on learning of the postponement of the football match. (Complex sentence; three subordinate clauses.)
19. His sole income is what he earns by his pen. (Make the principal clause negative.)
20. A sailing ship was wrecked here last December. [Rewrite in three ways so as to emphasize (1) ‘sailing’. (2) ‘here’, (3) ‘December’.]
21. It is probable that he will come back. (Simple sentence; replace ‘probable’ and ‘come back’ by nouns.)
22. Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money. (Use, therefore.) t)
23. Besides having a salary, he also has a private income. (Use not only…. bu
24. When the monsoon broke, the temperature fell rapidly. (Simple sentence, ‘break’ as subject; replace ‘fell’ by noun).

అధ్యాయము 7

More About Adverb Clauses

45. Adverb clause ముఖ్యంగా Subordinate clause గా నుండి Adverb పనిని చేస్తుందని చదివియున్నాము. కావున అది main clause లోనున్న Verb పదమును గాని, Adjective నుగాని, Adverb ని గాని modify (అజమాయిషీ) చేస్తుంది.

Strike the iron while it is hot
You are taller than I thought.
He ran so quickly that he soon overtook me.

46. Adverb clauses వివిధ రూపములలో ఉంటాయి. కావున Adverb clauses ను ఈ క్రింది విధములుగా

వర్గీకరించవచ్చును. (classify):-

1. Time
4. Cause.
2. Place.
5. Condition.
3. Purpose.
6. Result.
7. Comparison.
8. Supposition or Concession.

Read and Learn more Analysis Transformation of Sentences

1. Adverb Clauses Of Time

47. when, ever, while, after, before, since, as 365 Subordinating Conjunctions ద్వారా time ను తెలియజేయు Adverb Clauses పరిచయము చేయబడును. అనగా ఈ క్రింద చూపబడిన భావములతో వాక్యములో ప్రవేశ పెట్టబడును.

When you have finished your Work you may go home.
1 will do it when I think fit.

Don’t talk while she is singing.
While I command this ship there will be good discipline.
He came after night had fallen?
After the law had been passed this form of crime ceased.
Do it before you forget.
Before you go bring me some water.
I have not been well since I returned from Chennai.
There was silence as the leader spoke.
As he came into the room all rose to their feet.
The doctor always comes whenever he is sent for.
They were commanded to wait till the signal was given.
The world always will be the same so long as men are men.
As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.
Just as he entered the room the clock struck.
No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.

అభ్యాసము 43

Adverb clauses ను తెలియజేయుచు 5 వాక్యములను రాయండి.

2. Adverb Clauses Of Place

48. Where మరియు Whereas Subordinating Conjunctions  వాక్యములలో ప్రవేశపెట్టబడును.

I have put it where I can find it again.
They can stay where they are.
Where you live I will live.
He led the caravan wherever he wanted to go.
You can put it wherever you like.
Let him be arrested wherever he may be found.

Old English లో whence మరియు whither అను పదములను పై సందర్భములో వాడెడివారు.

Go quickly whence you came.
The wind blotch whither it listed.

అభ్యాసము 44

Place ను వివరించెడు Adverb Clauses ను కలిగియున్న మూడు వాక్యములను రాయండి.

3. Adverb Clauses Of Purpose

49. Subordinating Conjunctions o ‘so that in order that lest’ Subordinating Conjunctions ను (యత్నము, ఉద్ధేశ్యములను తెలియజేయు పదములు) వాక్యములలో ప్రవేశపెట్టును.

I will give you a map so that you can find the way.
We eat so that we may live.
The UNO was formed in order that countries might discuss world problems better.
He was extra polite to his superiors lest something adverse should be written into his records.
‘Sleep not lest your Lord come in the night.”
కాని Old English లో Conjunction అయిన that ను ఉపయోగించెడివారు..
He drew the sword that he might defend himself.
‘Come hither that I may bless thee

అభ్యాసము 45

Purpose ను తెలియజేయు Adverb clauses ఉన్న మూడు వాక్యములను వ్రాయండి.

4. Adverb Clauses Of Cause Or Reason

50. Subordinating Conjunctions because, as, since, Causes మరియు Reasons (కారణములు) తెలియజేయు Adverb Clauses ను వాక్యములలో ప్రవేశపెట్టును.

Because I like you, I shall help you.
I did it because I wanted to.
I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it.
He thinks, because he is rich, he can buy justice.
Since you are so clever you will be able to explain this.
Since your father is not at home, I will ask you to take the message.
Since you swear to serve me faithfully, I will employ you.
I am glad that you like it.
He was very pleased that you have passed.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.

అభ్యాసము 46

Cause మరియు Reason ను తెలియజేయు Adverb clauses ఉన్న మూడు వాక్యములను వ్రాయండి.

5. Adverb Clauses Of Condition

51. “If whether unless”  Subordinating Conjunction పదములు భావములను  Adverb Clauses  వాక్యములలో ప్రవేశపెట్టును.

If I like it, I shall buy it. Come if you wish to.
If it rains we shall stay at home.
If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
You must go whether you hear from him or not.
Whether the Rajah gives him blows or money, he will speak the truth.
Unless you work harder you will fail.
I shan’t pay it unless he sends me the bill again.
I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the offence.

గమనిక (Note) 1 : కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Subordinating Conjunction ను, Condition ను వివరించే Adverb clauses లో Omit (విరమించుట) చేయడం జరుగుతుంది.

Had I not seen this with my own eyes I would not have believed it.
Had I the wings of a bird I would fly away.
He would be happier were he honester.
Were an angel to tell me such a thing of you, I would not believe it.
What would you answer did I ask you such a question?

గమనిక (Note) 2 : కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Clauses of Condition లను Relative Pronoun ద్వారా Adjective ద్వారా గాని, Adverb ద్వారా గాని ప్రవేశపెట్టడం జరుగుతుంది.

(without any antecedent)
Whatever happens keep calm.
Don’t annoy him whatever you do.
Whatever may be the result, I shall refuse.
Whichever road we take we shall be too late.
However cleverly you may cheat, you will be found at last.

అభ్యాసము 47

Condition (పరిస్థితి) ను తెలియజేయు Adverb Clauses తో అయిదు వాక్యములను రాయండి.

6. Adverb Clauses Of Result Or Consequence

(ఫలితమును తెలియజేయు ADVERBS)

52. that Subordinating Conjunction ago result ద్వారా   Adverb Clauses ను వాక్యములో ప్రవేశపెట్టడం జరుగుతుంది. తరచుగా, Principal Clause కు ముందు ‘so’ లేక ‘such’ అను పదములు ఉండును.

They fought so bravely that the enemy were driven off. / So bravely did they fight that the enemy were driven off. (Literary) He is such a good man that all respect him.

So great a fire raged that London was burnt down.
The Romans built in such a way that their walls are still standing.

He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
So terrible a disease broke out that very few of the people survived.

Very heavy rain fell so that the rivers were soon in flood.
Laws were quickly passed so that this abuse was checked.
He behaved in such a manner that his reputation suffered.
So cold was it that many died.

గమనిక (Note): మామూలుగా మాట్లాడుకునే English లో, Subordinating Conjunction అయిన ‘that’ అను పదమును వదలివెయ్యడం జరుగుతుంది.

He was so weak he could not speak
I am so deaf I cannot hear thunder.
It was so late I waited no longer.
He is so old he can hardly walk.
It was so small I could not see it.

అభ్యాసము 48

Result ను (ఫలితము) తెలియజేయు Adverb Clauses ను ఉపయోగించి అయిదు వాక్యములను వ్రాయండి.

7. Adverb Clauses Of Comparison

53. Adverb Clauses of Comparison door :-
(a) Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree.
(b) Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner.

54. Degree or Adverb Clauses Subordinating Conjunction o than ద్వారాగాని లేక Relative Adverb అయిన as ద్వారా గాని ప్రవేశపెట్టడం జరుగుతుంది.

He is older than he looks.
No one can run faster than Rama.
It is later than I thought.
You must work harder than I do.
He is as stupid as he is lazy.
He is not so clever as you think.

గమనిక (Note: Comparison భావాన్ని చూపే Adverbs లోని Clause ను మనం అర్థం చేసుకోవాలి. అది అచట ఉండదు.

Nobody knows it better than / [do]; Few are better leaders than he [is].
You like curry better than I [like it]
It will happen as sure as death [is sure].
Not many know the truth of this better than you. [know it].

అభ్యాసము 49

పై Note లో చెప్పబడిన మాదిరి examples అయిదింటిని వ్రాయండి.

55. పోల్చి చూపించే Adverb Clauses లో Manner ను అనగా పద్ధతిని తెలియజేయునవి కూడా ఉండును. వానిని Relative Adverb అయిన as అను పదము వాక్యములో ప్రవేశపెట్టును.

You play do as you please.
It all ended as I expected.
As you have made your bed so you must lie on it.
As he has lived so will he die.
As the twig is bent the branch will grow.

