Ellipses: Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

Ellipses

  1. (a) Rama is as tall as I = Rama is as tall as I (am tall). (b) Gopal is taller than he = Gopal is taller than he (is tall). N.B. పై వాక్యములలో వలె verb, intransitive అయినప్పుడు 45, than తర్వాత వచ్చు pronouns (I, he) subjective case లో నుండవలెను. ‘Rama is as tall as me అనుట తప్పు; ఎందుచేతననగా me తర్వాత clause ను supply చేయలేము.
  2.  (a) He loves you better than I = He loves you better than I (love you).
    (b) He loves you better than me = he loves you better than (he loves) me.
    N.B: 1. పై వాక్యములలో వలె verb, transitive అయినప్పుడు as, than sos pronouns, subjective case (1) *. Objective case (me) లో గాని, యుండవచ్చును.
    2. కావున as, than తర్వాత noun ఉన్న యెడల ఆ noun కి subjective రూపము, objctive రూపము గూడ ఒకటే గాన, transitive verb subjective a 25 clause 3, objective
    రూపముతో ఒక clause ను రెండు విధములుగా supply చేయవచ్చును. He knows you better than Krishna = He knows you better than krishna (knows you) or He knows you better than (he knows) Krishna.
  3.  He regarded me as his enemy = He regarded me as (he sould regard) his enemy.
    Note 1. ‘As if or ‘As though’ should ordinarily be followed by the past tense and not by the present tense as in IV, below:
  4.  (a) He treated me as if (= as though) I were a slave = He treated me as (he would treat me) if I were a slave.
  5. (b) She looks frightened as if she had seen a ghost. = She looks frightened as (she would look frightened) ij she had seen a ghost.
  6. (c) Relate the story briefly as if told by Alexander to a friend Relate the story briefly as (it would be) (related) if (it were) told by Alexander to a friend. (d) He turned away as if to conceal his face… He turned away as (he would turn away) if (he wished) to conceal his face.
    Note: 2. If ‘as if, or ‘as though’ is preceded by ‘it seems’ or ‘it looks, the tense following should be present as in V below:
  7. Ravana said to Vibhishana, “It looks as if you have joined my enemies.”
  8. I am not so healthy as when you saw me last = I am not so healthy as (I was healthy) when you saw me last.
  9. He is as industrious as ever He is as industrious as (he was industrious) ever (before).
  10. He spoke as usual = He spoke as (is) usual (with him).
  11. (a) He did more than he could (do) = He did more than(what) he could do.
  12. (b) To express an idea some authors use more words than are necessary = To express an idea some authors use more words than (what) are necessary.
  13. Rewrite as directed directed.= (You) rewrite as (you are)
  14. While performing a feat, he lost his leg = While (he was) performing a feat, he lost his leg.
  15. I was not in town when your letter was received, hence the delay = I was not in town when your letter was received hence (was) the delay.
  16. He is more intelligent than honest = He is more intelligent than (he is) honest.
  17. I am not such fool as to believe that I am not such a fool, as (I should be a fool, if I were) to believe that. What if he should refuse? What (would happen) if he should refuse?
  18. To tell you the truth, I have not saved anything. = (If I were) to tell you the truth, (I should say) I have not saved anything.
  19. I cannot but go = I cannot (do anything) but go = I cannot do anything other than going.
  20. The sooner you do it, the better = The sooner you do it, the better (it is for you).
  21. The vines more than repaid their (the sons’) labour = The vines (did) more than (they) repaid the son’s labour.
  22. He spoke as it were in jest… He spoke as (if) it were in jest. He spoke as (he would speak) if it were in jest. Ex. 47 B.

Supply the Ellipses (words understood) in:

