Correct usage of grammar

• Agreement Of The Verb With The Subject : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu
• Figures Of Speech : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu
• Idioms : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

• Order Of Words : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu
• Spelling Rules : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu
• The Formation Of Words : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

అధ్యాయము 29

Figures Of Speech

241. ఒక మామూలుగా మనము మాట్లాడుకునే ధోరణికి కొంత మార్పుచేసి దానిని ఇంకా సొంపుగా చెప్పు పద్ధతిని Figure of Speech అని అంటాము. ఈ Figure of Speech వలన భాషకు పటుత్వం వస్తుంది. ఎంతో ఔన్నత్యంగా, మృదువుగా కూడా ఉంటుంది.

242. Figures of Speech ఈ క్రింది నాలుగు విధములుగా వర్గీకరించవచ్చును. అనగా రాసిన వాక్యానికి గాని, మాట్లాడిన భావమునకు గాని ప్రతి దానికి ఒక ప్రత్యేకమైన భావాన్ని ఇవ్వడం అన్నమాట. దీనినే రూపీకరించుట అని కూడా అంటారు.

1) రెండు వస్తువుల మధ్యగాని, వ్యక్తుల మధ్యగాని పోలికలు చూపించినపుడు ఆ పోలికలలోని సొగసైన భావమును simile అని గాని, Metaphor అనిగాని, Personification అనిగాని, Apostrophe అనిగాని
అంటారు.
2) రెండు భావముల మధ్య ఉన్న తేడాను చూపించి చెప్పుట. ఈ పద్ధతులను Antithesis అని గాని Epigram అనిగాని అంటారు.
3) రెండు భావములు కలయికగా నున్నపుడు ఆ భావముల కలయికను రెండు విధములుగా అనగా Metonym అనిగాని, Synecdoche అనిగాని పిలుస్తారు.
4) Climax మరియు Anticlimax భావములు నాలుగవ తరగతి క్రిందికి వచ్చును. Climax అనగా ఒక భావము ఉత్తరోత్తరాభి వృద్ధి చెంది ఎంతో తీవ్ర స్థాయికి చేరుకొనుట Anticlimax అనగా ఆ భావము లేక ఆ సంఘటన యొక్క development ఆకస్మికంగా కిందికి జారిపోవుట.

Read and Learn More Correct usage of grammar

243. Simile రెండు విభిన్న ప్రకృతుల మధ్య (మనుష్యులు గాని, జంతువులు గాని, భావములు గాని) ఏదో ఒక సారూప్యమును పట్టుకొని (పోలిక) comparison ను రూపొందించుట. Simile యొక్క పోలికను like, as మరియు SO అను పదముల ద్వారా రూపొందించెదరు.

1. The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold.
2. The righteous shall flourish as the palm tree.
3. As the hart panteth after the water-brooks, so panteth my soul after Thee, O God.
4. Words are like leaves: and where they most abound, Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.
5. How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed in a naughty world.
6. Life is as tedious as a twice-told tale Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man.
7. Thy soul was like a star, and dwelt apart : Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea.
8. O my Love’s like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June ; O my Love’s like the melodie. That’s sweetly played in tune.

ఈ క్రింద చూపినవి ప్రతి దినము మనము మాట్లాడుకునే భాషలో ఉన్నటు వంటివి:- Mad as a March Hare; as proud as a peacock; as bold as brass; as tough as leather; as clear as crystal; as good as gold; as old as the hills; as cool as a cucumber. గమనిక (Note) : ఒకే జాతికి, భావమునకు చెందిన వస్తువులు Simile క్రిందకు రావు.

244. Metaphor – Indirect గా (నేరుగా కాకుండా) Simile భావమును ప్రవేశపెట్టినపుడు అది Metaphor. ఒక దానిలాగా ఇంకొకటి ఉన్నదని Simile లాగా చెప్పకుండా metaphor రెండూ ఒక వర్గమునకు చెందినవే అన్నట్లుగా చెబుతుంది. Examples:

1. The camel is the ship of the desert.
2. Life is a dream.
3. The news was a dagger to his heart.
4. Revenge is a kind of wild justice.

గమనిక (Note: 1. ప్రతి Simile భావమును Metaphor గా కుదించవచ్చును అనగా తగ్గించవచ్చును. అలానే ప్రతి Metaphor ను Simile గా పెంచవచ్చును.

Richard fought like a lion (Simile) Richard was a lion in the fight (Metaphor) అని మార్చి చెప్పవచ్చును.

అదే విధంగా The camel is the ship of the desert (Metaphor) e s
As a ship is used for crossing the ocean, so the camel is used for crossing the desert అని రాసి Simileగా మార్చవచ్చును.

ఇతరమైన examples :-

Variety is the spice of life (Metaphor). As spice flavours food, so variety makes life more pleasant (Simile). The waves broke on the shore with a noise like thunder (Simile). The waves thundered on the shore. (Metaphor)

2. Metaphor భావములను ఒకే వాక్యములో ఉన్నపుడు కలపరాదు. ఒక object పదమునకు ఒకటి కంటె పెచ్చు Metaphors ఉండరాదు. Mixed Metaphors : ఈ క్రింది wrong వాక్యమును గమనించండి: I smell a rat; I see it floating in the air; but I will nip it in the bud.

245. Personification జీవములేని వస్తువులను, abstract భావములను ప్రాణమున్నట్లుగా వర్ణించి చెప్పుటను personification అంటారు. అనగా person గా చూపించుట అని అర్థము.

Examples:

1. In Saxon strength that abbey frowned.
2. Laughter holding both her sides.
3. Death lays his icy hand on kings.
4. Pride goeth forth on horseback, grand and gay,
But cometh back on foot, and begs its way.

246. Apostrophe – మరిణించిన వారిని direct గా సంబోధించడాన్ని Apostrophe అని అంటారు. absent గా ఉన్న భావమునకు, వ్యక్తిగా గుర్తించబడిన ఒక వస్తువునకు కూడా Apostrophe పద్ధతి వర్తిస్తుంది. భావరూపానికి వ్యక్తిత్వాన్ని ఇవ్వడంలో Apostrophe బాగా ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.

Examples:

1. Milton I thou should’st be living at this hour.
2. O Friend! I know not which way I mast look.
For comfort.
3. Roll on, thou deep and dark blue, Ocean – roll!
4. O death I where is thy sting? O grave ! where is thy victory?
5. O liberty, what crimes have been committed in thy name?
6. Wave, Munich, all thy banners wave, And charge with all thy chivalry!
7. O judgement I thou art fled to brutish beasts,
8. O Solitude! where are the charms

That sages have seen in thy face?

247. Hyperbole. ఉన్న దానిని గోరంతలు కొండంత చేసి చెప్పడానికి Hyperbole పనికి వస్తుంది. Examples:

1. Here’s the smell of blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
2. Why, man, if the river were dry, I am able to fill it with tears.
Surely never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful
3. O Hamlet I thou hast cleft my heart in twain.
4. vision than Marie Antoinette.
5. I Loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers
Could not with all their quantity of love
Make up the sum.

248. Euphemism. మనకు ఇష్టము గాని, భావమును గాని, అతి భయంకరమైన సంఘటనను ‘ గాని, తగ్గించి సాధారణ రీతిలో చెప్పుటను Euphemism అని అంటారు.

Examples:

1. He has fallen asleep (i.e., he is dead).
2. You are telling me a fairy tale (i.e., a lie).

249. Antithesis. ఒకే వాక్యములో రెండు వ్యతిరేక భావములను కూర్చి చెప్పడం Antithesis అవుతుంది. ఈ ప్రయోగము వలన వాక్యము ఒక బలోపేతమైన భావమును సంతరించుకొనును.

Examples:

1. Man proposes, God disposes.
2 Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.
3. Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Clithay.
4. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.
5. Speech is silvern, but silence is golden.
6. To err is human, to forgive divine.
7. Many are called, but few are chosen.
8. He had his jest, and they had his estate.
9. The Puritans hated bear-baiting, not because it gave pain to the bear, but because it gave pleasul è to the spectators.
10. A man’s nature runs either to herbs or weeds; therefore, let him seasonably water the one and destroy the other.

250. Oxymoron. రెండు వ్యతిరేక భావములను ఒకేసారి చెప్పడం. Antithesis యొక్క ప్రత్యేక form ను Oxymoron అని అంటారు.

Examples:

1. His honour rooted in dishonour stood.
And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.
2. So innocent arch, so cunningly simple.
3. She accepted it as the kind cruelty of the surgeon’s knife.

251. Epigram Antithesis భావమును ముక్కుకు సూటిగా చెప్పడాన్ని Epigram అని అంటారు. Epigram వలన surprise పుట్టుకొస్తుంది. అవతలి వ్యక్తి యొక్క దృష్టిని ఆకర్షిస్తుంది.

Examples:

1. The child is the father of the man.
2 A man can’t be too careful in the choice of his enemies.
3. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
4. In the midst of life we are in death.
5. Art lies in concealing art.
6. He makes no friend, who never made a foe.
7. Know then thyself, presume not God to scan;
8. The proper study of mankind is man.
9. Lie heavy on him, earth, for he.
The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.
Laid many a heavy load on thee.
10. Here lies our Sovereign Lord the King
Whose word no man relies on.
Who never said a foolish thing
And never did a wise one.

252. Irony. ఇది ఒక విధమైన speech చెప్పిన దానికి విరుద్ధమైన భావము ఇందులో అంతర్గతంగా ఉంటుంది.

Examples:

1. No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shan die with you.
2. The atrocious crime of being a young man, which the honourable gentleman has, with such spirit and decency, charged upon me. I shall neither attempt to palliate nor deny.
3. Here under leave of Brutus and the rest (For Brutus is an honourable man:So are they all, all honourable men) Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral.

He was my friend, faithful and just to me; But Brutus says he was ambitious, And Brutus is an honourable man.

253. Pun. దీనిని తెలుగులో శ్లేష అంటారు. ఇచ్చట ఒక మాట చెప్పినపుడు దానికి రెండు మూడు అర్ధములు వచ్చే అవకాశం ఉంది. object పదము విచిత్రమైన భావాన్ని ఇచ్చే అవకాశం ఉంది. Examples:

1. Is life worth living? It depends upon the liver..
2. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.

254. Metonymy. సాంస్కృతికంగా పేరు మార్చిచెప్పుట అని దీని అర్ధము. ఒక object పదము దానికి అనుబంధమైన పదముతో కలిపి చెప్పబడుతుంది.

The Bench, for the judges.
The House, for the members of Lok Sabha.
The laurel, for success.
Reel-coats, for British soldiers.
Bluejackets, for sailors.
The Crown, for the king.

Objects మధ్య సంబంధాలు అనే విధములుగా ఉండును గావున, Metonymy కూడా అనేక రకములుగా ఉంటుంది. కావున Metonymy ఈ క్రింది సందర్భములలో ఉద్భవించుతుంది:-

1) ఒక వ్యక్తికి గాని, ఒక వస్తువునకు గాని, పేరు చెప్పకుండా హోదానుబట్టి ప్రత్యేకమైన గుర్తింపు ఇచ్చునపుడు

You must address the chair (i.e., the chairman).
From the cradle to the grave (i.e., from infancy to death).

2) ఒక రూపము ఇంకొక రూపములో యిమిడి ఉన్నపుడు The whole city went out to see the victorious general.

The kettle boils.
Forthwith he drank the fatal cup.
He keeps a good cellar.
He was playing to the gallery.
He has undoubtedly the best stable in the country. Cu noirasu oholen

3) ఒక agent నకు (ప్రాముఖ్యమునకు) కేవలం పనిముట్టుగా ఉన్నపుడు

The pen is mightier than the sword.

4) ఒక రచయిత చేసిన రచనలకు గుర్తింపుగా అతని పేరునే చెప్పినపుడు (ఇచట అతని రచనలకు పేర్కొనడం జరగదు

We are reading Milton. Do you learn Euclid at your school?

5) ఒక అభిప్రాయమును గాని ఒక ఉద్వేగమును గాని గుర్తించి దానికి ఒక పేరును వాడినపుడు

He turn’d his charger as he spake
Upon the river shore,
He gave the bridle-reins a shake,
Said ‘Adieu for evermore,
My love!
And adieu for evermore.’

255. Synecdoche In Synecdoche a part is used to designate the whole or the whole to designate a part.

(1) A part used to designate the whole; as, Give us this day our daily bread (i.e., food).
All hands (i.e.. crew) to the pumps.
Uneasy lies the head thatwears a crown,
A fleet of fifty sail (i.e., ships) left the harbour.
All the best brains in Europe could not solve the problem.
He has many mouths to feed.

(2) The whole used to designate a part; as, England (ie., the English cricket eleven) won the first test match against Australia.

256. Transferred Epithet. ఇచ్చట ఒక Epithet ను (సార్ధక నామమును) దాని స్థానము నుండి కదిలించి దానికి పూర్వ సంబంధము ఉన్న ఇంకొక పదము పక్కన చేర్చుట.

Examples:

1. He passed a sleepless night.
2. The plough man homeward plods his weary way.
3. A lackey presented an obsequious cup of coffee.

257. ఒక వాక్యములోని వ్యతిరేక భావానికి ఇంకొక వ్యతిరేక భావాన్ని దానికి జోడించి, తద్వారా ఆ మొదటి భావాన్ని ఖండించి మనకు కావలసిన ఒక సానుకూల భావాన్ని సృష్టించుకొనుట. ఈ పద్ధతి వలన మనకు కావలసిన మొదటి సానుకూలభావం బలాన్ని సంతరించుకొంటుంది.

Examples:.

1. I am a citizen of no mean (= a, very celebrated) city.
2. The man is no fool (=very clever).
3. 1 am not a little (= greatly) surprised.