అభ్యాసము 50

Comparison of Manners కలిగి ఉన్న Adverb Clauses అయిదింటిని వ్రాయుము.

8. Adverb Clauses Of Supposition Or Concession

56. Adverb clauses of Supposition అనగా ఊహాజనితమైన భావమును తెలియజేయునవి. ఇట్టి Clauses though, although, even if ప్రవేశపెట్టును.

Subordinating Conjunctions Jag
Though I am poor I am honest.
Though the heavens fall, justice must be done.
Though He slay me yet will I love Him. 40 232UAJO BREVOA T
He set sail though the storm threatened.
Although troops had marched all day they fought bravely all night.
Although I forbade this you have done it.
I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.
Even if it rains I shall come.
Even if he is old he is able to do a great deal of work.
I would not do it even if you paid me.

అభ్యాసము 51

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Adverb clauses ను గుర్తించండి. ప్రతి clause ఏ భావమునకు (variety or class) చెందినదో వివరించండి. తరువాత main clause లో ఏ పదమును ఈ ప్రతి Ad verbal clause అజమాయిషీ (modify) చేయుచున్నదో వివరించండి.

1. Forgive us as we forgive our enemies.
2. We sow so that we may reap.
3. The general was as good as his word.
4. I couldn’t be angry with him, if I tried.
5. He arrived as we were setting out.
6. If this story were false, what should you do?
7. It is ten hours since I had nothing to eat.
8. I make friends wherever I go.
9. At Rome we must do as the Romans.
10. If I were you I would do it at once.
11. Some seeds fell where there. was no earth.
12. My sight is as keen as yours.
13. Stand still if you value your life.
14. Since you say so, I must believe it.
15. He lost more than he could afford.
16. He labours that he may become rich.
17. He kept on writing as though he did not hear.
18. It is so simple that a child can understand it.
19. He rides as a cowboy rides.
20. Boy as he was, he was chosen king.
21. He did it as I told him.
22. I will die before I submit.23.
24. He speaks better than he writes.
25. He came in while I was out.
26. He was caught in a shower as he was returning from school.
27. He wept as if he had been a child.
28. Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman Empire lasted.
29. He consoled the unfortunate mother as best he might.
30. He ran so fast that I could not overtake him.
31. He knows that inasmuch as I have told him.
32. The younger man has more money than brains.
33. Since you desire it, I will look into the matter.
34. They set a strong guard, lest anyone should escape.
35. He succeeded although his success was not expected.
36. The earth is larger than the moon.
37. It was dark when the cannonading stopped all of a sudden.
38. His pity gave ere charity began.
39. Wherever I went was my dear dog Tray.
40. He felt as if the ground were slipping beneath his feet.
41. After the vote was taken the meeting broke up.
42. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
43. He dared not stir, lest he should be seen..
44. The movement was checked before it was fairly started.
45. Everything happened exactly as had been expected.
46. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
47. Enough is as good as a feast.
48. A glutton lives so that he may eat.
49. He finished the work as the clock struck five.
50As soon as you stand there this young lady is your lawful wedded wife.
51. It’s dull in our town since my playmates left.
52. Whilst I live, thou shalt never want a friend to stand by thee.
53. No sooner did this idea enter his head, than it carried conviction with it.
54. Rich as he is, one would scarcely envy him.
55. They were commanded to wait till the signal was given.
56. They have gone ahead with the plan, although there is widespread public opposition.
57. Open rebuke is better than secret love.
58. Have you turned a detective, that you keep your eye on me like this?
59. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
60. He had not read half a dozen pages, when the expression of his face began to change.
61. My eldest son was bred at Oxford, as I intended him for the learned profession.
62. His behaviour was such that everybody liked him.
63. I had scarcely taken orders a year, before I began to think seriously of matrimony.
64.  The world always will be the same, as long as men are men.

అభ్యాసము 52

ఈ క్రింది clauses ను వాక్యములలో వాడండి. తదుపరి ప్రతి clause తనకు చెందిన వాక్యములో ఏ పనిని చేయుచున్నదో చెప్పండి :

1. that he was tired
2. where he was born
3. as he was told
4. what you say
5. whosoever is guilty
6. who laughs last
7. because he is generous
8. since you say so
9. as he deserved
10. before it was too late.
11. as soon as he heard the news.
12. that he soon overtook me
13. where he had left it
14. how old he was
15. if you are diligent
16. because I was tired
17. what has become of him
18. when the train will arrive
19. whatever you think right
20. who did it
21. since I returned from Lahore
22. how this will end
23. what he wants
24. as he could
25. as he was not there
26. if I were you
27. that the streets were flooded
28. as I told him
29. before I submitted
30. that he is a millionaire
31. as she is beautiful
32. what you want
33. when his father died
34. as it was raining
35. as you please
36. than you are [strong]
37. although he is not rich
38. who works hard
39. that we shall win
40. when I shall return
41. if I had not helped you
42. although they fought most valiantly
43. when the cat is away
44. while it is hot
45. who help themselves
46. while the sun shines
47. till you are out of the wood
48. that wears a crown
49. who live in glass houses
50. where ignorance is bliss
51. that blows nobody good
52. no sooner did he see me
53. as dreams are made on
54. that has no turning
55. where angels fear to tread
56. so that we may live

అభ్యాసము 53

ఈ క్రింది subordinate clauses ను వివిధరకములుగా వాక్యములలో ప్రయోగించండి. తగిన principal clause కు జతచెయ్యండి :

1. where he was buried
2. when the train will arrive
3. where he had left it
4. who did it
5. why he did it
6. so that he might succeed in life
7. whom he had met
8. when the monsoon failed

అభ్యాసము 54

Complete the following sentences by supplying appropriate connecting words:

1. Small service is {rue service____ it lasts.
2. It is a great loss to a man__ he cannot laugh.
3. We there met a boy___ had lost his way,
4. It is the common doom of man_ he must eat his bread by the sweat of his brow.
5. Fit words are better ______ fine ones.
6. He makes no friend,__ never made a foe.
7. The moment___ is lost is lost for ever.
8. Forgive us our debts__ we forgive our debtors.
9. The man__ stands by me in trouble I won’t bid him go until the sun shines again.
10. Money___ is easily earned is soon spent.
11. __ somewhat pompous, he was an entertaining companion.
12. Poetry takes me up so entirely__ _r I scarce see what passes under my nose.
13. He___ fights and runs away, lives to fight another day.
14. Never refuse to entertain a man in your heart__ all the world is talking against him.
15. __ you would be healthy, be good.
16. __ I am dead, my dearest, sing no sad songs for me.
17. A man has no more right to say an uncivil thing to act one.
18. __ the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch.
19. __ this be madness___ there is method in it.
20. Consider the lilies____ they grow.
21. __ he has a car, he often goes to the office on foot.
22. __ we approached the house, we heard the sound of music.
23. I have not been well___ I returned from Delhi.
24. These are the books__ I ordered last week.
25. They live__ their fathers lived before them.
26. No one can tell___ this will end.
27. he____________________ had gone I remembered    he was.
28. A man____ loses his temper continually is a nuisance.
29. Youth is the time__ the seeds of character are sown.
30. The house ____ he was born lies in ruins.
31. __ my mother died I was very young.
32. Do not halloo _ you are out of the wood.
33. I shall see you tomorrow,_ we will talk the matter over.
34. They always talk__ never think.
35. I did not recognize him_ he told me____ he was.
36. They serve God well __________serve his creatures.
37.  I have a little shadow goes in and out with me.
38. I met a boy told me I could find you.
39.  We learn, we may be able to make our way in the world
40. he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
41. A vessel that once gets a crack, it may be cunningly mended, will never stand such rough usage a whole one.
42.  it journeys through space, the earth is not alone; spinning round with it is the moon.
43. Other planets have moons, ours is very large compared to the earth.
44. I resolved I would say nothing I knew the worst.
45. he was born, brought him up, and he lived, we are not told.
46. Nothing can describe the confusion of thought I felt I sank into the water.
47. he was a strict disciplinarian he was loved by all I served under him.
48. One great reason we are insensible to the goodness of Creator is the fact His bounty is so extensive.
49. Passengers are warned it is dangerous to yean out of the window the train is in motion.

అధ్యాయము 6

More About Adjective Clauses

38. Complex sentence లో Adjective Clause కేవలం subordinate clause గానే ఉంటుంది. అయినను అది noun ను గాని pronoun ను గాని వర్ణించియే తీరును. Adjective Clause Relative Pronoun లేక Relative Adverb చేత ప్రవేశపెట్టబడును.

Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
He is the man whom we all respect.
The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed.
The house where the accident occurred is nearby. The reason why I did it is obvious.

39. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Relative Pronoun ‘Co-ordinate clause’ ని ప్రవేశపెడుతూంది.

I met Rama, who (= and he) gave me your message.
పైన చూపినట్లుగా ఇచ్చట ‘who’ అనబడే Relative Pronoun ద్వారా Co-ordinate clause ను ప్రవేశపెట్టడం జరిగింది.