Ellipses Definition And Types With Examples In Telugu

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  1.  Do you like Rama better than I?
  2. Do you like Rama better than him?
  3.  Do you like Rama better than he?
  4.  I am as tall as he.
  5.  I am taller than you.
  6.  I saw you as soon as him.
  7. I saw you as soon as he.
  8. You know your lessons better than I.
  9. Either you are to blame or he.
  10.  The girls are much cleverer than the boys.
  11. You have known these boys much longer than I.
  12. Whether they are to go or stay is doubtful.
  13.  He can neither eat nor sleep.
  14. The man is poor but contented.
  15. They bowed to us and we to them.
  16. I will allow you to go with them, but not to stay long.
  17. You may give the beggar some food but not any money.
  18.  I would sooner go than stay.
  19.  Nothing could be better than the way he did it.
  20. He shed tears as if to display his grief.
  21.  He laughed as if he was much amused.
  22.  He is as idle as ever.
  23.  He is rash as usual.
  24. While going to school he met his friend.
  25.  He walked there as on thorns.
  26.  He went to school as usual.
  27.  He treats me as his own brother.
  28.  I shall do so, if desired.
  29.  I shall come if convenient.
  30. He fell as quickly as a stone.
  31.  I cannot but start now.
  32.  He is more industrious than intelligent.
  33. The sooner you start, the better.
  34.  His cycle went out of order on the way, hence the delay in his arrival.
  35. To speak the truth, I have not yet taken my food.
  36.  What if my brother should fail to turn up now?
  37. He is not such a stupid as to waste so much money.
  38.  I shall do so, if required.
  39.  He retraced his steps as if to avoid us.
  40. He is not so healthy as when he was with you.
  41.  He stood silent as though he were a stone.
  42. Carry out as bidden.

Parsing: Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

Parsing

1. To Parse a noun: Tell the kind, number, gender, case and syntax (i.e. subject to a verb, object to a verb, complement to a verb, put in apposition to noun, object to a preposition, nominative absolute, or nominative of address).
2. To Parse a Pronoun: Tell the kind, person, number, gender, case and syntax (i.e. subject to a verb, object to a verb, complement to a verb, put in apposition to some noun or object to a preposition). N.B In the case of a Relative Pronoun, the antecedent also should be given.
3. To Parse an Adjective: Tell the kind, the degree and the noun it qualifies or the verb to which it is the complement
4. To Parse a verb: Tell the kind (transitive or intransitive): voice, mood, tense, number, person and its subject. If transitive tell the object.
5. To Parse a participle: Tell:
(1) The Verb from which it is derived.
(2) Its Form whether: (a) Present (e.g. – eating, being eaten): (b) Past (e.g. – eaten)
(c) Perfect (e.g. having eaten, having been eaten).
(3) Its Voice: Whether Active or Passive.
(4) Syntax. Since all Nouns are in the third person, the person of the noun need not be given in parsing.

Parsing Definition And Types With Examples In Telugu

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6. To Parse a Gerund:
Tell: (1) Form what Verb it is derived.
(2) Its From whether: (a) Present (e.g. – loving, being loved), (b) Perfect (e.g. – having loved, having been loved).
(3) Its Voice: Active or Passive.
(4) Its case Subjective or objective.
(5) Syntax
7. To Parse an adverb:
Tell the kind, the degree (if it has) and the verb, adjective or preposition or another adverb which it modifies or the verb to which it is the Complement.
8. To Parse a Preposition :
Tell the noun or pronoun it governs.
9. To Parse a Conjunction:
Tell the kind and the sentences, caluses, phrase or words it joins.
10. To Parse an Article :
Tell the kind (definite or indefinite) and the noun before which it is put.

A(Examples Of Parsing)

We saw the very tall person whom you often named in your letters.
We:- Pronoun, Ist person, plural number, common gender, subjective case, subject to the verb, saw.
Saw: Verb irregular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, past tense, plural number, Ist person agreeing with its subject We.
The:- Definite article put before the noun, person.
Very:- An adverb of degree, modifying the adjective tall.
Tall: – An adjective of quality, positive degree, qualify- ing the noun, person.
Person:- Common noun, singular number, common gender, objective case, object to the verb saw, or governed by the verb, saw.
Whom: – Relative pronoun having for its antecedent person, singular number, common gender, 3rd person objective case, governed by the verb, named.
You:- pronoun, second person, common gender, plural number, subjective case, subject to the verb named.
Often:- Adverb of number, positive degree modifying the verb, named.
Named:- Verb regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, past tense, plural number, second person, agreeing with its subject, you.
In:-Preposition; governing the noun, letters in the objective case.
Your: Pronoun, 2nd person, common gender, singular number, possessive case, qualifying the noun letters.
Letters:- Common noun, plural number, neuter gender, objective case, governed by the preposition, in.