258. Interrogation (ప్రశ్న వేయుట)

ప్రశ్న వేయుట అనగా కేవలం క్లాసులోలాగా జవాబు కొరకు ప్రశ్న వెయ్యడం కాదు. ఒక వ్యక్తి తన అభిప్రాయాన్ని ఇంకా బలంగా వివరించడానికి కూడా ప్రశ్న ఉపయోగపడుతుంది. ఈ figure of speech ని Rhetorical Question అని కూడా అంటారు. ఈ విధమైన ప్రశ్న వలన Rhetorical effect వస్తుంది.

Examples:

1. Am I my brother’s keeper?
2. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?
3. Shall I wasting in despair.
Die because a woman’s fair?
4. Who is here so vile that will not love his country?
5. Breathes there the man with soul so dead Who never to himself hath said,
This is my own, my native land?
6. Can storied um or animated bust
Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?

259. Exclamation (ఆశ్చర్యార్థకము). ఒక విషయము పైన (point) ఎక్కువ దృష్టిని నిలుపుటకు Exclamation పనికి వస్తుంది.

Examples:

1. What a piece of work is man!
2. How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank!
3. O what a fall was there, my countrymen !

260. Climax (తారాస్థాయి). Climax అనగా గ్రీకు భాషలో నిచ్చెన అని అర్ధము వస్తుంది. కొన్ని ideas వరుస క్రమములో పైపైకి పెరుగుతూ పోతే, అట్టి development ను Climax అంటారు.

Examples:

1. Simple, erect, severe, austere, sublime.
2 What a piece of work is man! How noble in reason, how infinite in faculties lin action, how like an angel ! In apprehension, how like a god!

261. Anticlimax పైన చూపిన development త్వరితగతిలో క్రిందికి దిగజారిపోయిన సందర్భములో ఆ పతనాన్ని Anticlimax అంటారు. ఒకో సందర్భములో అపహాస్యం చెయ్యడానికి కూడా ఇది పనికి వస్తుంది.

Examples:

1. Here thou, great Anna! whom three realms obey.
Dost sometimes counsel take and sometimes tea.
2 And thou, Dalhousie, the great god of war,
Lieutenant Colonel to the Earl of Mar.

అభ్యాసము 125

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలోని Figures of Speech ను కనుకొనుము.

1. The more haste, the less speed.
2. I must be taught my duty, and by you!
3. Plead, Sleep, my cause, and make her soft like thee.
4. Charity sufferet long, and is kind.
5. He makes no fnend, who never made a foe.
6. He that planted the ear, shall He not hear? He that formed the eye, shall He not see?
7. Let not ambition mock their useful toil.
8. To gossip is a fault; to libel, a crime; to slander, a sin.
9. Oh! what a noble mind is here overthrown!
10. Excess of ceremony shows want of breeding.
11. Why all this toil for triumphs of an hour?
12. Fools who came to scoff, remained to pray.
13. The Puritan had been rescued by no common deliverer from the grasp of no common foe.
14. The cup that cheers but not inebriates.
15. You are a pretty fellow.
16. Hasten slowly.
17. Hail smiling morn.
18. Can two walk together, except they be agreed?
19. Curses are like chickens; they come home to roost.
20.  A thou and years are as yesterday when it is past.
21.  The prisoner was brought to the dock in Irons.
22.  We had nothing to do, and we did it very well. Boys will be boys.
23. The cloister opened her pitying gate.
24. Lowliness is young Ambition’s ladder. Language is the art of concealing thought.
25. Must I stand and crouch under your testy humour? Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
26. He followed the letter, but not the spirit of the law.
27. One truth is clear: whatever is, is right.
28. I came, I saw, I conquered.
29. Labour, wide as the earth, has its summit in heaven.
30. Just for a handful of silver he left us.
31. They were swifter than eagles; they were stronger than lions.
32. Swiftly flies the feathered death.
33. It is a wise father that knows his own child.
34. Brave Macbeth, with his brandished steel, carved out his passage.
35. O mischief, thou art swift to enter in the thoughts of desperate men.
36. Knowledge is proud that it knows so much, Wisdom is humble that it knows no more.
37. Golden lads and girls all must, As chimney sweepers, come to dust.
38. Sweet Thames! run softly, till I end my song.
39. Sweet are the uses of adversity, which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, wears still a precious jewel in its head.
40. The naked, every day he clad, when he put on his clothes.
41. Can Honour’s voice provpke the silent dust, Or Flattery soothe the dull cold ear of Death?
42. Like the dew on the mountain, Like the foam on the never, Like the bubble on the fountain, Thou art gone and for ever.
43. Youth is full of pleasure, Age is full of care.
44. So spake the seraph Abdiel faithful found.
45. Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain,
46. Among the faithless, faithful only he.
47. Where health and plenty cheered the labouring swain.
48. Come rushing down together from the clouds, One from east.
49. There is only one cure for the evils which newly acquired freedom produces and that cure is free dom.
50. At once they rush’d together, as two eagles on one prey, one from west.
51. Errors, like straws, upon the surface flow, he who would search for pearls must dive below.
52. The best way to learn a language is to speak it.
53. Sceptre and crown, Must tumble down, And in the dust be equal made with the poor crooked scythe and spade.
54. O Solitude! where are the charms. That sages have seen in thy face?
55. His honour rooted in dishonour stood, And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.
56. The soldier fights for glory, and a shilling a day.
57. I thought ten thousand swords must have leapt from their scabbards to avenge a look that threatened her with insult.
58. They speak like saints, and act like devils.
59 He was a learned man among lords, and a lord among learned men.
60. Speech was given to man to conceal his thoughts.

అధ్యాయము 23

Order Of Words

203. English భాషలో inflexions (పద రూప భేదములు) తక్కువగా నున్నందున పదములను ఏ పద్దతిలో (order) రాయవలయుననేది చాలా ప్రాముఖ్యమైన విషయము. ఈ క్రింద చూపబడిన పద్దతి (Order) లో సర్వసాధారణంగా ఉపయోగించు పద్దతి:

1) subject పదము సర్వసాధారణంగా verb కు ముందు భాగములో ఉంటుంది.

The dog bit the horse.
The people rang the bell for joy.

2) Verb పదము తరువాతనే object పదము (క్రియా పదము) ఉంటుంది.

The horse bit the dog.
The King wears a crown.

3) ఒక వాక్యములో ఒక direct object మరియొక indirect object ఉన్నచో వాక్యము యొక్క ముందు భాగములో indirect object ఉంటుంది. తరువాత direct object ఉంటుంది.

Lend me your ears. (చెవులు అను పదము direct object)

4) ఒక adjective పదమును attributive పద్దతిలో వాడినపుడు (ఒక లక్షణమును చూపుట) ఆ పదము noun పదమునకు ముందున ఉంటుంది. ఇచ్చట ఆ adjective పదము noun ను వర్ణించే విధముగా ఉంటుంది.

Few cats like cold water.
I like the little pedlar who has a crooked nose.
King Francis was a hearty king, and loved a royal sport.

5) Adjective ను predicate గా వాడినపుడు అది noun తరువాత ఉంటుంది.

The child is asleep.
The horse became restive.

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6) Adjective phrase noun వెనకాలనే ఉంటుంది. (ఇచ్చట asleep అను పదము child యొక్క పరిస్థితిని వివరిస్తూ adjective అయినది మరియు sentence ను పూర్తిచేయుచు predicate అయినది.

Old Tubal Cain was a man of might.
The tops of the mountains were covered with snow.

7) Adverb పదము ఏ పదమునయితే అజమాయిషీ (modify) చేస్తుందో దాని దగ్గరనే ఉంటుంది. Nothing ever happens by chance.

John is a rather lazy boy.
He worked only two sums.
He never tells a lie.

గమనిక (Note) : Adverb పదము sentence మొత్తాన్ని modify చేయు సందర్భములో అది వాక్యమునకు ముందున ఉంటుంది.

8) వివరించే (qualifying) అన్నీ కూడా అవి ఎవరినైతే వివరించుచున్నవో వానికి సామీప్యంలోనే ఉండును.

He died in the village where he was born.
The dog that bites does not bark.
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

204. కొన్ని నొక్కి వక్కాణించి చెప్పవలసిన సందర్భములలో (emphasis) సహజముగా పైన చెప్పిన
విధమైన order లో మార్పులు సంభవించును.

Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
Monkeys I detest.
Money you shall have.
Blessed are the merciful.
Great is Diana of the Ephesians.
Great is the struggle, and great is also the prize.
Just and true are all Thy ways.
Fallen, fallen is Baylon!
Silver and gold have I none, but such as I have give I unto thee.

205. పదములను పొరపాటున తప్పు క్రమములో arrange చేయుటవలన వాక్యము nonsense

అయ్యే ప్రమాదమున్నది.

Few people learn anything that is worth learning easily.
He blew out his brains, after bidding his wife goodbye with a gun.
A gentleman has a dog to sell who wishes to go abroad.

వివరించే (qualifying) పదములు phrases మరియు clauses అన్నీకూడా అవి ఏఏ భావములను వివరించుచున్నవో (qualify) ఆ భావములకు సంబంధించిన words దగ్గరలోనే ఉండవలయును.

అభ్యాసము 117

ఈ క్రింద చూపిన వాక్యములలోని పొరపాట్లను సరిదిద్ది correct వాక్యములను రాయండి :

1. For sale, piano, the property of a musician, with carved legs.
2 He tore up the tender letter which his mother had written him in a fit of peevish vexation.
3 The captain took the things which the gods provided with thankful good humour.
4. Sometimes you will see an alligator lying in the sunshine on the bank eight feet long.
5. All the courtiers told the Queen how beautiful she was all the day long.
6 Mrs. Jeremy Daud was sitting with her husband on the steps of the hotel when Amy and Dulce came up, with her lap full of newspapers.
7. The man ought to be brought before a magistrate who utters such threats.
8 He visited the battlefield where Napoleon was defeated in his holidays.
9. He killed the sparrow which was eating some crumbs with a gun.
10. No magnanimous victor would treat those whom the fortune of war had put in his power so cruelly.
11. The constable said that the prisoner seizing a bolster full of rage and fury had knocked the prosecutor down.
12. A nurse maid is wanted for a baby about twenty years old.
13. I spent the three last days of my holiday in a chair with a swollen leg.
14. This monument has been erected to the memory of John Brown who was accidentally shot by his brothe as a mark of affection.
15. In thirty-seven wrecks only five lives were fortunately lost.
16. The following verses were written by a young man who has long since been dead for his own amusement.
17.  Many works must close if the strike lasts over the weekend owing to lack of fuel.
18. There will be a meeting of all boys who play cricket and football in the long room at 4 o’clcok.

 అభ్యాసము 118

ఉన్న వాక్యములను సరిగ్గా arrange చేసి రాయండి.

1. These acts were pushed through Parliament in spite of opposition with but little modification.
2. His body was found floating lifeless on the water at a short distance from where the boat was upset by a fisherman.
3. The beaux of that day painted their faces as well as the women.
4. He saw countless numbers of the dead riding across the field of battle.
5. They only work when they have no money.
6. He refused to relieve the beggar with a frown on his face.
7. He was very fond of her; he thought of marrying her more than once.
8. It is proposed to construct a bath for males 99 feet long.
9. One day the bird did not perform certain tricks which had thought it to his satisfaction.
10. I have lately received permission to print the following tale from the author’s son.
11. They left the hotel where they had been staying in a motor-car.
12. The Board of Education has resolved to erect a building large enough to accommodate 500 students three storeys high.
13. He spoke of the notion that the national debt might be repudiated with absolute contempt.
14. One of the combatants was unhurt, and the other sustained a wound in the arm of no importance.
15. Girl wanted for telephone of nice manners and appearance.
16. He repeated the whole poem after he had read it only once with perfect accuracy.
17. He was shot by a secretary under notice to quit with whom he was finding fault very fortunately without effect.
18. A clever judge would see whether a witness was deliberately lying a great deal better than a stupid jury.
19. I was rather impressed by the manner of the orator than by his matter.
20. He was driving away from the church where he had been married in a coach and six.
21. Stories have been related of thesk animals which are of an entirely fictitious character.

అధ్యాయము 24

Idioms

206. ఒక ప్రతేకమైన పద్ధతిలో మరియు క్లుప్తంగా భావములను సునిశితంగా తెలుపుటను Idioms అంటారు.

207. చాలా verb పదముల విషయంలో వానివెంట prepositions లేక adverbs ఉన్నట్లయితే అచ్చట idiomatic భావము ఉద్భవిస్తుంది.

He backed up (supported) his friend’s claim. The present disturbances will soon blow over (pass off). The police produced evidence to bear out (substantiate) the charge of murder.

You must not build your hopes upon (rely upon) his promises.
The matter has been cleared up (explained).
I readily closed with (accepted) his offer.
He is ready to dispose of (sell) his car for Rs.1,50,000.
Rust has eaten away (corroded) the plate.
They fixed upon (chose) him to do the work.
My good behaviour so far gained on (won the favour of) the emperor that I began to conceive hopes of liberty.
The habit of chewing tobacco has been growing upon (is having stronger and stronger hold over) him. Please hear me out (i.e.”hear me to the end).

I have hit upon (found) a good plan to get rid of him. About an hour ago I saw a fellow hanging about (loitering about) our bungalow.

These events led up to (culminated in) the establishment of a republic.
During excavations one of the workmel1 lighted upon (chanced to find, discovered) a gold idol. During her long illness she often longed for (desired) death.

I could not prevail on (persuade, induce) him to attend Jhe meeting. For years I could not shake off (get rid of) my malaria.

I threatened to show him up (expose him). All eyes turned to him because he was the only person who could stave off (prevent, avert) the impending war.

He is sticking out for (pf;)rsists in demanding) better terms. I must think the matter over (i.e., consider it). Train up (educate) a child in the way he should go; and when he is old he Will not depart from it. That fellow trumped up (concocted, fabricated) a story.

Read and Learn More Correct usage of grammar

Bear: He seems to be well off (in comfortable circumstances).