(ఈ వాక్యమును చదివిన వెంటనే మనకు ‘who gave me your message’ అనునది Adjective clause మరియు Subordinate అనిపిస్తుంది. కాని అది సరికాదు.

ఇక్కడ గమనించవలసిన విషయమేమిటంటే ఈ Subordinate clause ‘Rama’ అనే Subject ను వర్ణించటము లేదు, సూచించుటనూ లేదు. ఇచ్చట who అనే పదానికి and he అనే అర్ధం ఉన్నది కదా!

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ఈ క్రింది వాక్యమును చూడండి.

He is the boy who broke the window.

ఇచ్చట ‘who broke the window’ అను clause ‘boy’ అను నామవాచక పదమును clear గా గుర్తించుచున్నది. కావున అది Adjective clause అనగా అతడి పనిని వివరిస్తుంది.) .

40. Co-ordinating Clauses ను introduce చెయ్యడానికి ప్రవేశ పెట్టడానికి) ఇచ్చట ‘who’ మరియు ‘which’ అను Pronouns ను వాడినాము :-

I met Mr. Joshi, who (- and he) thereupon shook hands with me.

The prisoner was taken before the Captain, who (= and he) condemned him to instant death.

He gave me a message, which (= and it) is this.
He released the bird, which (= and it) at once flew away.

41. Adjective Relative Pronoun mm Relative Adverb mm introduce

ఒక ప్రక్రియ. దీనిని అర్ధం చేసుకోవాలి. బహిరంగంగా రాయడం ఉండదు.

Eat all you can.
[Here the Relative Pronoun that is understood, but not exhibited]
I saw a man  I know.
[Here the Relative Pronoun whom is understood.]
Where’s the book  he left for me?
[Here the Relative Pronoun which is understood.]
On the day you pass the examination I shall give you a reward.

[Here the Relative Adverb when is understood].
The reason I have come is to ask for my money.
[Here the relative Adverb why is understood, but not exhibited]

42. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో మాదిరిగా, ‘but’ అను పదమును పూర్వం relative pronoun m వాడెడివారు. అట్టి సందర్భములో ‘but’ అను పదము వెనువెంటనే ‘not’ ఉన్న relative pronoun తో | సమానమైన హోదాలో ఉంటుంది.

There was not a woman present but wept to hear such news.
[That is, who did not weep to hear such news.]
And not a man of the three hundred at Thermopylae but died at his post
[That is, who did not die at his post]
Nor is there a man here but loved our Caesar.
[That is, who did not love our Caesar.]

There was not a widow but longed to die upon the pyre of her husband.
[That is, who did not long to die, etc.]
There is no fireside but has one vacant chair.
[That has not one vacant chair.]

43. ‘Than’ అను పదమును కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Preposition గా వాడడం జరుగుతుంది. ఇలా వాడినపుడు ఆ పదము Adjective Clause లో Relative Pronoun కు ముందున ఉంటుంది.

They elected Rama than whom no better boy ever went to school.
We will follow Brutus than whom Rome knows no nobler son.
It was a blow than which no crueller was ever struck.
We came to a spot than which mine eyes have seldom seen a lovelier sight.

44. Infinitive verb తో కలిపి to’ అను పదమును వాడినట్లయితే అది Adjective Clause సమానమైన హోదా కలిగి వుంటుంది.

1. (a) Give me some food which I may eat.
(b) Give me some food to eat.
2. (a) He has no boots which he can wear.
(b) He has no boots to wear.
3 (a) The doctor has given me medicine which I must take.
(b) The doctor has given me medicine to take.
4. (a) I have work which I must do.
5. (b) I have work to do.
(a) His mother gave him Rs.10 which he might put in his morey-box.
(b) His mother gave him Rs.10 to put in his money-box.

అభ్యాసము 40

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో నున్న Adjective Clauses ను గుర్తించండి. తరువాత Main clauses లోని ఏ ఏ నామవాచకములను మరియు ఏ ఏ వర్వనామములను (pronouns) అవి qualify (గుర్తింపు ఇచ్చుట) చేయుచున్నవో రాయండి :

1. This is the house that Jack built.
2. He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
3. She sleeps the sleep that knows no waking.
4. We obeyed the order the teacher gave us.
5. Servants that are honest are trusted.
6. They never fail who die in a great cause.
7. We love those who love us.
8. The moment which is lost is lost for ever.
9. I have a little shadow which goes in and out with me.
10. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
11. Youth is the time when the seeds of character are sown.
12. It was the schooner Hesperus that sailed the wintry sea.
13. They never pardon who have done the wrong.
14. He has a son who has made a name for himself.
15. A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
16. All that glitters is not gold.
17. He could not answer the question I asked him.
18. He laughs best who laughs last.
19. All the blessings we enjoy come from God.
20. They that are whole have no need of the physician.
21. Little good work can be expected from men who are great boasters.
22. It is a long lane that has no turning.
23. The night is long that never finds the day.
24. He failed in everything that he laid his hands upon.
25. He gave me everything I asked for.
26. He has tricks that remind me of his father.
27. The fox saw the grapes which hung over the garden wall.
28. I duly received the message you sent me.
29. The bark that held a prince went down.
30. Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot o’er the grave where our hero we buried.
31. He that is down need fear no fall.
32. We are such stuff as dreams are made on.
33. The man that hath no music in his soul is fit for treason.
34. Who lives longest sees the most.
35. True love’s the gift which God has given to man alone beneath the heaven.
36. The plan you propose is a very good one.
37. Often I think of the beautiful town that is seated by the sea

అధ్యాయము 8

Analysis Of Complex Sentences
(Clause Analysis)

57. ఒక complex వాక్యమును గాని, compound వాక్యమును గాని analysis చెయ్యమని (పరిశీలన చెయ్యమని) ఇచ్చినపుడు అట్టి వాక్యమునకు సంపూర్ణమైన పరిశీలన అవసరం లేదు. Clause analysis చేస్తే సరిపోతుంది. అనగా వాక్యమును ముందుగా clauses గా విడగొట్టవలయును. తరువాత ఆ వివిధములైన clauses కు గe relationship ను వివరించవలయును..

58. ఒక Complex sentence ను పరిశీలించి వివరించునపుడు, అందులో మొదట చేయవలసింది. Principal Clause (Main Clause)ను కనుగొనుట. తరువాత Subordinate Clause ను గాని Subordinate Clauses ను గాని గుర్తించవలయును. ఆఖరున ప్రతి Subordinate Clause కు Principla Clause తో ఉన్న సంబంధాన్ని గుర్తించవలయును.

59. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను జాగ్రత్తగా గమనించండి. ఇచ్చట ఈ Complex వాక్యములను పరిశీలించుట (analysis) అవసరము.
Whenever he heard the question, the old man who lived in that house, answered that the earth is flat.
Subordinate clauses
Complex sentence:
1. The old man………. answered (Principal clause).
2. Whenever he heard the question. (Adverb clause of time, modifying answered in 1.)
3. Who lived in that house. (Adjective clause, qualifying man in 1.)
4. That the earth is flat. (Noun clause, object of answered in 1.)

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60. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో ఒక Subordinate clause లో మరియొక Subordinate clause ఉంటుంది. అనగా ఒక Subordinate clause ఇంకొక Subordinate clause పైన ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది.
(A) I think that he destroyed the letter which you sent there.
1. I think…. (Principal clause.)
2. That he destroyed the letter (Noun Clause, Object of think in 1)
3. Which you sent there….
(Adjective clause, subordinate to 2, qualifying letter.)

(B) He replied that he worked whenever he liked.
1. He replied… (Principal clause.)
2. That he worked… (Noun clause, object of replied in 1.)
3. Whenever he liked….. (Adverb clause, subordinate to 2, modifying worked.)

(C) I know the man who said that this would happen.
1. I know the man…… (Principal clause).
2. Who said…….. (Adjective clause, qualifying man in 1.)
3. That this would happen. (Noun clause, subordinate to 2, object of said.)

61. One afternoon, as in that sultry clime
It is the custom in the summer-time.,
With bolted doors and window-shutters closed,
The inhabitants of Atri slept or dozed.
When, suddenly upon their senses fell
The loud alarm of the accusing bell!
రెండు subordinate clauses ఉన్న Complex వాక్యములు
1. One afternoon, with bolted doors and window shutters closed, the inhabitants of Atri slept or dozed. (Principal clause).
2. As in that sultry clime it is the custom in the summer-time. (Adverb clause of manner, modifying slept or dozed in 1.)
3. When, suddenly, upon their senses fell the loud alarm of the accusing bell. (Adverb clause of time, modifying slept or dozed in 1)

62. ఈ క్రింద చూపబడిన మరికొన్ని ఉదాహరణలు :
(1) Breathes there the man with soul so dead
Who never to himself hath said,
‘This is my own, my native land?”
రెండు subordinate clauses ఉన్న Complex వాక్యములు
1. Breathes there the man with soul so dead…. (Principal clause).
2. Who never to himself hath said
(Adjective clause, qualifying man in 1)
3. This is my own, my native land?’ (Noun clause, subordinate to 2, object of hath said.)