B(Participles)

1. A barking dog never bites.
Barking: Participle (derived from the Intr. Verb, bark), present, active voice, qualifying the noun, dog.
2. The boy sitting by my side is my brother’s son.
Sitting :-Participle (derived from the Intr. Vrb, sit ), present, active voice, qualifying the noun, boy.
3. I saw a man carrying a load.
Carrying :-Participle (derived from the Trans, – Verb carry), present, active voice, qualifying the noun, man.
4. I saw a ruined tower.
Ruined :- Participle (derived from the Trans Verb. ruin), past, passive voice, qualifying the noun, tower.
5. I saw a girl dressed in blue clothes.
Dressed:- Participle (derived from the Trans. Verb, dress), past, passive voice, qualifying (or referring to) the noun, girl.
ney.
6. Having rested for sometime, we continued our jour-
Having rested: Participle (drived from tì. Intr. Verb; rest), perfect, active voice, qualifying the noun we.
7. He came running.
Running: Participle, (derived from the Intr. Verb, run), present, active voice, used as an adjective qualifying the pro- noun, he.
Note:- When a participle forms part of a Finite Verb it is not passed separately: as :-
In ‘He is running’ the words is and running should not be parsed separately, but parsed together as a finite verb.

C (Gerunds)

1. Walking is a good exercise.
Walking: Gerund (derived from the Intr. Verb, walk), present, active voice, subjective case, subject to the verb, is.
2. He is fond of swimming.
Swimming: Gerund (derived from the Intr. Verb, (swim), present, active voice, objective case, governed by the preposition of.
3. He was not sorry for having been deceived.
Having been deceived: Gerund (derived from the Trans. Verb deceive). perfect, passive voice, objective case, governed by the preposition, for.
4. Get me some drinking water.
Drinking: Gerund (drived from the Trans. Verb, drink), present, active voice, used as an adjective qualifying the noun, water.

(a) Parse every word in:
Ex. 40 A
1. The man saw the boy.
2. My father broke his stick.
3. I put my pen on the desk.
4. Bring me ten books.
5. What do you want?
6. Two women are eating food from a leaf.
7. The brave boy protected his sister from the mad dog.
8. The little girl waited patiently for the loaf.
9. There was once a king who had many daughters.
10. I have seen the horse that you bought.
11. This is the man who spoke to me.
12. The boy that came here this morning has gone.
(b) Parse the Nouns in Ex. 20.
(c) Parse the participles and Gerunds in Ex. 35 (b)
(d) Parse the Adverbs in Ex. (11) (a) and (b)
(e) Parse the Conjunctions in Ex. 13 (a) and (b).
(f) Parse the Preposition in Ex. 12.
(g) Parse the Adjectives in Ex. 45 B.

Question Tags, Short Answers etc : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

అధ్యాయము 31

Question Tags, Short Answers etc.

1) Question Tags. మనము సంభాషించుకొను సందర్భములో ఒక statement చెయ్యడం, దానిని గురించి అవతలి వ్యక్తి అభిప్రాయం అడగడం సర్వ సాధారణం. ఉదాహరణకు: “చాలా వేడిగా ఉంది. isn’t it (కాదా!)”. ఈ isn’t it అనునది ప్రశ్న అవుతుంది. దానిని Question Tag అంటారు. ఈ సంభాషణక్రమము యొక్క నమూనా ఇలా ఉంటుంది:
(a) auxiliary + n’t + subject ప్రశ్న positive భావములో నున్నపుడు ఈ నమూనా పనికి వస్తుంది.

(b) Statement negative గా ఉన్నపుడు statement నమూనా ఇలా ఉంటుంది: auxiliary + subject

(c) It’s raining, isn’t it ?
You are free, aren’t you?
She can swim well, can’t she?
Gopi broke the glass, didn’t he?
Your sister cooks well, doesn’t she?

(d) You aren’t busy, are you?
She can’t swim, can she?
Mohan doesn’t work hard, does he?
They haven’t come yet, have they?

Question Tags, Short Answers etc Definition and Types with Examples in Telugu

గమనిక (Note) ఈ question tag లోని subject ఎప్పుడు కూడా pronoun అయి ఉంటుంది.
Noun ను వాడరాదు.
ఈ peculiarities ను ఈ క్రింది ఉదాహరణలో చూడండి:
I am right, aren’t I?
Let’s go to the beach, shall we?
Wait a minute, can you?
Have some more rice, will you?
There is a mosque in that street, isn’t there?
There are some girls in your class, aren’t there?
Somebody has called, haven’t they? mor

2) Short Answers. Short Answers Boom &ob. Verbal questions విధమైన short answers ఉంటవి. Auxiliary verb తో ప్రారంభమయ్యే ప్రశ్నలను verbal questions అని అంటారు.
Yes + pronoun + auxiliary No + pronoun + auxiliary + n’t (not)
Are you going to school?                   { Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Can you drive a car?                           { Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
Is your son married?                           {Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
Does Venu work hard?                        { Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Did he say anything?                           {Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.