Satish bore away (won) many prizes at the school sports. The new leader has been able to bear down (overthrow, crush) all opposition. His evidence bears out (confirms, corroborates) the evidence of the first witness.

In his misfortune God gave him strength to bear up (to keep up spirits, not to despair). A religious hope bears up (supports) a man in his trials.
His evidence did not bear upon (was not relevant to) the inquiry. I trust you will bear with (have patience with, show forbearance to) me a few minutes more.

Break: He broke down (failed) in the middle of his speech.

He broke off (stopped suddenly) in the middle of his story.
I gave him no cause to break with (quarrel with) me.
The burglars broke into (entered by force) the house.

Bring: His folly has brought about (caused) his ruin.

Idleness and luxury bring forth (produce, cause) poverty and want. He brought forward (adduced) several cogent arguments in support of his scheme.

That building brings in (yields as rent) Rs. 7000 a month. Our teacher often tells us a story to bring out (show) the meaning of a lesson. The publishers have recently brought out (published) a cheap edition of their new dictionary.

He found great difficulty in bringing her round (converting her) to his views. She brought up (reared) the orphan as her own child.

Call: His master called for (demanded) an explanation of his conduct.

New responsibilities often call out (draw forth) virtues and abilities unsuspected before.

Call in (summon, send for) a doctor immediately.
He called on me (paid me a brief visit) yesterday.
The old man could not call up (recollect) past events.

Carry: He agreed to carry out (execute) my orders.

His passion carried him away (i.e., deprived him of self-control).
His son carried on (managed) his business in his absence.
Many persons were carried off (killed) by plague.

Cast: The ship was cast away (wrecked) on the coast of Africa.

He was much cast down (depressed) by his loss.

Come: How did these things come about (happen)? How did you come by (get) his purse?

When does the Convocation come off (take place) ?
At last the truth has come out (transpired).
The taxes come to (amount to) a large sum.
The question came up (was mooted or raised for discussion)
before the Municipal Corporation last week.
I expect he will come round (recover) within a week.
I hope he will come round (agree) to our views.

Cry: Men of dissolute lives cry down (depreciate) religion, because they would not be under the restraints of it.

He cried out against (protested against) such injustice. That young author is cried up (extolled) by his friends.

Cut: He was cut off (died) in the prime of life.

You must cut down (reduce) your expenditure. He is cut out for (specially fitted to be) a sailor. His wife’s death cut him up (afflicted him, distressed him) terribly.

Do: I am done for (ruined).

Having walked twenty miles, he is quite done up (fatigued, exhausted).

Fall: At last the rioters fell back (retreated; ‘yielded).

At my friend’s tea-party I fell in with (met accidentally) a strange fellow. The measure falls in with (happens to meet) the popular demand. The scheme has fallen through (failed) for want of support.

I am told the two brothers have fallen out (quarrelled). It is said that the standard of efficiency in public service has recently fallen off (deteriorated). In the second school-term the attendance fell off (diminished).

Get: His friends expected that he would get off (escape) with a fine.

It is hard to get on with (agree or live sociably with) a suspicious man. The thief got away (escaped) with my cash-box. I can’t get out (remove) this stain.

The revolt of the tribal chiefs has been got under (subdued). The dog tried to get at (attack) me.

He has got through (passed) his examination. They soon got the fire under (under control) by pouring buckets of water over it. You were lucky to get out of (escape from) his clutches.

Give: We are credibly informed that the murderer has given himself up (surrendered himself) to the police.

The doctors have given him up (i.e., have no hope of his recovery).
Soon after it was given forth (published, noised abroad), and believed by many, that the King was dead. The fire gave off (emitted) a dense smoke.

The strikers seem determined, and are not likely to give in (submit, yield).
It was given out (published, proclaimed) that he was a bankrupt. The horses gave out (were exhausted) at the next milestone. The rope gave way (broke, snapped) while the workmen were hauling up the iron pillar.

He would not listen to me at first, but at last he gave way (yielded.)
The Governor gave away (distributed, presented) the prizes.
Give over (abandon) this foolish attempt.

In his cross-examination, he ultimately gave himself away (betrayed himself).

Go: You cannot always go by Judge from) appearances.
It is a good rule to go by (to be guided by).

He promised to go into (examine, investigate) the matter.
Have you anything to go upon (i.e., any foundation for your statement)?
We have no data to go upon (on which to base our conclusions).”
The story won’t go down (be believed).
The concert went off well (was a success).
The auditor went over (examined) the balance sheet.
The poor woman has gone through (suffered) much.
I must first go through (examine) the accounts.

Hold: The rebels held out (offered resistance) for about a month. He holds out (gives) no promise of future prospects.

They were held up (stopped on the highway and robbed) by bandits.
The subject is held over (deferred, postponed) till next meeting.

Keep: A few boys were kept in (confined after school-hours).

I was kept in (confined to the house) by a bad cold.
They kept up (carried on) a long conversation.
Little disputes and quarrels are chiefly kept up (maintained) by those who have nothing else to do.

He is trying his best to keep up (maintain) the reputation of his family. The rubber syndicate keeps up (maintains) the price. She kept on (continued) talking. I shall keep back (conceal) nothing from you.

Knock: He has knocked about (wandered about) the world a great deal.
The dressing-table was knocked down (sold at an auction) for Rs. 900.
We were greatly knocked up (exhausted) after our steep climb.

Lay: The rebels laid down (surrendered) their arms. He had laid out (invested) a large sum in railway shares. Foolish people, who do not layout (spend) their money carefully, soon come to grief.

He is laid up (confined to his bed) with fever. He resolved to lay by (save for future needs) a part of his income.

Let: I was let into (made acquainted with) her secret.
This being his first offence he was let off (punished leniently) with a fine.

Look: His uncle looks after (takes care of) him. He looks down upon (despises) his poor cousins. Look up (search for) the word in the dictionary. The old man is looking forward to (expecting with pleasure) the visit of his grandchildren.

I will look into (investigate) the matter. I look on (regard) him as my son.
Some look to (rely on) legislation to hasten the progress of social reforms. Look to (be careful about) your manners. Prices of piece-goods are looking up (rising). Things are looking up (improving). His friends look up to (respect) him. He will not look at (i.e., will reject) your offer.

Make: Contentment makes for (conduces to) happiness. He made over (presented, gave in charity) his bungalow to the Islam Orphanage.

I cannot make out (discover) the meaning of this verse.
I cannot make out (read, decipher) his handwriting.
You have failed to make out (prove) your case.
Some time ago the two brothers quarrelled, but they have now made it up (become reconciled).

Pass: He generally passed by (overlooked) the faults of his subordinates.
The crew of the boat passed through (underwent) terrible sufferings.
He passed himself off as (pretended to be) a nobleman.

He poses all for (is regarded as) a great Sanskritist.
PICK: The Committee picked out (selected) the best players for the team.
He lost twenty pounds in sickness, but is now picking up (regaining or recovering health).

Pull: Unless we pull together (co-operate, work together in harmony) we cannot succeed.

My cousin pulled through (passed with difficulty) the examination.
The doctor says the patient will pull through (recover from his illness).
It is far easier to pull down (demolish) than to build up.

He was pulled up (scolded, rebuked) by the President
He puts on (assumes) an air of dignity.
Please put out (extinguish) the light.
He was put out (vexed, annoyed) when I refused his request for a loan.
The plaintiff was put out (disconcerted) when the suit was dismissed.

He tried to put me off (evade me, satisfy me) with promises.
He has put in (made, sent in) a claim for compensation.
While travelling I had to put up with (endure) a good deal of discomfort.
I cannot put up with (tolerate) his insolence.

They put him up to (incited him to) mischief.
I am sorry to put you to (give you) so much trouble.
PUT: He put off (postponed) his departure for a week.
The measure was put through (passed) without opposition.

Run: On account of overwork he is run down (enfeebled).

He always runs down (disparages) his rivals.
The lease of our premises has run out (expired, come to an end).
He has run through (squandered away) his fortune.
The tailor’s bill has run up to (amounted to) a large amount.

He has run into (incurred) debt.
While turning the corner I ran against (chanced to meet) an old friend.
Recently my expenses have run up (increased) considerably.
The cistern is running over (overflowing).

See: I saw through (detected) the trick.

It is hard to see into (discern) his motive.
His friends were present at the station to see him off (witness his departure)

Set: The High Court set aside (annulled) the decree of the lower court.

He immediately set about (took steps towards) organizing the department.
He set off (started) for Peshawar early this morning.

The frame sets off the picture (i.e., enhances its beauty by contrast).
He has set up (started business) as a banker.
I have enough capital to set me up (establish myself) in trade.
He hired a palatial bungalow and set up for (pretended to be) a millionaire.
I was obliged to set him down (snub him).
You may set down (charge) his loss to me.
Who set you on (instigated you) to do it?
These seats are set apart (reserved) for ladies.

In his speech on prohibition, he set forth (explained, made known) his views at length. The robbers set upon (attacked) the defenseless travelers. Winter in England sets in (begins) about December.

Speak: In this city there is no free library to speak of (worth mentioning).
I was determined to speak out (express my opinion freely).

Stand: They are determined to stand up for (vindicate, maintain) their rights.

Let this matter stand over (be deferred or postponed) for the present.
It is hard but I think I can stand it out (endure it to the end without yielding).

He is always standing up for (championing the cause of) the weak find oppressed.

We shall be formidable if we stand by (support) one another.

Strike: He is struck down with (attacked by) paralysis.

The Medical Council struck off (removed) his name from the register of medical practitioners.

While we were planning a family picnic, my sister struck in (interrupted) with the suggestion that we invite our neighbour’s children as well.

Take: The piano takes up (occupies) too much room.

It would take up (occupy) too much time to tell you the whole story.
He takes after (resembles) his father.

At present I am reading the Essays of Bacon, but it is sometimes difficult to take in (comprehend, understand) his meaning.

Recently he has taken to (become addicted to) opium eating.

Talk: We talked over (discussed) the matter for an hour.
I hope to talk him over (convince him by talking) to our view.

Tell: I am afraid your antecedents will tell against you (i.e., prove unfavorable to you). The strain is telling upon (affecting) his health.

Throw: My advice was thrown away (wasted) upon him, because he ignored it The bill was thrown out (rejected) by the Assembly. In disgust, he threw up (resigned) his appointment When he became rich he threw over (abandoned or deserted) all his old friends.

Turn: The factory turns out (produces, manufactures) 20,000 lbs of cloth a day. If he is lazy, why don’t you turn him off (dismiss him)?

He turned out (proved) to be a sharper.
His very friends turned against (became hostile to) him.
Who can say what will turn up (happen) next?
He promised to come, but he never tumed up (appeared).

Work: We tempted him with many promises, but nothing would work on (influence) him. He worked out (solved) the problem in a few minutes.
He is sure to work up (excite) the mob. He worked upon (influenced) the ignorant villagers.

Idioms (Continued)

208. ఈ క్రింది idioms క్షుణ్ణంగా చదివినట్లయితే idiomatic phraseology లో metaphor (ఉపమానాలంకారము) enter అవుచున్నదని తెలుస్తుంది.

1. In spite of all his brag he had to eat humble pie (to apologize humbly, to yield under humiliating circumstances). Take Care what you say! You will have to eat your words (to retract your statements, to take back what you have said).

I am prepared to meet you half-way (come to a compromise with you).
It is silly to meet trouble half-way (i.e., to anticipate it; to worry about it before it comes).

This unexpected new difficulty put me on my mettle (roused me to do my best) This is of a piece with (in keeping with) the rest of his conduct
He is not worth his salt (quite worthless) if he fails at this juncture.
The cost of living has increased so much that he finds it difficult to make both ends meet (to live within his income).

As a social reformer, he set his face against (sternly opposed) nautch parties. At the battle of Marengo, Napoleon was within an ace of (on the point of) defeat (i.e., he was very nearly defeated).

2. The belief in witchcraft is losing ground (becoming less powerful or acceptable).

Lord Roberts first won his laurels (acquired distinction or glory) in India.
It was in parliamentary debate that he won his spurs (made his reputation as a politician).

When the prodigal returned to his father’s house, he was received with open arms (with a warm welcome). How can you trust a man who plays fast and loose (says one thing and does another) ?

I took him to task (rebuked him) for reading “penny dreadfuls”. He turned a deaf ear to (disregarded) my advice. That argument will not hold water (stand scrutiny i.e., it is unsound).

He is determined to achieve his object by hook or by crook (by fair means or foul; by any means he can). To all intents and purposes (practically, virtually) the Prime Minister of Nepal was the ruler of the country.

3. The singer, having a slight cough, was not in voice (unable to sing well) at the concert. These two statements do not hang together (i.e., are not consistent with each other). This is more than flesh and blood (human nature) can endure.

He accepted my statement without reserve (fully, implicitly). I must take exception to (object to) your remark. He is indulgent to a fault (ie., he is over-indulgent; so indulgent that his indulgence is a fault).
The belief in efficacy of vaccination is gaining ground (becoming more general). From his attitude it is clear that he wants to pay off old scores (to have his revenge).

He has been working on and off (at intervals) several years to compile a dictionary. He visits me off and on (now and then, occasionally).

4. At least on the question of child-marriage we are at one (of the same opinion). He took my advice in good part (without offence; i.e., he did not resent it). It was he who put a spoke in my wheel (thwarted me in the execution of my design).

At an early age he made his mark (distinguished himself) as a chemist.
I have it at my fingers’ ends (know it thoroughly). The new play has fallen flat (met with a cold reception). Where discipline is concerned I put my foot down (take a resolute stand).

It is a matter of gratification to me that he has turned over a new leaf (changed for the better, begun a different mode of life). I have made up my mind (resolved, decided) to retire from business. This puts me in mind (reminds me) of an amusing incident.

5. There’s no love lost between them (i.e., they are not on good terms, they dislike each other). Many people in that country live from hand to mouth (i.e., without any provision for the future).