(2) Everyone who knows you, acknowledges,
when he considers the case calmly,
that you have been wronged.
మూడు subordinate clauses ఉన్న Complex వాక్యములు
1. Everyone acknowledges…. (Principal clause)
2. Who knows you. (Adjective clause, qualifying one in 1.)
3. When he considers the case calmly. (Adverb clause, modifying acknowledges in 1.)
4. That you have been wronged. (Noun clause, object of acknowledges in 1.)

(3) Do the work that is nearest,
Tho’ it’s dull at whiles
Helping when you meet them.
Lame dogs over stiles.
మూడు subordinate clauses ఉన్న Complex వాక్యములు
1. [You) do the work, helping lame dogs over stiles. (Principal clause.)
2. That’s nearest. (Adjective clause, qualifying work in 1)
3. Tho’ it’s dull at whiles. (Adverb clause of concession, modifying helping in 1.)
4. When you meet them. (Adverb clause of time, modifying helping in 1.)

(4) I knew a man who believed that, if a man were permitted to make the ballads, he need not care who made the laws of a nation.
నాలుగు subordinate clauses ఉన్న Complex వాక్యములు
1. I knew a man… (Principal clause)
2. Who believed…. (Adjective clause, qualifying a man in 1.)
3. That he need not care. (Noun clause,subordinate to 2, object of believed)
4. Who made the laws of a nation. (Noun clause, subordinate 2, object of care.)
5. If a man were permitted to make the ballads, Adverb clause of condition,
subordinate to 3, modifying need not care.

(5) The man who can play most heartily when he has the chance of playing, is generally the man who can work heartily when he must work.
రెండు subordinate clauses ఉన్న Complex వాక్యములు
1. The man is generally the man… (Principal clause.)
2. Who can play most heartily. [Adjective clause, qualifying man (subject) in 1.]
3. When he has the chance of playing. [Adverb clause, subordinate to 2, modifying play.)
4. Who can work most heartily. (Adjective clause. qualifying man (complement) in 1.]
5. When, he must work. (Adverb clause, subordinate to 4, modifying work).

(6) Should you be so unfortunate as to suppose that you are a genius, and that things will come to you, it would be well to undeceive yourself as soon as it is possible.
నాలుగు subordinate clauses ఉన్న Complex వాక్యములు :
1. It would be well to undeceive yourself. (Principal clause).
2. As soon as it is possible. (Adverb clause of time, subordinate to 1)
3. Should you be so unfortunate as to suppose…. (Adverb clause of condition, subordinate to 1.)
4. That you are a genius. (Noun clause. Subordinate to 3, object of to suppose.)
5. And that things will come to you. (Noun clause, co-ordinate with 4, and subordinate to 3, object of to suppose.)

అభ్యాసము 56
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి:-
1. As my eldest son was bred a scholar, I determined to send him to town, where his abilities might contribute to our support and his own.
2 Clive had been only a few months in the army, when intelligence arrived that peace had been concluded between Great Britain and France.
3. He told us that he had read Milton, in a prose translation, when he was fourteen.
4. I had a partial father, who gave me a better education than his broken fortune would have allowed.
5. With whatever luxuries a bachelor may be surrounded, he will always find his happiness incomplete, unless he has a wife and children.
6. Among the many reasons which make me glad to have been born in England, one of the first is that I read Shakespeare in my mother tongue.
7. He [Pope] professed to have learned his poetry from Dryden, whom, whenever an opportunity was presented, he praised through his whole life with unvaried liberality.
8. We who are fortunate enough to live in this enlightened century hardly realize how our ancestors suffered Jon from their belief in the existence of mysterious and malevolent beings.
9. We cannot justly interpret the religion of any people, unless we are prepared to admit that we ourselves are liable to error in matters of faith.
10. Milton said that he did not educate his daughters in the languages, because one tongue was enough for a woman.
11. The man who does not see that the good of every living creature is his good, is a fool. Nothing can describe the confusion of thought which I felt when I sank into the water.
12. We had in this village, some twenty years ago, a boy whom I well remember, who from his childhood showed a strong liking for bees.
13. Considering that the world is so intricate, we are not to be surprised that science has progressed slowly.
14. You take my house when you do take the prop that doth sustain my house.
15. I heard a thousand blended notes, while in a grove I sat reclined
16. In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts bring sad thoughts to the mind.
17. Much as we like Shakespeare’s comedies, we cannot agree with Dr. Johnson that they are better than his tragedies.
18. Those who look into practical life will find that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious, as the winds and waves are on the side of the best navigators.
19. He who sits from day to day, where the prisoned lark is hung.
Heedless of its loudest lay, hardly knows that it has sung.
20. History says that Socrates, when he was given the cup of hemlock, continued to talk to the friends who were standing around him as he drank it.
21. I have no sympathy with the poor man I knew, who, when suicides abounded, told me he dared not look at his razor.

అధ్యాయము 9

Analysis Of Compound Sentences
(Clause Analysis)

64. Compound వాక్యము రెండుగాని అంతకంటే ఎక్కువగాని independent వాక్యముల కలయిక వలనగాని లేక అదే విధముగా principal clauses కలయిక వలనగాని ఏర్పడుట జరుగును. ఈ కలయిక Co-ordinating conjunction Seo.
1. The horse reared and the rider was thrown.
[2 main clauses)
2. They were fond of music, played on various kinds of instruments and indulged in much singing.
[3 main clauses]
3. They asked him how he received the wound, but he refused to answer.
[2 main clauses + 1 subordinate clause].
4. He says what he means, and he means what he says.
[2 main clauses + 2 subordinate clauses]
ఇలా ఒక compound sentence form అయినపుడు అందులోని main clause ఒక simple sentence గాని, ఒక complex sentence గాని అయి ఉంటుంది. ఒక వాక్యము రెండు main clauses తో ఏర్పడినపపుడు double అనే పదాన్ని వాడతాము. ఈ విషయం ఇంతకుముందే చెప్పడం జరిగింది (27). రెండు కంటే ఎక్కువ main clauses ఉన్నపుడు multiple (బహుళ) అనే పదాన్ని వాడతాము.

65. ఈ విధంగా 1, 3 మరియు 4వ ఉదాహరణలను Double sentences అనియు, 2వ ఉదాహరణను Multiple వాక్యము అనియు అనవచ్చును.

66. Compound sentence లోని రెండు main clauses యొక్క కలయిక నాలుగు విధములుగా ఉంటుంది :-
1) Copulative (సంయోగ సంబంధమైన)
God made the country and man made the town.
Babar was not only a great soldier, he was also a wise ruler.
He cannot speak, nor can he write.
He plays the piano, he sings also.
The innocents were punished as well as the guilty.
పైన ఉన్న ప్రతి వాక్యము రెండు clauses ను భౌతికంగా జత చేయుటవలన ఏర్పడినది.

2) Adversative (విభిన్న ప్రకృతుల కలయిక)
He is slow, but he is sure.
I did my best, nevertheless I failed.
He is rich. yet he is not happy.
He is vain, still his friends adore him.
పైన వాక్యములలో రెండు విభిన్న ధోరణులకలయిక చూపబడినది.

3) Alternatives (ఒక దానికి బదులుగా ఇంకొకటి వాడబడిన)
She must weep, or she will die.
Either he is mad, or he feigns madness.
Neither a borrower, nor a lender be.
Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.
పై వాక్యములలో భావములలో choice ఇవ్వబడినది.

4) lllative (సారాంశమును చూపునవి)
He is diligent, therefore he will succeed.
He is unwell, so he cannot attend office.
The angles are equal, consequently the sides are equal.
ఇచ్చట రెండవ clause, మొదటి దానినుండి సారాంశమును గ్రహించినది.

67. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో ఎట్టి joining word లేకుండగనే రెండు clause లను కలపడం జరుగుతుంది. Temperance promotes health, intemperance destroys it.
Her court was pure; her life serene.

68. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Compound వాక్యములోని రెండు clause లను కలుపుటకు Subordinate Conjunction ను వాడుట జరుగుతుంది.
I shall see you tomorrow, when (= and then) we can finish the business.
I walked with him to the station, where (= and there) we parted.

69. ఒక భావమును ఇంకొక భావముతో పోల్చి చూపినపుడు వానిలోని విరుద్ధమైన భావాన్ని కుదింది. చూపడం జరుగుతుంది. ఈ క్రింది main clauses ను చూడండి :-
1) ఒక common Subject విషయంలో
He chid their wanderings, but relieved their pain.
He chid their wanderings, but he relieved their pain.

2) ఒక common Verb విషయంలో
Some praise the work, and some the architect.
= Some praise the work, and some praise the architect.