3) Agreements and Disagreements with Statements. Statements Agreements
ను గాని Disagreements ను గాని చూపు నమూనాలు

వీని విషయంలో Yes నుగాని, So నుగాని, of course వాడుచూ తదుపరి pronoun auxiliary వరుస క్రమమును ఉపయోగించవలయును.
It is a good film. Yes, it is.
Mohan has already come. So he has.
He can speak Hindi’very well.  Of course he can.
He looks dishonest. Yes, he does.

Agreements ను Negative Statements తో చేయు నమూనాలు. ఈ Statements ను ఇచ్చునట్టి
o. No/Oh no + pronoun + auxiliary + n’t/not
The apples aren’t good.            No, they aren’t.
She doesn’t like fish.                 No, she doesn’t.
He can’t help coughing.           No, he can’t.
They haven’t played well.         No, they haven’t.

No అను పదముతో గాని, Oh! no అను పదములతోగాని pronoun auxilary + n’t not అను మూడు పదముల వరుస క్రమముతో కలిపి Disagreement అభిప్రాయములను affirmative (yes అని చెప్పునవి) statements చేయునపుడు వాడెదరు.
Disagreement విషయంలో ఒక question తో కలిపిగాని ఒక ఖచ్చితమైన అభిప్రాయంతో కలిపి గాని (assumption) వాడతాము.
He is drunk.                             No, he isn’t.
You are joking.                        Oh no, I’m, not.
Why did you beat him?           But I didn’t.
I suppose she koows Bengali.  But she doesn’t.

Negative statement నకు మన Disagreement ను తెలుపవలసి వచ్చినపుడు ఇలా రాస్తాము: (Oh) yes/(Oh) but + pronoun + auxiliary
You can’t undestand it.
He won’t come again.
You don’t know him.
Yes, I can.
But he will.
Oh yes, I do.
I didn’t break it. —— Oh but you did.

4) Additions to Remarks.
Affirmative remarks
అభిప్రాయములను వెలిబుచ్చునపుడు ఉండవలసిన వాక్యముల నమూనా : So + auxiliary + subject
Anand likes oranges. So do I.
She must go home. So must I.
He was late for the meeting. So were you.
I’ve finished my homework. So has my sister.

Negative remarks నకు (ఏకీభవించనట్టి remarks) Negative అభిప్రాయమును వెలిబుచ్చునపుడు Jégane Gossess : Nor/ Neither + auxiliary + subject
Ramesh doesn’t like sweets. Nor do I.
He didn’t believe it. Neither did I.
I can’t do the sum. Nor can my father.
Tom wasn’t there. Neither was Peter.

Affirmative అభిప్రాయములకు (remarks) ఇచ్చు సందర్భములో వాక్యములకు ఉండవలసిన 33: But+ subject + auxiliary + n’t/not
He knows German. But I don’t.
I understood the joke!. But Mary didn’t.
He knows how to cook. But his wife doesn’t.
I can play chess. But my brother can’t.

Negative remarks లకు Affirmative అభిప్రాయములను (yes అను అభిప్రాయములు) వెలిబుచ్చు సందర్భములో వాక్యములకు ఉండవలసిన నమూనాలు : But + subject + auxiliary
He doesn’t know her. But I do.
I didn’t see the film. But Gopi did. He can’t play cricket. But I can. She wasn’t late. But you were.”

అభ్యాసము 127
ఈ క్రింది వానికి సరియైన Question tags ను జతపర్చండి.
1. It’s very hot today, ?
2 You like him, ?
3. Kishore will come. ?
4. We must hurry.
5. He will never give up. ?
6.Your father is a doctor, ?
7. You have tea for breakfast,
8. I didn’t hurt you,
9. You aren’t going out,
10. They have sold the house,
11. I needn’t get up early tomorrow,
12. It isn’t ready yet. ?
13. Gopal hasn’t passed the exam.
14. They will go home soon, ?
15. He didn’t paint it himself,,

అభ్యాసము 128
ఈ క్రింది ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానములను (a) అవును అనే భావముతోను, (b) కాదు అనే భావముతోను రాయండి :-
1. Can you swim?
2. Do you like sweets?
3. Are you angry with me?
4. Is it going to rain?
5. Am I in your way?