Steady work is sure to be rewarded in the long run (eventually, ultimately). Whatever else one may say of him, no one dare call in question (challenge, express a doubt about) his honesty of purpose.
The police came to the scene in the nick of time (just at the right moment, opportunely).

She stood by him through thick and thin (under all conditions, undaunted by anything). His partner threw cold water on his scheme (discouraged him by showing indifference to it). He can turn his hand to (adapt or apply himself to) anything. The Sultan rules his subjects with a high hand (oppressively). He is hand and glove (on very intimate terms) with my cousin.

6. He turns even his errors to account (i.e., profits by them).

He is accused of sifting on the fence (halting between two opinions, hesitating which side to join). It is all one (just the same) to me whether he lives in Mumbai or Kolkata. What is the point at issue (in dispute) ?

The inquiry has brought to light (disclosed) some startling facts.
He is not fit to hold a candle to (not to be named in comparison with) his predecessor. He burnt his fingers (got himself into trouble) by interfering in his neighbour’s affairs.

I suspect the fellow lives by his wits (i.e., he has no settled means of subsistence but picks up a living by deceit or fraud). He bids fair (seems likely) to rival his father as a lawyer. He strained every nerve (used his utmost efforts) to get his friend elected.

7. When I saw him last he was beside himself (out of his mind) with grief.
He spent over it much time and energy, and lost a large sum into the bargain (in addition, besides). When I entered the house everything was at sixes and sevens (in disorder or confusion).

Recently he has been giving himself airs (behaving arrogantly).
The attack might be launched at any time, so you must be on the alert (on your guard, ready to act). Retrenchment is the order of the day (the prevailing state of things) in every public and private office.

In the manufacture of dyes the Germans bear the palm (are pre-eminent). Agriculture in America has kept pace with (progressed at equal rate with) industrial activities. This text-book of chemistry is quite out of date (obsolete). This is the most up-to-date (modem, recent) book on the subject:

8.  What you say has no bearing on the subject in hand (under discussion or consideration).

It speaks volumes for (serves as a strong testimony to) Dr. Johnson’s industry that he should have compiled the dictionary without anyone’s help. Poor fellow! He is hoping against hope (hoping even when the case seems hopeless).

I am told he has got into hot water (into trouble). Ultimately I got the better of him (overcame him). He was found guilty, but, he got off easy (got a light sentence). I wash my hands of the whole matter (i.e., I refuse to have anything more to do with it).

The situation seems to have got quite out of hand (beyond control).
It is said that he has a finger in the pie (has something to do with the affair, is mixed up in the affair). That fellow sets everybody by the ears (i.e., he is a mischief-maker).

9. You have hit the nail on the head (said or done exactly the right thing).
Today he is in high spirits (cheerful, joyful). How is that? You seem out of spirits (gloomy, sad).

Hello! My lad; you look as if you’ve been in the wars (hurt yourself). I suspect he has an axe to grind (private ends to serve, a personal interest in the matter).

The news of the Amir’s death spread like wild fire (spread rapidly). He took to heart (was deeply affected by) the death of his wife. He was disappointed, but he took heart (cheered himself up) and tried again.
He has his heart in the right place (means well, is of a kindly and sympathetic disposition). He is coming to the front (attaining prominence, becoming conspicuous) in public life.

10. He is not a great lawyer but he has the gift of the gab (a talent for speaking). Prohibition is gall and wormwood (hateful) to distillers.
The strikers have thrown out of gear (disturbed the working of) many of our important industries.

Though ,he addressed his boys for a few minutes only, the earnestness with which he spoke went home to them (deeply appealed to them).
Just now he is simply coining money (making money very rapidly, earning large sums easily).

The screen is in character (in keeping) with the rest of the furniture.
He is not in the good books of (in favour with) his master, I am afraid I am in his bad books (out of favour with him). I am quite at sea (perplexed, at a loss what to do or how to act).

He does not understand that he stands in his own light (acts against his own Interests, hinders his own advancement).

11. Although he denies it, I think he is behind the scenes (in the secret, in possession of facts not generally known).

You are sure to put your foot in it (to blunder, to get into a scrape) if you meddle in his affairs. I begged him to reconsider his decision, but he put his foot down (remained firm; refused to yield). He asked me to dine with him, but I had to foot the bill (pay for it).

We shall fight tooth and nail (with all our power) for our rights. The property belonged to a Nawab, but recently it changed hands (became someone else’s property). He is by long odds (most decidedly) the greatest of living mathematicians.

The thief took to his heels (ran off) on seeing a policeman.
Our school is within a stone’s throw of (at a short distance from) the railway station. A few days before his death, he made a clean breast of (confessed without reserve) everything connected with that affair.

12. He stood his ground (maintained his position) against his adversary.
He keeps in touch with (has intimate knowledge of) the latest developments in wireless.

That is where the shoe pinches (where the difficulty or trouble lies).
I told him that I was prepared to show my hand (to reveal my plan of action, to let out my designs) provided he agreed to do the same.
The medical graduates to a man (i.e., everyone without exception) voted in favour of him.

He insisted on his orders being carried out to the letter (exactly, with adherence to every detail). For a long time he kept his father in the dark (in ignorance) about the true state of affairs. Success has turned his head (made him quite vain). His star is in the ascendant (i.e., fortune favours him).

13. The scheme appears worthless at the first blush (at first sight).
It was his constant prayer that he might die in hamess (continue to the last in his business or profession).

He has too many irons in the fire (i.e., he is engaged in too many enterprises at the same time). The Sikh soldiers were true to their salt (faithful to their employers). The latest police report says that the situation is now well in hand (under control).

He was at his wit’s end (quite puzzled, at a complete loss how to act).
What’s the matter with him? He is falling foul of (quarrelling with) everybody.

I am sure he won’t go back on (fail to keep) his word. The directors of the company put their heads together (consulted one another) to formulate a new scheme. Do not give ear to (listen to) a tale-bearer.

14. So far as I could see there was nothing out of the way (strange, eccentric) in the behaviour of that stranger.

A spirit of unrest is in the air (prevalent, found everywhere). The controversy is likely to create bad-blood (ill-feeling, bitterness) between the two communities. The rebels surrendered at discretion (unconditionally).

The letter is meant to be read between the lines (ie., it has a hidden or unexpressed meaning, not apparent on the surface). He was murdered in cold blood (ie., not in the heat of passion or excitement, but deliberately).
Let us have your terms in black and white (in writing).

On the approach of a policeman the bully showed a clean pair of heels (ran away). He has politics on the brain (constantly in his thoughts, as a sort of monomania). This will suit you to a T (exactly).

15. His eldest son, a spendthrift, is a thorn in his side (a constant source of annoyance to him).

I smell a rat (have reason to suspect something). I nipped his scheme in the bud (i.e., made it fail before it could mature). What you propose is out of the question (not to be thought of, impossible).

The performance was not up to the mark (quite satisfactory). The long and the short of it (the simple fact, the whole matter in a few words) is that I do not want to deal with that new firm.

I am told he is in the running (i.e., he has good prospects in the competition). Now that he has nothing to fear from me, he is showing his teeth (adopting a threatening attitude).

He changed colour (turned pale) when I questioned him about his antecedents. He had made a great mistake in championing their cause, but, having done it, he stuck to his guns (remained faithful to the cause).

16. This is the time to take stock of (to survey) the whole situation.
What’s the good of entering into negotiations with a man of straw (a man of no substance or consequence)?

The election campaign is just now in full swing (very active).
He is not wise enough to keep his own counsel (to preserve a discreet silence, to be reticent about his opinions or affairs).

That young fellow was born with a silver spoon in his mouth (born in wealth and luxury). It stands to reason (is quite clear, is an undoubted fact) that the rich never have justice done them in plays and stories; for the people who write are poor.

This suit-case has stood me in good stead (proved useful to me) in my travels. You have taken the wind out of my sails (made my words or actions ineffective by anticipating them). I took him to task (reproved him) for his carelessness. I have a bone to pick with you (some cause of quarrel with you).

17. It will do at a pinch (in case of emergency, if hard pressed).
When the opportunity came I paid him back in his own coin (treated him in the same way as he had treated me).

Just now my hands are full (I am very busy). It is generally believed that he had a hand (was concerned) in the plot. Explorers in the arctic regions take their lives in their hands (undergo great risks).

Naturally he fights shy of (avoids from a feeling of mistrust, dislikes) his young nephew, who is a gambler. All his schemes ended in smoke (came to nothing).

The police left no stone unturned (used all available means, adopted every possible method of search) to trace the culprits. Later on he became unpopular because he tried to lord it over (to domineer over) his followers.

As he was growing old, his friends persuaded him to rest on his laurels (to retire from active life).

18. The champion will have to look to your laurels (take care not to lose your pre-eminence).

I am tired of hearing him harp on the same string (dwell tediously on the same subject). His blood ran cold (i.e., he was horrified) when he heard that his friend was murdered.

1 gave him a piece of my mind (scolded him).
The dog is as good as (practically) dead.
He was as good as his word (i.e., kept his promise).
The child was as good as gold (i.e., very good).
You will have to make good the loss (to compensate me for the loss).
He kicked up a row (made great noise or fuss)..
He seems ill at ease (uneasy, anxious, uncomfortable).

19. The old man is hard of hearing (somewhat deaf). It will go hard with him (ie., he will suffer severely) if he keeps company with that fellow.

People say that Mr. X, the banker, is on his last legs (on the verge of ruin).
I can make neither head nor tail (nothing) of it.
You’ll never get the better of (gain an advantage over) that rascal: with him it’s always, ‘Heads I win, tails you lose’ (i.e., in any case he will be the winner).

By his advocacy of widow-remarriage, he stirred up a hornet’s nest (excited the hostility or adverse criticism of a large number of people):
He made great claims for his discovery; but it turned out to be a mare’s nest (a delusion, a worthless thing).

On the very first night she brought down the house (called forth general and loud applause) by her superb acting. He is every inch (entirely, completely) a gentleman.

You have done the handsome thing by him (behaved towards him in a magnanimous manner) in accepting his apology and foregoing the claim for damages.

20. He proved his worth by rising to the occasion (showing himself equal to dealing with the emergency).

For some days the new professor lectured over the heads of (above the comprehension of) his pupils. He knows the ins and outs (the full details) of that affair.

He is over head and ears (deeply) in love (or, in debt). Beyond all question (undoubtedly) she is a great singer. You want to see him? Out of the question! (i.e., impossible).

The two friends agreed to differ (gave up trying to convince each other)
after discussing the question for about an hour. Since that day he has been in bad odour (out of favour, in bad repute) with his neighbours.

Intimate friends need not stand on ceremony (act with reserve, insist on strict rules of etiquette beir j observed). He went out of his way (took special trouble) to oblige me.

21. I am afraid you two are at cross-purposes (misunderstand each other). I trusted him and he played me false (deceived me, betrayed me).
He is a shrewd mal”), and it will not be easy to draw him out (to elicit information from him).He made light of (treated lightly) his friend’s warning.

The proposal was rejected with one voice (unanimously). The figures which he quoted were shown to be incorrect, and this took the edge off his argument (made his argument ineffective).

We had on the way tea of a kind (of a: poor kind, i.e., tea that scarcely deserved the name). I repaid his insolence in kind (in the same way, i.e., with insolence). Beware of that fellow! He will stick at nothing (is unscrupulous and will do anything to accomplish his purpose).

He is not the man to pocket an affront (to receive or submit to it without retaliating or showing resentment).

22. I am out of pocket (a loser) by the transaction.

The fate of the accused hangs in the balance (is undecided). He is a man of well-balanced (reasonable, moderate) opinions; He was carried off his feet (was wild with excitement) when he was declared to have won the first prize. He made the most of his opportunity (i.e., used it to the best advantage).

That house is put on the market (offered for sale). He sometimes works nine hours at a stretch (continuously). By his skill in arguing he carried his point (defeated his adversaries in debate). He is serving his time (going through an apprenticeship) in a bank. Serves you right (i.e., you’ve got your deserts)!

23. I shall manage to serve him out (to retaliate upon him, to have my revenge on him).

He is working against time (with utmost speed). This year the mango-crop has fallen short of my expectations (i.e., has disappointed me). While the members of the committee were discussing questions of finance, I felt like a fish out of water (like one out of his element; i.e., in a strange situation).

A good student works steadily, not by fits and starts (irregularly, capriciously, without steady application). He has made his fortune and now takes things easy (does not work hard).

Mr. X first introduced the system of payments by installments, and shortly afterwards others took a leaf out of his book (imitated him, profited by his example).

The Secretary of the Company was charged with cooking the accounts (preparing false accounts). You should take into account (consider) his past services.

You must lie in the bed you have made (take the consequences of your own acts; suffer for your own misdeeds).

24.  He thinks better of it now (le., he has thought more carefully about it and come to a wiser decision). I am sure he means business (is In earnest).

I cannot give you a definite reply on the spur of the moment (at once, without deliberation).

It is the thing (the proper thing) to do. I see you know a thing or two (are wise or cunning). He took his failure to heart (i.e., felt it deeply: grieved over it). It goes to his heart (touches him deeply) to see so much misery.

The offer holds good (remains binding, is valid) for two days. He is leaving India for good (permanently). It will go hard with him (prove a serious matter for him) if his partner retires from business.

25. Do you expect me to be at your beck and call (under your absolute control)?

I am afraid he is burning the candles at both ends (overtaxing his energies). Let us now bury the hatchet (cease fighting, make peace), and work for the advancement of the country.

Mr. X, who is one of the trustees of a certain big charity, is suspected of feathering his won nest (making money unfairly). It is reported that some ruffians laid hands on (assaulted) him while he was returning home.

It is suspected that he had a hand in (was concerned in) the plot.
As usual he is blowing his own trumpet (praising himself). The excuses will not pass muster (will not be accepted as satisfactory).