70. ఈ క్రింద చూపిన clauses యొక్క వివరణను చూడండి :-
(1) One day Bassanio came to Antonio, and told him that he wished to repair his
fortune by a wealthy marriage with a lady whom he dearly loved, whose father had
left her sole heiress to a large estate.
వివరణ: పైన చూపిన వాక్యము Compound లేక Double వాక్యము. దానిలో ఈ క్రింద చూపబడిన భావములు ఉన్నవి.
A One day Bassanio came to Antonio. (Principal clause)
B. Bassanio told him… (Principal clause, co-ordinate with A.)
b1. That he wished to repair his fortune by a wealthy marriage with a lady. (Noun clause, object of told in B.)
b2. Whom he dearly loved. (Adjective clause, subordinate to b1, qualifying lady.)
b3. Whose father had left her sole heiress to a large estate. (Adjective clause, subordinate to b1, qualifying lady, and co-ordinate with b2.)

(2) Before he died, the good Earl of Kent, who had still attended his old master’s steps from the first of his daughters’ ill-usage to this sad period of his decay, tried to make him understand that it was he who had followed him under the name of Caius; but Lear’s care-crazed brain at that time could not comprehend how that could be, or how Kent and Caius could be the same person.
1.  This is a Compound or Double sentence, consisting of
2 The good Earl of Kent tried to make him understand…(Principal clause).
A a1. Before he died. (Adverb clause, modifying tried in A).
a2. Who had still attended his old master’s steps from the first of his daughters’ ill-usage to this sad period of his decay. (Adjective clause, qualifying Earl of Kent in A.)
a3. That it was he. (Noun clause, object of understand in A.)
a4. Who had followed him under the name of Gaius. (Adjective clause, subordinate to a3, qualifying he.)
But Lears’s care-crazed brain at that time could not comprehend (Principal clause, coordinate with A.)
B b1. How that could be. (Noun clause, object of comprehend in B.)
b2. Or how Kent and Caius could be the same person. (Noun clause, object of comprehend in B; co- ordinate with b1.)

అభ్యాసము 57
ఈ క్రింది వానిని సవివరంగా వివరించండి :-
1. I am satisfied with things as they are; and it will be my pride and pleasure to hand down this country to my children as I received it from those who preceded me.
2. Some politicians of our time lay it down as a self-evident proposition that no people ought to be free till they are fit to use their freedom.

3. He [a gentleman] never speaks of himself except when compelled, never defends himself by a mere retort; he has no ears for slander or gossip, is scrupulous in. imputing motives to those who interfere with him, and interprets everything for the best.
4. Subhash Chandra Bose died before his aim was achieved, and yet he will always be remembered as a great hero, who fought and sacrificed his life for the freedom of the courtry.
5. The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it.
6. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess.obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
7. While I was doing this, I found the tide began to flow, though very calm, and I had the mortification to see my coat, shirt, and waistcoat, which I had left on shore upon the sand, swim away.
8. With reluctance he accepted the invitations of his kindly and faithful Persian friend, who scolded him for refusing meat; but he replied that too much eating led man to commit many sins.
9. Macaulay had wealth and fame, rank and power, and yet he tells us in his biography that he owed the happiest hours of his life to books.
10. A literary education is simply one of many different kinds of education and it is not wise that more than a small percentage of the people of any country should have an exclusively liten ry education.
11. The way into my parlour is. up a winding stair, And I’ve many curious things to show when you are there.
12. They love to see the flaming forge,
13. And hear the bellows soar,
And catch the burning sparks that fly,
Like chaff from a threshing floor.
The friends who had left came back every one,
And darkest advisers looked bright as the sun.
14. She lived unknown and few could know,
When Lucy ceased to be.
15. Three wives sat up in the lighthouse tower,
And they trimmed the lamps as the sun went down.
16. His hair was yellow as hay,
But threads of a silvery grey GA
Gleamed in his tawny beard.

అభ్యాసము 58

విభిన్న లక్షణములు గల ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను సవివరంగా వివరించండి :-
1. When Abraham sat at his tent door, according to his custom, waiting to entertain strangers, he espied an old man, stooping and leaning on his staff, weary with age and travel, coming towards him, who was a hundred years of age.
2 When the old man was gone, God called to Abraham and asked him Where the stranger was.
3. He replied, I thrust him away because he did not worship Thee.
4. While you are upon Earth enjoy the good things that are here (to that end were they given) and be not melancholy, and wish yourself in heaven.
5. There is no saying shocks me so much as that which I hear very often that a man does not know how to pass his time.
6. You must observe, my friend, that it is the custom of this country, when. a lady or gentleman happens to sing, for the company to sit. as mute and as motionless as statues.
7. Mr. Burchell had scarce taken leave, and Sophia consented to dance with the chaplain, when my little ones came running out to tell us that the Squire was come with a crowd of company.
8. I hope it will give comfort to great numbers who are passing through the world in obscurity, when I inform them how easily distinction may be obtained.
9. All who have meant good work with their whole hearts, have done good work, although they may die before they have the time to sign it.
10. We are told that, while still a mere child, he stole away from his playfellows to a vault in St. James’s Fields, for the purpose of investigating the cause of a singular echo which he had observed there.
11. The slave who was at his work not far from the place where this astonishing piece of cruelty was commited, hearing the shrieks of the dying person ran to see what was the occasion of them.
12. Every insignificant author fancies it of importance to the world to know thathe wrote his book in the country, that he did it to pass away some of his idle hours, that it was published at the importunity of friends, or that his natural temper, studies, or conversation directed him to the choice of his subject.
13. I consider a human soul without education like marble in the quarry, which shows none of its inherent beauties, until the skill of the polisher fetches out the colours, makes the surface shine, discovers every ornamental cloud, spot, and view that run through the body of it.
14. When the Athenians in the war with the Lacedaemonians received many defeats both by sea and land, they sent a message to the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, to ask the reason why they who erected so many temples to the gods, and adorned them with such costly offerings, should be less successful than the Lacedaemonians, who fell so short of them in all these particulars.
15. He that holds fast the golden mean,
And lives contentedly between
The little and the great,
Feels not the wants that pinch the poor,
Nor plagues that haunt the rich man’s door, Embittering all his state.

అధ్యాయము 5

More About Noun Clauses

29. ఇంత వరకు మనము మూడు విధములైన Subordinate Clauses ఉన్నవని చదివియున్నాము. The Noun Clause, the Adjective Clause, and the Adverb Clause.

Non Clause, subordinate clause గా కూడా ఉంటుందని చదివియున్నాము. అది అపుడు Complex sentence లోని Noun పాత్రను పోషించును.

30. Complex sentence లో Noun Clause నామవాచకము యొక్క పనిని చేయును కావున ఇన్ని శ్రీ లక్షణములు కలిగి ఉండును..

1. The Subject of a verb.
2. The Object of a transitive verb.
3. The Object of a preposition.
4. In Apposition to a Noun or Pronoun.
5. The Complement of a verb of incomplete predication.

Read and Learn more Analysis Transformation of Sentences

31. ఈ క్రింది Complex వాక్యములలోనున్న Noun Clause క్రియా పదమునకు (verb నకు) Subject గా నున్నది :-

That you should say so surprises me.
That it would rain seemed likely.
What he said was true.
When I shall return is uncertain.
How he could assist his friend was his chief concern.
Why he left is a mystery.
Whether we can start tomorrow seems uncertain.

32. ఈ క్రింది Complex వాక్యములలో Noun Clause, transitive verb నకు (verb యొక్క action కు కుడివైపునకు ప్రయాణించి Object పై పడునది) Object గా నున్నది.

He says that he won’t go.
I hoped that it was true.
She denied that she had written the letter.
I cannot tell what has become of him.
I do not know when I shall return.
I asked the boy how old he was.
Tell me why you did this.
Tell me where you live.
No one knows who he is.
I earn whatever I can. Ask if he is at home.

33. ఈ క్రింది Complex వాక్యములలో Noun Clause ఒక Preposition కు Object గా ఉన్నది.

Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
There is no meaning in what you say.
There were no complaints except that the day was too hot.

34. ఈ క్రింది Complex వాక్యములలో Noun Clause నామవాచకములకు, సర్వనామములకు

Apposition భావములో ఉన్నది (పొందిక కలిగియుండుట).
Your statement that you found the money in the street will not be believed.

His belief that some day he would succeed cheered him through many disappointments.

You must never forget this, that honesty is the best policy.
It is feared that he will not come. It was unfortunate that you were absent.

35. ఈ క్రింది Complex వాక్యములలో Noun Clause అసంపూర్ణ భావమును ఇచ్చు క్రియాపదమునకు (verb of incomplete predication) Complement

My belief is that he will not come.
Her constant prayer was that the child might live.
His great fear is that he may fail.
My wish is that I may please you.
Their request will be that they may be allowed to resign.
Life is what we make it.
This is where I live.

36. Intransitive verb అయిన ‘to be’ తో ఒక వాక్యమును నిర్మించామనుకోండి. అందులో ఉన్న Adjective పదము నామవాచకము పాత్రను పోషిస్తున్నదనుకోండి. అప్పుడు అందులోని Clause ను Noun Clause

ఈ క్రింది Complex వాక్యములలో Noun Clause intransitive verb తరువాత వచ్చుచున్నది:-

The child was afraid that he would fall down.
All of us are keen that you should succeed.
They felt sorry that they lost the match.
The patient was sure that he would recover.
She did not seem hopeful that he would arrive.

పై వాక్యములలో prepositions అయిన ‘of’, ‘about’ మరియు for అను పదములను Intransitive verb నకు Noun Clause నకు మధ్యన వానిని కలపడానికి వాడలేదు. ఒకవేళ మనము Noun లేక gerund de afraid of, keen about, sorry for, sure of, hopeful of అని అనుండే వాళ్ళము.

అప్పుడు noun లేక gerund పదము Preposition కు Object గా మారును. & Noun Clause miss so Preposition & Object asway Complex sentences గా పరిగణింపవచ్చును. Intransitive verb తరువాత ఇది వచ్చును. ఆ Noun Clauses adverb m వాడబడినవని అంటారు.

గమనిక (Note) : పై వాక్యములలో subordinating conjunction అయిన ‘that’ Clause ను introduce చెయ్యడం జరిగింది. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Conjunction ‘that’ ను విరమింపజేయడం ద్వారా Noun కూడా జరుగుతుంది.

అభ్యాసము 38

ప్రతి వాక్యములో ఒక Noun Clause ఉండే విధంగా పన్నెండు (12) వాక్యములను వ్రాయుము.

పన్నెండు వాక్యములలోని మొదటి మూడు వాక్యములలో Noun Clause ను Subject గా చెయ్యండి. తరువాత నున్న మూడు వాక్యములలో Subject ను Object గా రూపొందించండి. తరువాత నున్న మూడు వాక్యములలో నున్న Noun కు గాని, Pronoun కు గాని Apposition భావమును సమకూర్చండి. ఆఖరి మూడు వాక్యములలో Noun Clause ను Predicate గా వాడండి.

అభ్యాసము 39

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Noun Clause ను గుర్తించండి.
ఈ క్రింది విషయములను విశదీకరించండి :

1. Noun Clause ఒక Verb కు Subject గా నున్నదా?
2. ఆ Noun Clause ఒక Verb నకు Object గా నున్నదా?
3. Noun Clause as Verb 55 Complement ?
4. లేక ఇంకొక Noun కు గాని Pronoun కు గాని Apposition పొందిక కలిగియున్నదా?
5. లేక ఇంకొక Preposition కు Object గా నున్నదా?

1. Tell me how you found that out.
2. That he will succeed is certain.
3. Can you tell who wrote Shakuntala?
4. She says her mother is ill.
5. Do you deny that you stole the purse?
6. I did not know that he had come.
7. I think I know your face.
8. I do not understand how it all happened.
9. The report that he was killed is untrue.
10. All depends on how it is done.
11.  Do whatever you think right.
12. The law will punish whosoever is guilty.
13. Do you know when the train will arrive?
14. Ask if dinner is ready.
15. I understand you want a situation.
16. He was very hopeful that he would succeed
17. I cannot express how sorry I am.
18. I don’t see how you can get out of this mess.
19. I think you have made a mistake.
20. Whoever came was made welcome.
21. It is clear that he was guilty.
22. My verdict is that the prisoners shall die.
23. How long I shall stay here is doubtful.
24. They guessed what he meant.
25. I am afraid that she will be angry.
26. Will you explain why you behaved so?
27. No one can tell how this will end.
28. The truth is that we have been deceived.
29. It is not clear who has done this.
30. I do not know how I can deal with this rascal.
31. I did not know whether I should laugh or cry.
32. We are desirous that you should succeed.

37. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Noun Clause ను ‘that’ తో కాకుండా Infinitive తో కలిసిన Accusative తో introduce చేయుట సంభవించును.

1. (a) He thought that he was safe there .
(b) He thought himself to be safe there.
2. (a) I believed that he was a true friend.
(b) I believed him to be a true friend.
3. (a) This proved that the man had stolen the horse.
(b) This proved the man to have stolen the horse.
4. (a) We know that Rama is alive
(b) We know Rama to be alive.

Clauses
1. Adverb Clauses

20. ఈ క్రింద italics లో చూపించిన group of words ను పరిశీలించండి :-

1. They rested at sunset. [Rested when?]
2. They rested when evening came. [Rested when ?]

పై రెండు వాక్యములలో ‘when’ అను పదములు Adverbs అయి ఉన్నవి. అవి కాలమును తెలియజేయుచున్నవి గావున అవి ‘rested’ అను verb పదమును అజమాయిషీ (modify) చేయుచున్నవి. ఎప్పుడు ‘rest తీసుకున్నాడు అని వివరిస్తున్నది కదా! అనగా ఆ particular పని ఏ సమయములో జరిగిందీ అని చెప్పుచున్నవి.

‘at sunset’ అను పదసముదాయము Adverb Phrase అని మనకు తెలుసును. రెండవ వాక్యములో నున్న ‘when evening came’ అను పదసముదాయమును కూడా Adverb Phrase క్రింద జమ కట్టవచ్చునా? జమకట్టడానికి వీలుకాదు. ఇది Phrase కాదు. ఎందుకంటే ఆ రెండు words లో నామవాచకమైన ‘evening’ అను పదము ఇచ్చట Noun అయి ఉన్నది.

‘evening’ అను పదము తాను వచ్చియున్నను అనే భావపూరితమైన action ను చూపించుచున్నది కదా. దానికి తోడుగా Predicate భాగమైన ‘came’ అచ్చట ఉన్నది కూడా. కావున ఈ 3 పదములను (when evening came) ఒక వాక్యము క్రింద జమ కట్టవచ్చును. కాని, ఇచ్చట ఇవి పెద్ద వాక్యములో భాగమై ఉన్నవి.

Read and Learn more Analysis Transformation of Sentences

ఈ విధముగా వాక్యములో ఒక భాగముగా నున్న పదములు ఒక Subject ను ఇంకొక Predicate ను కూడా కలిగియున్నచో ఆ మొత్తము Clause అవుతుంది. ఇచ్చట ‘when evening came’ అను భాగము Clause అయి ఉండి, time ను గురించి చెబుతూ అది Adverb యొక్క పనిని చేయుచున్నది. కావున, దానిని Adverb Clause అని అంటాము. కాలమును తెలియజేయు పదములు, place ను తెలియజేయు పదములు Adverb అగును కదా! davba sos

నిర్వచనం

(Def): కొన్ని పదముల సమూహము తమ Subject ను స్వంత Predicate ను కలిగియుండి, Adverb యొక్క పని చేయుచున్నచో, ఆ పదముల సమూహమును Adverb Clause అని అంటాము.

అభ్యాసము 23

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Adverb Clauses ను గుర్తించండి :-

1. You may sit wherever you like.
2. He fled where his pursuers could not follow.
3. He behaves as one might expect him to do.
4. Because you have done this I shall punish you.
5. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
6. If you eat too much you will be ill.
7. He finished first though he began late.
8. Will you wait till I return?
9. Just as he entered the room the clock struck.
10. They went where living was cheaper.
11. He does not always speak as he thinks.
12. Take a lamp because the night is dark.
13. Since you have already decided, why do yo ask my opinion?
14. If I make a promise I keep it.
15. You will pass if you work hard.
16. He advanced as far as he dared.
17. I forgive you since you repent.
18. I shall remain where I am.
19. We shall wait here until you come.
20. When I was younger, I thought so.
21. It was so dark that you could not see your hand.
22. Wherever one goes, one hears the same story.
23. If you do not hurry you will miss the train.
24. I do it because I choose to.

అభ్యాసము 24

క్రింది ఖాళీలను తగినట్టి Adverb Clauses ను అందించండి :-

1. Do not go_______
2. He is not so clever.______
3. I was so hurried_____
4. He ran so fast______
5. He always does_____
6. He spoke so low_____
7. I shall do nothing____
8. Fools rush in_____
9. Nobody likes him,____
10. Open rebuke is better_____
11. He will succeed______
12. Make hay_____
13. He is so busy_____
14. Do not come_____
15. The boy went out to play_____
16. He does_____
17. He always comes____
18. He did______
19. She sings exactly______
20. The earth is larger,______
21. His father died_______
22. He cannot see______
23. Do you work well_______
24. I found my books_____-
25. I will not go out._____
26. You will succeed or fail______
27. Arithmetic is less difficult______
29. Do_______
28. We shall miss the train._____

21. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి :-

1. The stolen property was found in the dacoits’ hiding place.
2. The stolen property was. found where the dacoits were accustomed to hide.