As a diplomat he was head and shoulders (very much) above his contemporaries. Old sets of the Encyclopedia Britannica are a drug in the market (unsalable from lack of demand).

26. The foolish young man made ducks and drakes of (squandered) his patrimony.

She knows French after a fashion (to a certain degree, not satisfactorily).
It is all Greek (or Hebrew) to me (i.e., something which I do not understand). The thief was caught red-handed (in the very act of committing the theft).

Late in life he tried his hand (made an attempt) at farming. What you say is neither here nor there (foreign to the subject under discussion, irrelevant).

Even his old friend Smith, who had been indebted to him for many favours in the past, gave him the cold shoulder (treated him in a cold and distant manner).

If we are to give credence to rumours, another great war is on the cards (not improbable). While he spoke, the audience hung on his lips (listened eagerly to his words). The Speaker urged the Committee to take drastic action, but they ‘hung fire (were reluctant; hesitated).

27. He stands well with (is well thought of by) his master.

He claims that he has given chapter and verse (full and precise reference to authority) for every statement made in his book. The editor of that paper is accused of giving a false colouring to (misrepresenting) the incident.

Throughout his speech the boys were all ears (deeply attentive). I Was all eyes (eagerly watching) to see what he would do. I know my friend keeps a good table (provides luxurious food, entertains his guests sumptuously).

With a small income and a large family to maintain, he finds it rather difficult to keep his head above water (to keep out of debt).
He will never set the Thames on fire (do some remarkable or surprising thing). The scheme came to grief (failed) owing to want of foresight.
You will come to grief (be ruined) if you follow his advice.

28. I keep the fellow at arm’s length (at a distance; i.e., I hold aloof from him).

He is keeping up appearances (keeping up an outward show of prosperity) although he has lost his whole fortune.

Last year when the prince came of age (reached the age of twenty-one) he was installed on his father’s gadi.

Don’t trust those men; they are villains to the backbone (in every way).
You shall go, bag and baggage (with all your belongings. i.e., altogether, completely).

The account of the murder made her blood creep (filled her with horror).
That territory is a bone of contention (a subject of dispute) between the two countries.

He took away my breath (very much surprised me) when he coolly proposed that I should buy votes. Since his easy success in the elections, he has become swollen-headed (conceited).

29. Wherever he addressed public meetings he carried all before him (was completely successful). The cashier, having admitted defalcation, was given in charge (handed over to the police).

“If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat, and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink; for thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head (return good for evil, and make him ashamed of his enmity) and the Lord shall reward thee.”

It is mean to crow over (to triumph over) a fallen foe. He took up the cudgels for (defended vigorously) his friend. He is currying favour (using mean acts to ingratiate himself) with his rich neighbour.

If you endorse that promissory note, you will cut your own throat (ruin yourself). His father cut him off with a shilling (disinherited him by bequeathing a trifling sum). While he was speaking his father cut him short (interrupted him).

30. The witness cut a poor figure (produced a poor impression) in his cross-examination.

When he met me in the street, he cut me dead (deliberately insulted me by ignoring me). That Act is a dead letter (no longer in force). A great many faults may be laid at his door (imputed to him), but he is certainly not dishonest.

We must draw the line (fix the limit) somewhere. The cost of the new building should not exceed two lakhs. Printing is not in my line (is out of my province).

He is in the cotton line (i.e., he follows that trade). I don’t expect him to see eye to eye (to be in complete agreement) with me on the question of Prohibition.

He failed to get elected, but put a good face on (bore up courageously) his defeat. His speech on economic reform fell flat (caused no interest, produced no effect).

31. The joke fell flat (caused no amusement).

It is a far cry (a long way off) from Delhi to New York. It is a far cry (no easy transition) from autocracy to democracy. He is far and away (very much) the better of the two players.

The story of the shipwreck, as narrated by one of the survivors, made my flesh creep (horrified me). A Pathan is an ugly customer (a formidable person to deal with) when his blood is up (he is excited).

She is a delicate woman but has to rough it (to endure hardship) to support her family. He pins his faith to (places full reliance upon) technical education.

He sometimes tells lies, so people take his statements with a grain of salt (doubt). He is not the sort of man to let the grass grow under his feet (to remain idle, to procrastinate).

32. It’s no use splitting hairs (disputing over petty points, quibbling about trifles).

He is a great hand at (expert at) organizing public meetings. By your strange conduct you will give a handle to (furnish an occasion for) suspicion and scandal. He knows what he is about (is far-sighted and prudent).

You can rely on him; he knows what’s what (is shrewd and experienced, knows the ways of the world). Mussolini seems to bear a charmed life (to be invulnerable, as he escapes death in an almost miraculous manner).

When the Arabs conquered Persia, some Persians, it is safe to say, embraced Islam for loaves and fishes (material benefits). It never occurred to me that you would leave me in the lurch (desert me in my difficulties, leave me in a helpless condition).

In everything that he does he has an eye to the main chance (his object is to make money, he regards his own interests). The bank won’t accept the guarantee of a man of straw (a man of no substance).

33. His observations were beside the mark (not to the point, irrelevant).
Not to mince matters (to speak unreservedly), some of these pundits are mere charlatans.

His adversaries moved heaven and earth (made every possible effort) to get him dismissed. Do your worst! I nail my colours to the mast (refuse to climb down or surrender).

Stick to your colours (refuse to yield, be faithful to the cause), my boys!
The murdered man was found in a state of nature (naked). This coat fits you to a nicety (exactly).

He refused to be led by the nose (to follow submissively). His wife, who was the daughter of a millionaire, tumed up her nose at (regarded with contempt) her husband’s proposal to buy a Ford car. Don’t thrust your nose into (meddle officiously in) my affairs.

34.  He is such an absent-minded fellow that he does not know what passes under his nose (in his very presence).

Successive ministers have found the question of employment a hard nut to crack (a difficult problem to solve). This gentleman, having worked successfully in the business line for several years, is now resting on his oars (stopping work for a time and having rest).

A dispute in that colliery came to a head (reached a crisis) this week.
The recent outbursts of murderous rioting should warn the labour agitators that they are playing with fire (trifling ignorantly with matters liable to cause trouble or suffering).

During the War, he made a pile (made a fortune). The famous libel case brought into play (gave an opportunity for the exercise of) his forensic abilities.

I admit that he pleaded the cause of the poor very eloquently; but will he put his hand in his pocket (give money in charity)? To small purpose (without much practical benefit) was the Commission appointed, if its main recommendations are not adopted. Nowadays flying is all the rage (extremely popular).

35. He is rather blunt, but his heart is in the right place (he is faithful and true hearted).

He is regarded as his chief’s right-hand man (most efficient assistant).
His letters to his ward speak volumes for (serve as strong testimony to) his forbearance and good sense. The new cotton mill is mortgaged up to the eyes (completely, to its full extent).

You don’t look quite up to the mark (in excellent health) this evening.
Now, don’t you call me any names, or you will find that two can play at that game (i.e., I can retaliate in the same way).

He was a man who could put two and two together (draw a correct inference, reason logically). You see he has two strings to his bow (has two sources of income to rely upon); he deals in curios, and also does miniatures.

Her uncle has taken her under his wing (under his protection). I suspect that fellow has sent us on a wild-goose chase (a foolish and fruitless search).

36. The policeman, having disarmed the thief, had the whip-hand of (was in a position to control) him. I did not notice in him anything out of the way (strange, eccentric).

I am told your cousin is in hot water (in trouble) over that speech.
There is nothing so bad as washing one’s dirty linen in public (discussing unpleasant private matters before strangers).

If their demands are not granted, the strikers threaten war to the knife (a bitter and deadly struggle). They are at daggers drawn (i.e., their relations are strained) ever since the dissolution of the partnership between them.

When plague first broke out in Mumbai; Dr. X did yeoman service (excellent work). He is still in the vigorous health, although he is on the wrong side of sixty (more than sixty years of age).

You can safely trust him; he is a man of his words (a man to be depended on, a trustworthy man). He finds no little difficulty in keeping the wolf from the door (keeping off starvation).

37. Beware of that wolf in sheep’s clothing (hypocrite) !

The doctor says the patient has turned the corner (passed the crisis).
He very cleverly turned the tables on his opponent (i.e., brought him to the position of disadvantage lately held by himself).

I am afraid you have caught a Tartar in him (i.e., found him more formidable than you expected). I should like to have that matter settled immediately, because it keeps a man on tenterhooks (in a state of suspense and anxiety).

He is under the thumb of (completely under the influence of) his wife.
He carried out his project in the teeth of (in defiance or regardless of) opposition from his community.

Only ten years ago he was a junior barrister, but he is now at the top of the tree (at the head of his profession). We must avoid saying or writing anything that would tread on their toes (give offence to them).
His master put the screw on (brought pressure to bear on) him to vote for his friend.

38. In the contest he came of second-best (was defeated, got the worst of it).

I sent him about his business (dismissed him peremptorily) as I could stand his insolence no longer. People who talk shop (talk exclusively about their business or professional affairs) are generally unbearable. He appears to have an old head on young shoulders (to be wise beyond his years).

As a rule, they eat but one square meal (full meal) a day. In his travels he claims to have rubbed shoulders (come into close contact) with people of all sorts and conditions.

Although much remains to be done in this direction, the gradual increase in the number of schools clearly shows that the school master is abroad (education is spreading in every direction and ignorance is diminishing).

His boorish manners occasionally set his refined cousin’s teeth on edge (i.e., irritated him). When the Inspector entered the class some of the pupils shook in their shoes (trembled with fear).

39.There are black sheep (bad characters, scoundrels) in every community.

One of our best workers was ill, so we had to make shift (get along as best as we could) without him. I threatened to show him up (to disclose his villainy) if he did not mend his ways.

That solicitor is guilty of sharp practice (underhand or questionable dealings). The usurper cannot maintain his position without the sinews of war (money).

As a writer he has often snapped his fingers at (defined) convention. The speaker was unmercifully heckled, but he manfully stood to his guns (i.e., maintained his own opinion).

అధ్యాయము 27

Spelling Rules

223. Sound unit: English లో syllable అంటారు. కొన్ని syllables కలిపి ఒక word అవుతుంది. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో ఒకే syllable ఉన్న word కూడా ఉంటుంది. Consonant అనగా ‘ఫట్’ మని ప్రేలుడు శబ్ధమును ఇచ్చు అక్షరము. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో పాము బుస కొట్టిన చప్పుడు కూడా వస్తుంది.

నాలుక కొనను పై అంగిలికి touch చేసి sudden గా వెనుకకులాగితే ” మొదలైన చప్పుళ్ళు వస్తవి. రెండు పెదవులను కలిపి sudden గా విడదీస్తే ‘ఫ్’ అను consonant వస్తుంది. ఇవన్నీ class teacher బోధించును. ఒకే syllable కలిగిన పదములు ఒకే vowel + ఒకే consonant తో కనుక అంతమైతే consonant double అవుతుంది.

beg+ed begged
run+ing = running
rob + er= robber
sad + est = saddest

ఇచ్చట పరిస్థితిని గమనించండి:

beg : ఒకే syllable ఉన్న పదము. దాని చివర ‘g’ అను consonant ఉన్నది.
పైన beg అనునది one syllable పదము. దానికి చివరన ‘g’ అను consonant ఉన్నది. దానికి ed అను ఇంకొక consonant కలుపబడింది. ఇప్పుడు ‘g’ double అయ్యింది. ఫలితం : beg becomes begged.
కాని

wish + ed = wished two consonants)
fear + ing = fearing (two vowels)

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224. రెండు లేక మూడు syllables (ఉచ్ఛాక్షరములు) ఉండి వాని చివర sigle vowel కూడా ఉండి వానికి ఇంకొక consonant (ఉచ్ఛాక్షరము) కలిసినట్లయితే, ఆ మొదటి పదము యొక్క చివరి consonant double అవుతుంది. తరువాత last syllable పైన stress అనగా ఉచ్ఛారణలో ఒత్తిడి పడుతుంది. ఇచ్చట అది ‘g’ అను అక్షరము పైన ఉచ్ఛారణలో ఒత్తిడి పడింది.

begin ing = beginning
permit + ed = permitted
occured = occurred
control + er= controller

పైన చెప్పిన విధముగా last syllable పైన sound ఒత్తిడి పడకపోయినట్లయితే consonant అక్షరము double .

benefit + ed = benefited
suffer + ing = suffering

పై సూత్రమునకు ఈ క్రింది పదములు మినహాయింపులు: worship, kidnap, handicap

worship + ed = worshipped
kidnap + er = kidnapper
handicap+ed handicapped

225. British English లో ఆఖరి syllable పైన sound భారము (stress) పడకపోయినను ” double అవుతుంది.

quarrel + ed = quarrelled
travel + er = traveller
ఇచ్చట మినహాయింపును చూడండి:
parallel + ed = paralleled
signal+ing = signaling
distill + er = distiller

226. Skill అను word ఇచ్చట original word ful అనునది add చేసిన suffix. ఈ రెండు పదములను కలిపినపుడు మొదటి original word లోని రెండవ | ను, తీసివెయ్యాలి. అపుడు ఆ సంయుక్త పదము skilful గా వస్తుంది.

skill + ful = skilful
will + ful = wilful

227. Silent ‘e’ అక్షరము ఉన్న పదమునకు vowel తో ప్రారంభమగుచున్న పదము కలిసినపుడు ఆ ని drop చెయ్యడం జరుగుతుంది.

c live + ing = living
hope + ing = hoping
move + ed = moved
drive + er = driver

ఒక పదము చివర ‘ఆ’ ఉన్నది. దానికి యింకొక పదాన్ని కలిపాము. రెండవదానిని suffix అని అంటాము కదా ! యీ suffix పదము consonant తో ప్రారంభం అయ్యింది అనుకుంటాము. యిచ్చట యీ క్రింద చూపబడిన విధముగా ‘true’ అను పదములో చివరన ‘ఆ’ అను అక్షరము ఉన్నది.