పై రెండు వాక్యములలో italics లో నున్న పదములు Adverb యొక్క పనిని చేయుచున్నవి.
2వ వాక్యములో italics లో నున్న పదముల సమూహము Clause అగుచున్నది. ఎందుకంటే ఆ  group subject (the dacoits) 8 m ఉన్నవి. కావున Clause కాని 1వ వాక్యములో italics లోనున్న group of words మాత్రము Phrase అయి ఉన్నవి. అచ్చట subject + predicate అను రెండు భాగములు లేవు. “In the dacoits’ hiding place మొత్తము పదముల సముదాయము ఒక చోటును గురించి మాత్రమే చెబుతున్నది.

అభ్యాసము 25

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో ప్రతి Adverb Phrase కు బదులుగా Adverb Clause ను సూచించుము.

1. On his return we asked him many questions.
2. Do it to the best of your ability.
3. The prince was met on his arrival by his secretary.
4. In spite of poverty he became distinguished.
5. Upon seeing the signal the troops set out.
6. Nobody must expect to become rich without hard work.
7. They were very grateful to him for his kindness.
8. In comparison with air water is heavy.
9. The weather is too bright to last.
10. My heart is too full for words.
11. The work is too much for any man to do single-handed.
12. With a view to early retirement he saved his money.
13. In the event of the president’s death the vice-president succeeds him.
14. He always carried out his duties according to instructions.
15. The price is high for an old car.
16. He ran with all his might.
17. After such hard work, he requires a long rest.
18. He was base enough to accept the dishonourable terms.
19. Many ships were so shattered as to be wholly unmanageable.
20. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.

అభ్యాసము 26

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో ప్రతి Adverb Clause ను తొలగించి దాని స్థానములో

Adverb phrase ను లేక Adverb ను ప్రవేశ పెట్టండి :

1. I have not been well since I returned from Chennai.
2. When he entered the room he saw the vase broken.
3. They fought as heroes do.
4. When the Sun set he returned home.
5. Though I am poor, yet am I contented.
6. When the righteous rule, the people rejoice.
7. We have come so that we may help you.
8. The thief crept as a jackal does.
9. I am glad that he has recovered from his illness.
10. He works hard so that he may become rich.
11. He worked so hard that he succeeded.
12. As soon as I saw the cobra I ran away.
13. We ran so that we might arrive in time.
14. He jested even as he lay dying.
15. No man can become a great artist unless he applies himself continually to his art.
16. There was nothing he would not do if only he might make profit.
17. He was not so rich that he could buy a motor car.
18. When he had uttered these words he sat down.
19. This exercise is so difficult that I cannot do it.
20. The news is so good that it cannot be true.
21. I did not pay him, as I had no money with me.
22. He lived carefully so that he might live long.
23. The steamer will leave as soon as the mails arrive.
24. He may go home after his work is finished.
26. He was punished as he deserved.
25. As he was sick, he remained at home.
27. This sum is right so far as the working is concerned.
28. It rained so hard that the streets were flooded.
29. I took him because you recommended him.
30. My parents were poor though they were of noble birth.
31. He refuses to work whatever I may say.
32. We will do the work as well as we can.
33. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
34. Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman Empire lasted.
35. We are kind to you because you are kind to us.
36. He was posing rich though his income was only £ 40 annually.
37. The passage is so difficult that I cannot comprehend it.

2. Adjective Clauses

22. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న పదముల సమూహములను (group of words) గమనించండి :-

1. The umbrella with a broken handle is mine. [Which umbrella?]
2. The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine. [Which Umbrella?]

‘With a broken handle’ అను పదముల సముదాయము గొడుగును వర్ణించుచున్నది అనగా umbrella అను noun ను వర్ణించుచూ Adjective పాత్రను పోషించుచున్నది. కావున దీనిని Adjective phrase అని అంటారు.
రెండవ వాక్యములో ఉపయోగించిన which has a broken handle’ అను పదముల సమ్మేళనము (group) కూడా umbrella ను వర్ణించుచున్నది. కావున అది కూడా Adjective అయి ఉన్నది. కాని రెండవ దానికి ఒక Subject మరియు స్వతహాగా ఒక Predicate ఉన్నందున అది Adjective Clause అయినది. నిర్వచనం (Def): Adjective Clause లోనున్న కొన్ని పదములు ఒక group గా ఉండి, ఆ group లో Subject మరియు స్వతహాగా ఒక Predicate ఉన్నట్లయితే అది Adjective Clause అవుతుంది.

 అభ్యాసము 27

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Adjective Clauses ను గుర్తించండి. అవి ఏ ఏ Nouns ను Pronouns వర్ణించుచున్నవో చెప్పండి :-

1. Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow.
2. The letter brought money which was badly needed.
3. The house that I live in belongs to my father.
4. I am monarch of all I survey.
5. I have a little shadow which goes in and out with me.
6. The dog that bites does not bark.
7. He tells a tale that sounds untrue.
8. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody any good.
9. The boy stood on the burning deck whence all but he had fled.
10. They never fail who die in a great cause.
11. I remember the house where I was born.
12. He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
13. Here is the book you want.
14. Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just.
15. He died in the village where he was born.
16. Heaven helps those who help themselves.
17. He never does anything that is silly.
18.It is a long lane that has no turning.
19. He laughs best who laughs last.
20. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

అభ్యాసము 28

తగినట్టి Adjective Clauses ను ఈ క్రింది ఖాళీలలో పూరించండి :-

1. I know the place______
3. The house____ is a hundred years old.
5. Where is the book.______?
7. He has lost the book___________
9. I know the man_____________
11. The boy____gained the prize.
13. Water______should be kept in a covered jar.
15. He went away by the train.
2. He is the man______
4. His offence is one.______
6. Boys will not be promoted.
8. I found the______get good marks.
10. No man._____shall suffer in any way.
12. Students____ book,
14. Any boy will be punished.

23. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి :-

1. He met a girl with blue eyes.
2. He met a girl whose eyes were blue.

‘With blue eyes’ అనే పదసముదాయము నామవాచకమైన (girl) అనే పదమును వర్ణించుచున్నది. తరువాత 2వ వాక్యములోని ‘whose eyes were blue’ అనే పదసముదాయము కూడా girl అను నామవాచక పదమును వర్ణించుచున్నది. కావున పైన ఇచ్చిన రెండు వాక్యములలోని రెండు groups కూడా Adjective గా పని చేయుచున్నవి.

కాని, ‘with blue eyes’ అను group ఇచ్చట Phrase అయి ఉన్నది.
‘whose eyes were blue’ అను group 2వ వాక్యములో Clause అయి ఉన్నది. ఇచ్చట Subject + Predicate ఉన్నందున ఇచ్చట రెండు groups కూడా Adjective భాగమునకు సంబంధించినవి కావున, ఒక దాని స్థానంలో ఇంకొకటి రావచ్చును.

అభ్యాసము 29

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో ప్రతి Adjective పదమునకు Phrase కు బదులుగా Adjective Clause ను వ్రాయండి :-

1. A man of industrious habits is sure to succeed.
2. He told us the time of his arrival.
3. The time for departing has now arrived.
5. I have a box, filled with almonds.
4. Do you know the road leading to the temple?
6. We all admire a man of courage.
7. A city on a hill cannot be hid.
8. The people in the gallery could not hear.
9. You can have anything of your liking.
10. The houses of the Burmans are generally built of bamboo.

అభ్యాసము 30

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Adjective Clauses ను Adjective పదములుగా గాని, Adjective Phrases గా గాని మార్చి వ్రాయండి :

1. Do you know the woman who is wearing a blue sari?
2 The boy who sits near me is my cousin.
3. That was the reason why he came late.
4. The reason, why he failed, is obvious.
5. The workers, who were weary with their exertions, lay down to rest.
6. The sun, which at mid-day was hot, made the traveller thirsty.
7. Which is the road that leads most quickly to the station?
8. People who eat too much die early.
9. Many men who have not been trained to write become journalists.
10. This is the place where our forefathers landed.
11. The explanation he gave was not satisfactory.
12. Such men as you cannot be easily disheartened.
13. This boy, who has been industrious, has earned a prize which he has well deserved.
14. A belief which is generally held is not necessarily one which is true.
15.  An author who was famous during the freedom struggle lived in that cottage which overlooks the lake.

3. Noun Clauses

24. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న భాగములను (groups) పరిశీలించండి

1. I expect to get a prize.
[Expect what?]
2. I expect that I shall get a prize. [Expect what?]

‘To get a prize’ అను పదముల సముదాయము మొదటి group అయి ఉన్నది. ఈ మాటల group లో Subject లేదు. Predicate లేదు కావున ఈ group Phrase అవుతుంది. ఈ Phrase ఇచ్చట expect అను Verb నకు Object గా నున్నది. ఈ విధంగా అది నామవాచకముగా పనిచేయుచున్నది. కావున ఇది Noun phrase అయినది.

రెండవ వాక్యములోని ‘that I shall get a prize’ అను పదసముదాయములో Subject మరియు Predicate ఉన్నవి. కావున దీనిని Clause అని చెప్పవలయును. ఇచ్చట ఈ పదసముదాయము Verb నకు Object గా పనిచేయుచున్నది. మరియు ఆ విధంగా అది Noun కి బదులుగా Clause రూపములో పనిచేయుచున్నది. కావున ఈ పద సముదాయం Noun Clause అయ్యింది.

ఇప్పుడు ఈ క్రింది వాక్యమును పరిశీలించండి :-

That you have come pleases me.

That you have come’ Clause. ‘pleases’ Verb Subject గా నున్నది. కావున అది ఇచ్చట Noun పాత్రను పోషించుచూ Noun Clause అయినది.

నిర్వచనం(Def) : Non Clause అనగా కొన్ని పదముల సముదాయము (group). దానిలో ఒక Subject మరియు Predicate ఉండును. ఈ Noun Clause, Noun చేయు పనిని చేయును.

అభ్యాసము 31

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Noun Clauses ను గుర్తించండి :-

1. I often wonder how you are getting on.
2. I fear that I shall fail.
3. He replied that he would come.
4. Do you deny that you stole the watch?
5. I thought that it would be a fine day.
6. That you should cheat me hurts me.
7. No one knows who he is.
8. He saw that the clock had stopped.
9. That you should say this is very strange.
10. I don’t see how you can get out of this mess.
11. I earn whatever I can.
12. I do not know what he wants.
13. There were no complaints except that the day was too hot.
14. I went to see what had happened.
15. I do not understand how it all happened.
16. Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
17. It grieved me to hear that she was ill.
18. I want to know how far it is from here.
19. Where we were to lodge that night was the problem.
20. He begged that his life might be spared.
21. I think you have made a mistake.
22. Can you guess what I want?
23. How the burglar got in is a mystery!
24. It is uncertain whether he will come.
25. I do not know what he will do.

అభ్యాసము 32

తగిన Noun Clauses తో ఈ క్రింది ఖాళీలను నింపండి :-

1. I cannot understand______
2. They all said________
3 I think______
4. This is just_____________
5. He told me_____________
6. _______is a well-known fact.
7. Do you know________
8. I wonder,_____
9. I do not know
10. Please show me_____
11. ____________is quite certain.
12. I feel certain_______
13. Tell him_____________
14. Will you tell me________
15. His father was anxious_________
16. You forget____
17. It is certain__________
18. Have you heard_____
19. do with your might._____
20. He was pleased with______

అభ్యాసము 33

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న పదములను మార్చి తగిన Noun Clauses తో ఖాళీలను పూరించండి :-

1. The time of his coming no one can guess.
2. I heard of his success.
3. The reason of his failure will never be known.
4. I predict a change in the weather.
5. The jury believed the man guilty.
6. We expect an improvement in business.
7. Who can doubt the truth of his statement?
8. I know him to be trustworthy.
9. I do not believe the account given by him.
10. He confessed his guilt.
11. He described the attack on the camp.
12. The place of their meeting was known to the police.
13. The sailor told us the direction of the wind.
14. His arrival was quite unexpected.
15. His friends hoped for his success.
16. I know your great regard for him.

అభ్యాసము 34

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Noun Clauses ను తీసివేసి Noun లేక Noun Phrase తో ఖాళీలను నింపండి.

1. I hope that I shall be there in time.
2. He is sure that we will win the match.
3. I remarked that it was a fine day.
4. They do not know where he is concealed.
5. The police must know where he is living.
6. I believe what he says.
7. Tell me what you think about this.
8. The doctor is hopeful that she will soon recover.
9. It is to be regretted that he retired from the world so early in life.
10. I do not believe what he says.
11. He showed how the problem was done.
12. It seems that he is a swindler.
13. He does not know where I live.
14. Tell me why you did this.
15. It is not known who has written this book.
16. The law will punish whosoever is guilty.

25. ఇంతవరకు మనము మూడు విధములైన Clauses గురించి చదివి యున్నాము.

1) Adverb  పనిని చేయు Adverb Clauses
2) Adjective  పనిని చేయు Adjective Clauses
3) Noun   పనిని చేయు  Noun Clauses.

26. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి. మరియు ప్రతి వాక్యములో Clause చేయుచున్న పనిని గూడా గమనించండి :-

1. I knew where I could find him.
2. I went to the place where I could find him.
3. I went where I could find him.

1వ వాక్యములో Italics లో నున్న పదసమూహము Clause గా పనిని చేయుచున్నది. మరియు ‘know’ అను భావమును తెలియచేయుచున్న Verb పదమునకు Object (కర్మభావము) గా కూడా ఉన్నది.
2వ వాక్యములో Clause అయిన పదసమూహము Adjective చేయుపనిని చేయుచున్నది. నామ వాచకమైనట్టి ‘place’ అను పదమును వివరించుచున్నది.

3వ వాక్యములో Clause అయిన పదసమూహము Adverb చేయుపనిని చేయుచున్నది. మరియు ‘went’ అను Verb పదమును అజమాయిషీ (modify) చేయుచున్నది.

దీనిని బట్టి ఒకే Clause ఒక వాక్యములో Noun Clause గాను, ఇంకొక చోట Adjective Clause గాను, మరియొకచోట Adverb Clause గాను ఉండవచ్చునని తెలియుచున్నది.

ఈ విధంగా ఒక Clause కు ఒకే ఒక గుర్తింపు ఇవ్వడం చాలా కష్టమౌతుంది. అది వాక్యములో చేయుపనిని బట్టి దానికి grammar గుర్తింపు ఇవ్వవలసి వుంటుంది.

అభ్యాసము 35

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Clauses ను గుర్తించండి. అది ఏ తరహాకు చెందిన Clause అవుతుందో కూడా గుర్తించండి. తరువాత అది ఏ పదముతో సంబంధము కలిగియున్నదో వివరించండి :-

1.come when you like.
2. I know the man who is here
3. He says that he met your brother,
4. The hand that rocks the the world.
5. Before I die I intend to see Venice.
6. Let us rejoice as we go forward.
7. I was reading a book which I had read before.
8. Perhaps he thinks that I am a fool.
9. As I drew near I saw a very curious sight.
10. Where are the friends whom I knew?
11. Can a man live whose soul is dead?
12. I think that he will die.
13. Have you heard that Rama has won the prize?
14. He made a vow that he would fast for a week.
15.  He admitted that he wrote the letter.
16. It was not the vizier whom the king suspected.
17. I know the place which you mention.
18. That he will do it, I have no doubt.
19. When he heard this he turned very pale.
20. That such a thing could happen, I do not believe.
21. I want to find the man who did this.
22. Have you seen the horse that he has bought?
23. My father hopes that you will visit us.
24. He behaved as a brave man should do.
25. I will wait until the next train comes.
26. The general feared that he would be surrounded.
27. He ate when he was hungry.
28. Since he has been in hospital he has improved greatly.
29. As I was going in my father came out.
30. There came a time when he was tired of waiting.
31. He spoke of a time when wars should cease.
32. They live where the climate is good.
33. I know a place where roses grow.
34. They have gone to a land whither few travellers go.
35.Sadly they returned to the prison whence they had so hopefully set forth that morning.
36. They returned whence they had come.
37. The swallows will return to the country whence such birds migrate.
38. Let none follow me to the retreat whither I now depart.
39. I refer to the year when the monsoon failed.
40. This is not the sort of place where you’ll get rich in a hurry.
41. The wind bloweth whither it listeth.
42. You will always regret the day when you did this.
43. Another occupies the seat where once I sat.
44. He has gone to that bourne whence no traveller returns.

అభ్యాసము 36

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న భాగములకు Clauses ను రూపొందించండి. తరువాత అలా ఉపయోగించిన Clause, Noun Clause అవుతుందా, Adjective Clause అవుతుందా లేక Adverb Clause అవుతుందా అని కూడా వివరించండి :-

1. He cannot find a place to sleep in.
2. The girl with long hair is my cousin.
3. Have you heard the news?
4. In spite of his efforts he failed.
5. He walked slowly to avoid slipping.
6. This is my home.
7. He cried aloud for joy.
8. I am surprised at your question.
9. He works hard for a living.
10. Being lame he has to use crutches.
11. I am hopeful of his speedy recovery.
12. I heard of his arrival.
13. The sun having set, the army stopped to rest.
14. The duration of the war is uncertain.
15. He declared his innocence.
16. His remarks were not received with approval.
17. Did he explain the purpose of his coming?
18. He ordered the traitor to be executed.
19. He remarked on the boy’s impudence.
20 His silence proves his guilt.
21. I cannot tell you the date of my return.
22. His share in the plot was suspected.
23. He speaks like a born orator.
24. I promise you a holiday on condition of your good behaviour.
25. He is not so foolish as to accept your offer.
26. In my old home we had many fruit trees.
27. Under existing conditions railway travel is expensive.