రెండవసారి కలిపిన suffix పదము ‘ly’. అది consonant అయిన ” తో ప్రారంభమయినది. యిట్టి సందర్భములో మొదటి అక్షరము లోని ‘e’ యథాతథంగా ఉంటుంది. ‘ly’ కూడా అలానే ఉంటుంది.

hope+ ful = hopeful
engage + ment = engagement

పై rules కు కొన్ని మినహాయింపులు కూడా ఉన్నవి:

true + ly = truly
due + ly = duly
argue + ment = argument.
whole + ly = wholly
nine + th = ninth
awe + ful = awful

228. కొన్ని పదములు ce తోను మరికొన్ని ge తోను అంతమగును. వీనికి ‘able’ నుగాని ‘ours’ ను గాని కలిపినపుడు ఆ అను అక్షరమును నిలుపుకొనవలయును.
noticeable noticeable

change + able = changeable
peace + able = peaceable
courage+ous = courageous

ఇటువంటి మాటలలో 8 ముందు అని లేక g ని మెల్లగా ఉచ్ఛరించవలయును. (వినిపించి వినిపించనట్లు)

singe + ing = singeing (avolds confusion with singing)
swinge + ing = swingeing (avoids confusion with swinging)

229.అక్షరములతో అంతమగు పదములకు వానికి add చేసిన suffix ముందు ఏ ఒక్క ఆ ని కూడా drop చెయ్యవు.
see + ing = seeing agree + ment = agreement

230. ie తో అంతమగు పదములకు ing ను add చేసినపుడు ie y గా మారును.

die, dying
tie, tying

231. ఒక word లో చిట్టచివరన ఉన్నది. ఒక suffix ను add చేస్తే y – i గా మారుతుంది.

happy+ly  =happily
beauty + ful = beautiful
కాని
carry + ing = carrying
lie, lying

ఆ y కు ముందు consonent ఉన్నది. ఇట్టి word నకు కాని ఆ suffix ‘ing’ గా ఉంటే మాత్రం ఈ మార్పు చోటు చేసుకొనదు.

carry + ed = carried
marry+age  =marriage
marry + ing = marrying

ఈ suffix పదము vowel తో ప్రారంభం అయితే మాత్రం పై మార్పు సంభవించదు.

play + er = player
pray + ed= prayed

మరికొన్ని మినహాయింపులను (exceptions) ఇచ్చట చూడండి:

pay + ed = paid
say + ed = said
lay+ed = laid
day + ly = daily
gay + ly = gaily.

232. ie గాని e గాని ఉండి అట్టి పదమునకు ee లాంటి pronunciation (ఉచ్ఛారణ) ఉంటే, అనగా ‘ఈ’ అను ఉచ్ఛారణ ఉంటే | అను అక్షరము, ఆ అను అక్షరమునకు ముందు భాగములో ఉంటుంది.
ఈ rule అచ్చట C ఉంటే చెల్లదు.

believe
relieve
achieve
grieve
receive
receipt
deceive
deceit
yield
field
conceive
conceit

Some exceptions:

seize        protein    counterfeit
wird         surfeit      plebeian

అధ్యాయము 17

Agreement Of The Verb With The Subject

109. Number విషయములోను (singular plural) మరియు person (first person second person – third person) విషయములోను verb కు subjectsు (కర్త) మధ్య అనుబంధం ఉండవలయును. చాలా సందర్భములలో “Error of Proximity” వలన మనము verb నకు దాని పక్కనే ఉన్న noun తో సంఖ్య విషయంలో పొరపాటు జోడీ కలిపి తప్పుచేస్తాము.

అనగా అసలు కర్త sentence ప్రారంభంలో గాని, కొంత దూరంలోగాని ఉన్నప్పుడు ఈ పొరపాటు జరుగుతుంది. మధ్యలోనున్న verb అసలు subject ఎచ్చటనున్నదో చూసుకోకుండా పొరపాటు పడుతుంది.

అనగా కొన్ని సందర్భములలో verb sentence ప్రధములలో ఉన్న ప్రధాన subject తో కాకుండా దాని ప్రక్కనే ఉన్న ఇంకొక noun తో number మరియు person విషయంలో అనుబంధం ఏర్పరుచుకుంటుంది.

ఇటువంటి పొరపాట్లను చేయకుండా జాగ్రత్తపడాలి. ఈ క్రింద చూపిన examples లోలాగా verb పదము ఈ ప్రమాదమును దాటవలసి ఉంటుంది.

The quality of the mangos was not good. The introduction of tea and coffee and such other beverages has not been without some effect. His knowledge of Indian vernaculars is far beyond the common. The state of his affairs was such as to cause anxiety to his creditors.

If it were possible to get near when one of the volcanic eruptions takes place, we should see a grand sight. The results of the recognition of this fact are seen in the gradual improvement of the diet of the poor.

Subject అను భావము mangoes కు వర్తించదు. The quality అను పదము subject అవుతుంది. కావున was అను singular verb ను వాడాము. అలానే అన్ని examples చూసుకోవాలి.

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110. And అను conjunction తో కలుపబడి రెండు గాని అంతకంటే ఎక్కువగాని nouns మరియు pronouns ఉన్నట్లయితే ఆ విషయములో అట్టి phrase బహువచనం అవుతుంది. వానికి ఉపయోగించదగినది. plural verb.

Gold and silver are precious metals.
Fire and water do not agree.
Knowledge and wisdom have of times no connection.
Are your father and mother at home?
In him were centred their love and their ambition.
He and I were playing.com

కాని అట్టి noun కూడా భావవితరణలో ఒకే భావమును మనస్సుకు స్ఫురింపజేస్తే అచ్చట verb singular గా ఉండవలయును. ఇంకను ఒకే వ్యక్తిని ఆ గుణములు చూపినచో లేక ఒకే వస్తువును ఆ గుణములు సూచించినా కూడా verb singular అవుతుంది.

ఇచ్చట గుణములన్నియు ఒకే వ్యక్తి సంబంధించినవి గావున మరియు అట్టి ఒకే వ్యక్తి singular కావున, subject గా నున్న ఆ వ్యక్తి singular అగును.

Time and tide waits for no man.
The horse and carriage is at the door.
Bread and butter is his only food.
Honour and glory is his reward.
The rise and fall of the tide is due to lunar influence.
My friend and benefactor has come.
The novelist and poet is dead.

111. With, as well as మొదలగు పదములు singular subject కు అంటిపెట్టుకుని ఉన్నచో ఆ పదములు మొత్తము singular అగును. ఈ words ను parenthetical words అంటాము.

అనగా bracket లో పెట్టిన ఒక సమూహము అని కూడా భావించవచ్చును. సమూహము అను పదము singular ఇచ్చట verb singular గా ఉండవలెను.

The house, with its contents, was insured.
The Mayor, with his councillors, is to be present.
The ship, with its crew, was lost.
Silver, as well as cotton, has fallen in price.
Sanskrit, as well as Arabic, was taught there.
Justice, as well as mercy, allows it.
The guidance, as well as the love of a mother, was wanting.

112. రెండు లేక ఎక్కువగాను నున్న subject పద సమూహముల విషయంలో పదములకు or గాని nor గాని ఉన్నట్లయితే ఆ subject ఏకవచనము అవుతుంది. Verb కూడా ఏకవచనము అయి ఉండ వలయును.

No nook or corner was left unexplored. Our happiness or our sorrow is largely due to our own actions. Either the cat or the dog has been here.
Neither food nor water was to be found there. Neither praise nor blame seems to affect him.

కాని పైన చూపిన జంట పదములు subject లో ఒక పదము plural అయితే ఆ subject పదము plural అవుతుంది. Verb కూడా plural లో ఉంటుంది. ఆ జంట పదములలోని plural ను plural form లోనున్న verb కు దగ్గరగా ఉంచాలి.

Neither the Chairman nor the directors are present.

113. ఒక subject పదముల సమూహము మధ్యలో or నుగాని nor నుగాని కలిగి ఉంది అని అనుకుంటాము. Subject పదములలో ఒకటి ఒక person ఇంకొకటి వేరే person అని కూడా అనుకుందాము. అటువంటి పరిస్థితిలో దగ్గర ఉన్న person కు (first, second or third persons) అనుకూలమయిన verb ను అచ్చట వాడవలయును.

Either he or I am mistaken. Neither you nor he is to blame. Either you or he is mistaken. Neither my friend nor I am to blame.

కాని ఈ ప్రమాదములను అధిగమించి వాక్యమును రూపొందించుట మంచిది :-

He is mistaken, or else I am.
He is not to blame, nor are you.
You are mistaken, or else he is.
My friend is not to blame, nor am I.

114. Either neither, each, everyone, many అను పదములకు తోడుగా వాని వెంట singular verb మాత్రమే ఉండి తీరవలయును.

He asked me whether either of the applicants was suitable. Neither of the two men was very strong. (ఇద్దరిలో ఏ ఒక్కరూ కాదు అని అర్ధం ఉన్నది కదా !)

Each of these substances is found in India. Everyone of the prisons is full.
Everyone olthe boys loves to ride. Many a man has done so. Many a man does not know his own good deeds. Many a man has succumbed to this temptation.

115. రెండు nouns ఉన్నవి అని అనుకుందాము. ఆ రెండు nouns కూడా each లేదా every అను పదములచేత వేర్వేరుగా గుర్తింపబడినవి అని కూడా అనుకుందాము.

మరియు ఇట్టి రెండు nouns కూడా and చేత కలుపబడినవి. అయినను అవి singular nouns మాత్రమే. వానికి singular verb ను మాత్రమే ఉపయోగించవలయును. Every boy and every girl was given a packet of sweets. (ఇచ్చట boy మరియు girl వేరువేరుగా చెప్పబడినారు కదా !)

116. కొన్ని రూపములో plural గా ఉండి, భావములో singular గా నుండును. వానికి singular verb నే ఉపయోగించవలయును.

The news is true. Politics was with him the business of his life. The wages of sin is death. Mathematics is a branch of study in every school.

117. Pains అను పదము మరియు means అను పదము singular verb నుగాని plural verb నుగాని అంగీకరించును. కాని వానిని పేజీకి ఒక విధంగా రాయరాదు.

Great pains have been taken. Much pains has been taken. All possible means have been tried. The means employed by you is sufficient.

ఆదాయమును దృష్టిలో పెట్టుకొని means అను పదమును ఉపయోగించినపుడు verb plural formation గానే ఉంటుంది. My means were much reduced owing to that heavy loss. His means are ample.
(ఇచ్చట means అనగా అనేకవిధాలుగా డబ్బువచ్చే మార్గాలు అని అర్ధం)

118. కొన్ని nouns ఏకవచన రూపములో నుండును. వాని భావము మాత్రము బహువచన రూపములో (plural) నుండు వానికి plural verb ను వాడియే తీరవలయును.

According to the present market rate twelve dozen cost one hundred rupees.

119. “None” అను పదము singular form లో ఉన్నది. కాని దానికి plural meaning వస్తుంది. కావున plural verb ను ప్రయోగించవలయును.

None are so deaf as those who will not hear. Cows are amongst the gentlest of breathing creatures; none show more passionate tendemess to their young.

120. Collective noun ఉన్నది. దాని నుండి మనకు Collective భావము (గుంపు భావము) అవసరమైనపుడు singular verb ను వాడెదము (The class is dull) Plural భావము కావలసినపుడు plural verb ను వాడెదము.

The Committee has issued its report. The Committee are divided on one minor point. కాని ఎప్పుడూ ఒకే పద్దతిని వాడవలయును. The Committee has appended a note to its (not their) report.

121. ఒక plural noun అయి ఉండి అది proper noun భావము కలిగి ఉన్నచో ఒకే లక్ష్యము, ఒకే గుర్తింపు గలిగినట్టిది అయివున్నది. అట్టి దానికి singular verb వాడతాము.

The Arabian Nights is still a great favourite. The United States has a big navy. Plutarch’s lives is an interesting book. Gullliver’s Travels was written by Swift.

122. ఒక plural noun మనకు ఒక ఖచ్చితమైన పరిమాణమును quantity ని చూపించినపుడుగాని అలానే ఒక amount (మొత్తము) ను గురించి చెప్పినపుడుగాని, verb సాధారణంగా singular, ఉంటుంది.

Fifteen minutes is allowed to each speaker. Ten kilometers is a long walk.
Fifty thousand rupees is a large sum. Three parts of the business is left for me to do.

అభ్యాసము 110

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Subjects కు అనుకూలమైన Verb పదములతో ఖాళీలను నింపండి :-

1. To take pay and then not to do work______ dishonest.
2. The cost of all these articles____ risen.
3. The jury____ divided in their opinions.
4.  That night everyone of the boat’s crew_____ down with fever.
5. One or the other of those feilows___ stolen the watch.
6. The strain of all the difficulties and vexations and_ anxieties____ more than he could bear.
7. No news___ good news.
8. The accountant__ and the cashier_____ absconded.
9. A good man and useful citizen__ passed away.
10. The famous juggler and conjurer ___ too unwell to perform.
11. The Three Musketeers____ written by Dumas.
12. Each of the suspected men_____ arrested.
13. The ebb and flow of the tides____ explained by Newton.
14. Ninety rupees____ too much for this bag.
15. The cow as well as the horse_____ grass.
16. Neither his father nor his mother____ alive.
17. There______ many objections to the plan.
18. Two-thirds of the city_____ in ruins.
19. The formation of paragraphs______ very important.
20. Man’s happiness or misery_____ in a great measure in his own hands.

అధ్యాయము 28

The Formation Of Words

233. తమ ఉనికికి ఇతర పదములతో సంబంధము లేని పదములను Primary Words (ప్రధాన పదములు) అని అంటారు. అవి ప్రప్రధమంగా భాషతో పాటు పుట్టినట్టివి.

1) Compound words : రెండుగాని అంతకంటే ఎక్కువగాని పదములతో కలిసి ఉండి, ఒకే అర్ధమును ఇచ్చు పదములను Compound పదములు అని అంటారు. (సంయుక్త పదములు)
Moonlight, nevertheless, undertake, man-of-war.

2) Primary Derivatives : Simple words ను కొద్ది మార్పులు చేయుట వలన తయారైన పదములను Primary Derivatives అని అంటారు.
Bond from bind, breach from break, wrong from wring.
గమనిక (Note) : Primary Verbs యొక్క Past Tenses అంతర్గతమైన (internal) మార్పుల ద్వారా form అగును. వీనిని Derivatives అని అనరు.

3) ప్రారంభమున గాని, అంతిమమునగాని ఒక పదమునకు ఏదైనా కలిపితే దానిని Secondary

Derivatives అని అంటారు.
Unhappy; goodness.

ఒక పదమునకు ముందు భాగములో కలిపిన పదభాగమును Prefix అని అంటారు. అదే చివర భాగములో కలిపితే దానిని Suffix అని అంటారు.

Read and Learn More Correct usage of grammar

(1) Compound Words

234. చాలా వరకు Compound words అనగా Nouns గాని Adjectives గాని Verbs గాని అయిఉండును.

235. Compound words ఈ క్రింది విధము form అగును:-

(1) Noun + Noun;
bationmao do
Moonlight, chess-board, armchair, postman, railway, airman, manservant, fire-escape, jailbird, horsepower, shoemaker, ringleader, screwdriver, tax-payer, teaspoon, haystack, windmill.

(2) Adjective + Noun;

Sweetheart, nobleman, shorthand, blackboard, quicksilver, stronghold, halfpenny.

(3) Verb + Noun;

Spendthrift, makeshift, breakfast, telltale, pickpocket, cut-throat, cutpurse, daredevil, scarecrow, hangman.

(4) Gerund + Noun;

Drawing-room, writing-desk, looking-glass, walking-stick, blotting paper, stepping-stone, spelling-
book.

(5) Adverb (or Preposition) + Noun;

Outlaw, after thought, forethought, foresight, overcoat, downfall, afternoon, bypass, inmate, off-shoot, inside.

6) Verb + Adverb;

Drawback, lock-up, go-between, die-hard, send-off.

(7) Aqverb + Verb; as,

Outset, upkeep, outcry, income, outcome.

236. Compound Adjectives ఈ క్రింది విధముగా form అగును. (రూపొందును):-

(1) Noun+Adjective (or Participle) + Adjective

Blood-red, sky-blue, snow-white, pitch-dark, breast-high, skin-deep, purse-proud, lifelong, world- wide, headstrong, homesick, stone-blind, seasick, note-worthy, heart-rending, ear-piercing, time- serving, moth-eaten, heart-broken, bed-ridden, hand-made, sea-girl, love-iorn.

(2) Adjective + Adjective;

Red-hot, blue-black, white-hot, dull-grey, lukewarm

(3) Adverb + Participle;

Long-suffering, everlasting, never-ending, thorough-bred, well-deserved, outspoken, down-hearted, far-seen, inborn.

237. Compound Verbs (808 360m rod.

(1) Noun+Verb;
Waylay, backbite, typewrite, browbeat, earmark.

(2) Adjective+Verb;
Safeguard, whitewash, fulfil.

(3) Adverb+Verb;

Overthrow, overtake, foretell; undertake.u,ndergo, overhear, overdo, outbid, outdo, upset, ill-use. గమనిక (Note): చాలా వరకు compound పదములలో మొదటి పదము రెండవ పదము యొక్క భావమును అజమాయిషీ (govern) చేయును. ఉచ్ఛారణ విషయంలో కూడా మొదటి పదమునకే ప్రాధాన్యత ఉంటుంది. Compound పదములోని రెండు పదములు కొంతవరకే కలిసిపోయి వాని వ్యక్తిత్వము (separateness) ఇంకా మిగిలిఉంటే, అ రెండు పదముల మధ్య hyphen (-) ఉంచవలయును. అటువంటప్పుడు రెండు పదములను సమానముగా ఉచ్ఛరించవలయును.

అభ్యాసము 123

ఈ క్రింది compound పదముల యొక్క కలయికను (formation) వివరించండి :-

Newspaper, football, moonstruck, turncoat, brand-new, jet-black, onlooker, soothsayer, stronghold, ice-cold, worldly-wise, tempest-tossed, race-horse, ear-ring, cooking-stove, over-dose, fire-proof, top-heavy, heaven-born, skin-deep, widespread, snake-charmer, lifelong, upland.

238. (2) Primary Deravatives

Verbs మరియు Adjectives నుండి రూపొందిచబడిన Nouns.

2) Verbs మరియు Nouns నుండి Adjectives ను రూపొందించుట

3) Nouns మరియు Adjectives నుండి Verbs ను రూపొందించుట

239. (3) Secondary Derivative

English Prefixes

A -, on, in; abed, aboard, ashore, ajar, asleep.
A out, from, arise, awake, alight.
Be-, by (sometimes intensive); beside, betimes, besmear, bedaub.
For-, thoroughly; forbear, forgive.
Fore-, before; forecast, foretell.
Gain-, against; gainsay.
In-,in; income, inland, inlay.
Mis-, wrong, wrongly; misdeed, mislead, misjudge.
Over-, above, beyond; overflow, overcharge.
To-, this; to-day, to-night, to-morrow.
Un-, not; untrue, unkind, unholy.
Un-, to reverse an action; untie, undo, unfold.
Under-, beneath, below; undersell, undercharge, undergo, underground. With-, against, back; withdraw, withhold, withstand.

Latin Prefixes

Ab, (a, abs), from, away, abuse, avert, abstract.
Ad (ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, a), to; adjoin, accord, affect, aggrieve, allege, announce,
appoint, arrest, assign, attach, avail.
Ambi (amb, am), on both sides, around, ambiguous, ambition, amputate.
Ante (anti, an), before; antedate, anticipate, ancestor.
Bene, well, benediction, benefit.
Bis, (bi, bin), twice, two; biscuit, bisect, binoculars.
Circum (circu), around, circumnavigate, circumference,circuit:
Can (col, com, cor), with, together, contend, collect, combine, correct.
Contra (counter), against, contradict, counteract, counterfeit.
De, down, descend, dethrone, depose.
Dis, (dif, dl), apart, disjoin, differ, divide.
Demi, half, demigod.
Ex (ef, e), out of, extract, effect.
Extra, beyond, outside, of, extraordinary, extravagant.
In (il, im, ir, en, em), in, into; invade, illustrate; immerse, irrigate, enact, embrace.
In (II, im, ir), not; insecure, illegal, imprudent, irregular.
Inter (Intra, enter), among, within; intervene, introduce, entertain.
Male (mal), ill, badly, malevolent, malcontent.
Non, not, nonsense.
Ob (oc, of), in the way of against, object, occupy, offend.
Pen, almost, penultimate, peninsula.
Per (pel), through; pervade, pellucid.
Post, after, postscript, postdate, postpone.
Pre, before, prefix, prevent, predict.
Preter, beyond, preternatural.
Pro (por, pur), for, pronoun, portray, pursue.
Re, back, again, reclaim, refund, renew, return.
Retro, backwards; retrospect, retrograde.
Se (sed); apart, secede, separate, seduce, sedition.
Semi, half, semicircle, semicolon.
Sine, without, sinecure.
Sub (sue, suf, sug, sum, sup, sur, sus), under, subdue, succeed, suffer, suggest, summon, support, surmount, sustain.
Subter, beneath, subterfuge.
Super, above; superfine, superfluous.
Trans (tra, tres), across, transmit, traverse, trespass.
Vice, in the place of; viceroy, vice-president.

Greek Prefixes

A (an), without, not; atheist, apathy, anarchy.
Amphi, around, on both sides; amphitheatre, amphibious.
Ana, up, back, anachronism, analysis. Anti (ant), against, antipathy, antagonist. Apo (ap) from, apostate, apology.
Arch (archi) chief, archbishop, archangel, architect. Auto, self, autocrat, autobiography, autograph.A0
Cata, down, cataract, catastrophe, catalogue.
Di, twice, dilemma.
Dia, through; diagonal, diameter.
Dys, badly, dyspepsia, dysentery.
En (em), in, encyclopp,edia, emblem.
Epi, upon; epilogue, epitaph.
Eu, well, eulogy, euphony, eugenics.
Ex (ec), out of; exodus, eccentric.
Hemi, half, hemisphere.
Homo (hom), like; homogeneous, homonym.
Hyper, over, beyond, hyperbole, hypercritical.
Hypo, under, hypothesis, hypocrite.
Meta (met), implying change; metaphor, metonymy.
Mono, alone, single, monoplane, monopoly.
Pan, all, panacea, panorama,..pantheism.
Para, beside, by the side of, parallel, paradox, parasite.
Peri, round, period, perimeter, periscope. VGA RO
Philo (Phil), love, philosophy, philanthropy.
Pro, before, prophesy, programme.
Syn, (sym, syl, sy), with, together, synonym, sympathy, syllable, system.

English Suffixes
Of Nouns

(1) Denoting agent or doer
-er (-ar, -or, -yer); painter, baker, beggar, sailor, lawyer.
-ster; spinster, punster, songster.
-ter (-ther); daughter, father.

(2) Denoting state, action, condition, being, etc.
-dom; freedom, martyrdom, wisdom.
-hood (-head); manhood, childhood, godhead.
-lock (-ledge); wedlock, knowledge. JO0 -ness; darkness, boldness, goodness, sweetness.
-red; kindred, hatred.
-ship; hardship, friendship, lordship.
-th; health, stealth, growth.

(3) Forming Diminutives:
-el (-le); satchel, kernel, girdle; handle.
-en; maiden, kitten, chicken.
-le; dearie, birdie, lassie.
-kin; lambkin, napkin.
-let; leaflet.
-ling: duckling, darling, stripling, weakling.
-ock; hillock, bullock.

Of Adjectives

-ed, having, gifted, talented, wretched, learned.
-en, made of, wooden, golden, woollen, earthen.
-ful, full of, hopeful, fruitful, joyful.
-ish, somewhat like, boorish, reddish, girlish.
-less, free from, without, fearless, shameless, hopeless, senseless, boundless. -ly, like manly, godly, sprightly.
-some, with the quality of; wholesome, meddlesome, gladsome, quarrelsome.
– ward, inclining to; forward, wayward.
-y, with the quality of; wealthy, healthy, windy, slimy, greedy, needy, thirsty, dirty.

Of Verbs

-en, causative, forming transitive verbs; weaken, sweeten, gladden, deaden, strengthen.
-se, to make, cleanse, rinse.
-er, intensive or frequentative: chatter, glitter, glimmer, fritter, flutter.
-ly, like, boldly, wisely.
-long, headlong, sidelong.

Of Adverbs

-ward, (-wards), turning to; homeward, backwards, upwards.
-way, (-ways); straight a way, anyway, always.
-wise, manner, mode, likewise, otherwise.

Note. We still feel the force of a few English suffixes. These are:
-er, denoting the actor or agent; as, driver.
-hood, indicating rank or condition, as, boyhood.
-kin, ling, diminutives, as, lambkin, yearling.
-ness, ship, th, indicating abstract nouns; as, loveliness; friendship;, truth.
-en, ful, ish, less, ly, some, ward, y, adjective and adverb endings:
as, golden, hopeful, oldish, helpless, manly, lonesome, homeward, mighty.

Latin Suffixes
Of Nouns

(1) Denoting chiefly the agent or doer of a thing.
-ain (-an, -en, -on); chieftain, artisan, citizen, surgeon.
-ar, (-er, -ear, -ier, -ary); scholar, preacher, engineer, financier, missionary.
-ate (-ee, -ey, -y); advocate, trustee, attorney, deputy.
-or, (-our, -auf, -er); emperor, saviour, amateur, interpreter.

(2) Denoting state, action, result of an action.
-age; bondage, marriage, breakage, leakage.
-ance (-ence); abundance, brilliance, assistance, excellence, innocence.
-cy; fancy, accuracy, lunacy, bankruptcy.
-ion; action, opinion, union.
-ice (-ise); service, cowardice, exercise.
-ment; punishment, judgement, improvement.
-mony; parsimony, matrimony, testimony.
-tude; servitude, fortitude, magnitude.
-ty; cruelty, frailty, credulity.
-ure; pleasure, forfeiture, verdure.
-y; misery, victory.

(3) Forming diminutives.
-cule (-ule, -eel, -sel, -ai, -le); animalcule, globule, pincel, damsel, chapel, circle.
-et; owlet, lancet, trumpet.
-ette; cigarette, coquette.

(4) Denoting place.
-ary (-ery, -ry); dispensary, library, nunnery, treasury.
-tar (tre); cloister, theatre.

Of Adjectives

-al; national, legal, regal, mortal, fatal.
-an (-ane); human, humane, mundane.
-ar; familiar, regular.
-ary; customary, contrary, necessary, ordinary, honorary..
-ate; fortunate, temperate, obstinate..
-ble (-ible, able); feeble, sensible, laughable.
-esque; picturesque, grotesque.
-id; humid, vivid,lucid.
-ile; servile, fragile, juvenile.
-ine; feminine, canine, feline, divine.
-ive; active, attentive, shortive
-lent; corpulent, indolent, turbulent, virulent.
-ose (ous); verbose, dangerous, onerous, copious.

Of Verbs

-ate; assassinate,captivate, exterminate.
-esce; acquiesce, effervesce.
-fy; simplify, purify, fortify, sanctify, terrify.
-ish; publish, nourish, punish, banish.

Greek Suffixes

-ic (-ique); angelic, cynic, phonetic, unique.
– ist; artist, chemist.
-isk; asterisk, obelisk.
-ism (asm); patriotism, despotism, enthusiasm.
-ize; civilize, sympathize, criticize.
-sis (-sy); crisis, analysis, heresy,
-e (-y); catastrophe, monarchy, philosophy.

Note: ee (French), added to nouns to denote, usually, the person who takes a passive share in an action; as, employee, payee, legatee, mortgagee, trustee, referee.
or, ar, er, eer, ier, denoting a person who pertoms a certain act or function; as, emperor, scholar, officer, engineer, gondolier.
ist, denoting a person who follows a certain trade or pursuit; as, chemist, theosophist,
artist, nihilist.
(a) ism, forming abstract nouns; as, patriotism.
ble, forming adjectives that have usually a passive sense; as, tolerable, bearable. ize or ise, forming verbs from nouns and adjectives; as, crystallize, moralize, baptize.

అభ్యాసము 124

(a)ఈ క్రింది prefixes కు అర్థాలను ఇచ్చుచూ వానిని ఎలా ఉపయోగించాలో కూడా తెలుపుతూ examples ఇవ్వండి :-
super-, trans-, con-, sub-, auto-, mis-, ante-, post-, vice-, extra-, pre-, arch-.

(b) ఇచ్చట nouns కు కొన్ని -en, -ish, -less మొదలగు suffixes ను కలుపుట ద్వారా adjectives ఏర్పడినవి. వీనికి అర్ధాలను ఇచ్చుచూ examples రాయండి.

(c) ఈ క్రింద కొన్ని group of words ఇవ్వబడినవి. ఒక్కో పదానికి suffixes ను add చేయుట క్రింది group words భావాలను ఇవ్వవచ్చు అని చూపించండి.
ద్వారా ఈ

A little river, the state of being a child, to make fat, that which cannot be read, unfit to be chosen.

(d)ఈ క్రింది పదములకు prefixes మరియు suffixes కలుపుట ద్వారా వచ్చు వివిధమైన అర్థాలను వివరించండి

Incredible, antidote, anarchy, misconduct, monarch, sympathy, manhood, hillock, archbishop, amiss, bicycle, dismantle, freshen.

(e) ఈ క్రింది nouns నుండి Adjectives ను రూపొందించండి :-
Circumstance, habit, stone, miser, irony, labour, circuit.

(f) ఈ క్రింది పదములనుండి verbs రూపొందించండి :-
Friend, bath, fertile, grass, clean, sweet, critic.

(g) ఈ క్రింది పదములనుండి Nouns ను రూపొందించండి :-
Sustain, attain, confess, attach, fortify, oblige, give, cruel, hate, govern, sweet.

(h)ఈ క్రింది పదముల నుండి Adjectives ను రూపొందించండి :-
Muscle, hazard, worth, quarrel, admire, thirst, god.

(i)ఈ క్రింది పదములకు వానివాని అర్థములు మారునట్లుగా ఒక్కొక్క prefix సంధించండి.

(j)(1). వ భాగములో నున్న prefixes యొక్కయు, మరియు (2) వ భాగములోనున్న suffixes యొక్కయు అర్థములను ఇవ్వండి. మరియు అవి ఏఏ భాషల నుండి ఏర్పడినవో కూడా తెలుపండి :-
(1) Prefixes: in-, bene-, post-, dys-, dis-
(2) Suffixes: -en, -fy, -ness, -isk, -ing?

(k) ఈ క్రింది నాలుగు భావములు తెలుపుటకు ఒక్కొ భావమునకు రెండేసి examples చొప్పున చెప్పండి.
1) ఒక యొక్క తిరోగమనము తెలుపు భావము. (reverse of an action)
2) ఒక మంచి భావము. (something good)
3) ఒక చెడు భావము. (something bad)
4) ఒక తిరస్కార భావము. (a negative)

(l)(1) ఈ క్రింది పదములకు primary derivatives ను పేర్కొనండి :
Hale, glass, high, sit, dig, strong,deep.

(M)ఈ క్రింది పదముల విషయంలో ప్రతి దానికి ఒక suffix ను కలుపుట ద్వారా వానిని abstract noun గా మార్చండి:-
Grand, discreet, supreme, rival, certain, warm, desolate, dense.

240. Root అనునది ఒకే మాతృక కలిగిన పదములకు తల్లివేరు లాంటిది.
ఆ తల్లివేరు నుండే అదే భావమునకు చెందిన వివిదార్ధాలు పుట్టును. అవి వివిధ parts of speech గానూ ఉండును.

A Few Latin Roots

Equus,               equal: equal, equator, equivalent, adequate.

Ager,                  a field: agriculture, agrarian.

Ago, actus, / do: agent, agile, active, actor.

Alius,                 another: alien, aliquot, alias, alibi.

Amo,                  / love : amiable, amateur, amorous, inimical.

Anguius,           a comer: angle, triangle.

Anima,              life; animus, mind animal, animate, unanimous, magnanimous,

Annus,               a year: annual, biennial, perennial.

Aperio, apertus, I open: aperture, April.

Aqua,                 water: aquatic, aquarium, aqueduct.

Appello, I call : appeal, repeal Ars, artis, art: artist, artisan, artifice.

Audio,                I hear: audible, audience, auditor.

Bellum,             war: belligerent, rebel, rebellious.

Bene,                 well: benefit, benevolent, benefactor.

Brevis,               short: brevity, abbreviate, abridge.

Caedo, caesus, / cut, kill: suicide, homicide, concise,

Candeo, / shine : candle, candid, candour, incandescent.

Capio, captus, / take: captive, capacious, accept.

Caput, capitis, the head: capital, decapitate, captain.

Caro, carnis, flesh : carnivorous, carnage.

Cedo, cessum, / go, yield: concede, proceed, accede.

Centrum,          centre: eccentric, centralize, concentrate.

Centum, a hundred : cent, century, centipede.

Cerno, cretus, / distinguish: discern, discreet.

Givis,                 citizen: civil, civilize.

Clamo,              / shout: clamour, claim, exclaim.

Claudo clausus, I shut: exclude, conclude, closet.

Colo, cultus, / till: colony, culture, cultivate, agriculture.

Cor, cordis, the heart: core, cordial, concord, discord, accord, courage.

Corpus, the body: corpse, corps, corporation, corpulent.

Credo,               / believe: creed, credible, credence, miscreant.

Cresco,             / grow: increase, decrease, crescent.

Crux,                  a cross: crucify, crusade.

Culpa,               a fault: culprit, culpable.

Cura,                 care : curator, sinecure, accurate, secure, incurable.

Deus,                 God: deity, deify, divine.

Dico, dictus / say: dictation, contradict, predict, verdict.

Dies,                   a day: diary, daily, meridian.

Do, datus, / give : add, date, tradition, addition, condition.

Doceo, doctus, I teach: docile, doctrine, dominus,      a lord, dominion, dominant.

Duco, ductus, I lead: adduce, conduit, product, education.

Duo,                    two : dual, duei, double, duplicate, duodecimal.

Durus,                hard lasting: durable, obdurate, duration.

Eo, itum,            / go: exit, circuit, transition, ambition.

Esse,                  to be: essence, essential, present, absent.

Facio,                 / make: fabric, counterfeit, manufacture.

Fero, latus, / carry, infer, confer, refer, relate.

Fido,                   / trust confide, infidel, defy.

‘ Finis,                an end. finite, infinite, confine.

Flecto .flexus, / bend, inflict, inflexible, reflection.

Forma,               a form: formal, deformed, reform.

Fortis,                strong-, fort, fortress, fortify, fortitude, reinforce.

Frango, tractus, I break: fragment, fragile, fraction, infringe.

Frater,                a brother: fraternal, fratricide.

Frons,                frontis, forehead: front, affront, frontier, confront.

Fugio,                 / flee: fugitive, refugee, refuge, subterfuge.

Fundo,                fusus, I pour: profuse, diffuse, confuse, refund.

Fundus, the bottom : found, foundation, profound, fundamental, founder.

Gens, gentis, a race: congenial, indigenous.

Gradior, grassus, / go: grade, degrade, transgress, progress.

Gratia,                favour: gratitude, gratis, ingratiate, grateful.

Gravis,               heavy: gravity, gravitation, grief, grievous.

Habeo,               / have : habit, habitable, habituate, exhibit, inhabit, prohibit. Homo, a man: homage,

homicide, human, humane.

Impero, / command, imperative, imperial, emperor, empire.

Jacio, jactus, / throw, ejaculate, reject.

Judex, judicis, a judge: judicial, judgment, judicious, prejudice.

Jungo, junctus, / join: junction, conjunction, juncture.

Labor,lapsus, / glide, lapse, collapse, relapse, elapse.

Laus, laudis, praise: laudable, laudatory.

Lego, lectus, / gather, read: collect, neglect, select.

Lego, legatus, I send: delegate, legation.

Levis,                 light: levity, alleviate, elevate, leaven.

Lex, legis, a law: legal, legislate, legitimate, loyal.

Liber,                  free : liberal, libertine, deliver.

Ligo,                   / bind: ligature, ligament, religion, league, obligation.

Litera,                 a letter: literal, literary, literate, literature.

Locus,                a place: local, locality, locomotive.

Loquor, locutus, / speak: loquacious, elocution, eloquence.

.Ludo, lusum, / play: elude, delude, ludicrous Lumen,

a light: luminous, luminary.

Luo, lutus, / wash : lotion, ablution, deluge, dilute, pollute.

Lux, lucis,            light: lucid, elucidate.

Magnus,               great: major, mayor, magnate, magnify, magnitude.

Malus,                   bad: malady, malice, maltreat, malaria.

Manus,                  hand: manuscript, amanuensis, manual.

Mare,                     the sea : marine, mariner, submarine, maritime.

Mater,                   a mother: maternal, matriculate, matron, matrimony.

Medius,                 the middle : medium, mediate.

Memor,                 mindful: memory, memorable, memoir.

Miles, militis, a soldier: military, militia, militant.

Mitto, missus, I send: admit, missionary, promise.

Moneo monitus, / advise : monitor, admonish.

Mons, montis, a mountain: mount, dismount, surmount.

Moveo, motus, / move : motor, motion, commotion, promote.

Multus,                  many: multitude, multiple.

Munus, muneris, a gift: munificent, remunerate.

Navis,                   a ship : navy, nautical.

Noceo,                  / hurt: innocent, noxious, nuisance.

Novus,                  new: novel, novice, innovation.

Nox, noctis,         night: nocturnal, equinox.

Omnis,                  all: omnipotent, omnipresent, omnibus.

Pando, passus, / spread out: expand, compass, trespass.

Pars, partis, a part: part, partial, particle.

Pater,                    a father: paternal, patron, patrimony.

Patior, passus, / suffer: passive, patient.

Pallo, pulsus, / drive : compel, expel, repel.

Pendeo, pensum, / hang: depend, suspend.

Pes, pedis, a foot: biped, quadruped, pedestrian, pedestal.

Palo, petitus, / seek: petition, competition, impetuous.

Plea,                      / fill: complete, replete, replenish, supplement.

Pono, positus, / place : position, preposition, composition.

Porto,                    / carry: portable, portmanteau, import, export.

Primus,                 first: primary, primitive; prince, premier, principal.

Probo,                   / try: probation, probable, approval.

Polo, putatus, / cut, think: amputate, dispute, compute;

Rapio, raptus. / seize: rapacious; ravenous.

Rego, rectus, / rule: regal, regent, correct, regulate.

Rumpo, ruptus, / break: rupture, rout, bankrupt, eruption.

Sanctus,               holy: sanctuary, sanctify, saint.

Scio,                      / know: science, conscience, omniscience.

Scribo, scriptus, / write: describe, scribble, postscript, inscription, manuscript. Seco, / cut: bisect, dissect, sickle.

Sentio,                  / feel: sentiment, sensation, nonsense, sensual.

Sequor,secutus, / follow: sequel, sequence, consequence, prosecute, execute. Servio,    / serve: servant, serf, service, servitude.

Signum, a sign : signal, significant, design.

Simms, tike-: similar, dissimilar, resemblance.

Salvo, solutus, / loose: solution, resolution, absolve, dissolve, resolve.

Specio, spectus, / see: specimen, spectator, suspicion.

Spiro,                 / breathe : aspire, conspire, inspire, expire.

Stringo, strictus, I bind : stringent, strict, restrict.

Struo, structus, I build: structure, construction.

Sumo, sumptus, / take: assume, presume, resume.

Tango, tactus, / touch: tangent, contact, contagion.

Tempus, temporis, time: tense, temporal, contemporary.

Tendo, tensus, / stretch: tend, contend, attend, extend.

Teneo, lantos, / hold : tenant, tenure, content, retentive. Terminus, an end: term, terminate, determination.

Terra,                 the earth: inter, subterranean, terrestrial.

Texo, textus, / weave : textile,texture, context.

Torqueo, tortus, / twist: distort, torture, torment.

Traho, tractus, / draw: contract, abstract, portrait.

Tribuo,               / give: tribute, contribute.

Unus,                 one : union, unique, unanimous.

Valeo,                / am well: valid, invalid, equivalent, valiant.

Vania,                / come : venture, adventure, convene, prevent.

Verbum, a word: verb, adverb, proverb, verbose, verbal. Verla, versus, / turn : convert, converse, reverse, diversion. Varus,

true : verify, verdict, aver, veracious.

Video, vis us, / see : vision, survey, evident, television.

Vinca, victus, I conquer: victor, invincible, convince.

Vivo, victum, / live : vivid, vivacious, revive, survive.

Voco, vocatus, / call: vocal, vocation, vociferous, invoke, revoke. Volo,

/ wish : voluntary, benevolent, malevolence.

Volvo,            / roll: revolve, involve, revolution.

Voro,               / eat: voracious, omnivorous, carnivorous, devour.

Voveo, votus, / vow: vote, devote, devotee, votary.

Vulgus,  the common people : vulgar, divulge

A Few Greek Roots

Ago,                   / lead: demagogue, pedagogue, stratagem.

Agon,                 a contest: agony, antagonist.