1) Yes/So/Of course  కలిపి వాక్యములను రూపొందించండి :-
1. Children like playing.
2. He has left already.
3. My aunt came yesterday..
6. Does your father smoke?
7. Did you go to college yesterday?
8. Will they be at the cinema?
9. Is Suresh staying with his uncle?
10. Has he met you?

అభ్యాసము 129
255 8 Of course + pronoun + auxiliary
4. They are playing beautiful music.
5. Mr. Mukherji knows ten languages.
6. Abdul has come to see you.
2) No + pronoun + auxiliary + n’t/not ororo statements అంగీకరించండి :
1. He doesn’t like tea.
2. You haven’t played well.
3. Your brother doesn’t look his age.
4. She didn’t complain.
5. He can’t speak English fluently.
6. Ramesh didn’t attend the party.
3) No Oh no/But + pronoun auxiliary+n’t d not e rres Sario

క్రింది statements కు తిరస్కార భావాన్ని ఇవ్వండి.
1. He lied.
2. She has promised to obey you.
3. Why have you spoiled my pen?
4. The boy will hurt himself.
5. I suppose he is honest.
6. You are in the wrong.

4) (Oh) yes/ (Oh) But+ pronoun + auxiliary Show & Sob statements కు తిరస్కార భావములను రూపొందించండి :-
1. You can’t do the sum.
2. Radha doesn’t like you.
3. He isn’t reading.
4. She won’t come.
5. I am not in your way.
6. I don’t know where you went.

అభ్యాసము 130
1. ఈ క్రింద చూపిన remarks నకు మీ స్వంత మాటలను గాని, బ్రాకెట్లో చూపిన suggestions ను
sosob. (J: so + auxiliary + subject)
1. Venu came late. (Gopi)
2. My friend lives in Mumbai. (his sister))
3. Oranges were very dear. (bananas)
4. I’ve read the book. (my brother)
5. Madhu can speak Tamil. (his wife)
6. I must leave today. (you)

2.పైన చూపిన పద్ధతి ననుసరించి ఈ క్రింది remarks నకు బ్రాకెట్లో చూపిన suggestions గాని మీ స్వంత భావాలను నుగాని కలపండి –
Nor/Neither + auxiliary + subject) gode.
1. I don’t like meat. (my wife)
2. She could’t help laughing. (1)
3. This book doesn’t belong to me. (that)
4. Monday’s debate wasn’t very interesting. (Wednesday’s)
5. She doesn’t know me quite well. (her husband)
6. You didn’t notice him. (1)

3. ఈ క్రింది statements కు వ్యతిరేక భావములను రూపొందించండి. Brackets లోని పదములను గాని మీ స్వంత భావాలను గాని వాడుకొనవచ్చును.
( But + subject + auxiliary + n’t/not.)
1. He can type well. (I)
2. I won the election. (my friend)
3. My sister can speak Marathi. (1)
4. I like playing chess. (she)
5. He knows me well. (his brother)
6. Hindi is easy to learn. (English)

4. ఈ క్రింది statements కు brackets లోని పదములను ఉపయోగించుకుంటూ వ్యతిరేక భావములనిచ్చే వాక్యములను రూపొందించండి. మీ స్వంత పదములను కూడా వాడుకొనవచ్చును.
(But+subject+auxiliary)
1, I don’t know Telugu. (my wife)
2. My sister doesn’t like films. (1)
3. He won’t leave tomorrow. (We)

The Formation Of Words : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

అధ్యాయము 28

The Formation Of Words

233. తమ ఉనికికి ఇతర పదములతో సంబంధము లేని పదములను Primary Words (ప్రధాన పదములు) అని అంటారు. అవి ప్రప్రధమంగా భాషతో పాటు పుట్టినట్టివి.

1) Compound words : రెండుగాని అంతకంటే ఎక్కువగాని పదములతో కలిసి ఉండి, ఒకే అర్ధమును ఇచ్చు పదములను Compound పదములు అని అంటారు. (సంయుక్త పదములు)
Moonlight, nevertheless, undertake, man-of-war.

2) Primary Derivatives : Simple words ను కొద్ది మార్పులు చేయుట వలన తయారైన పదములను Primary Derivatives అని అంటారు.
Bond from bind, breach from break, wrong from wring.
గమనిక (Note) : Primary Verbs యొక్క Past Tenses అంతర్గతమైన (internal) మార్పుల ద్వారా form అగును. వీనిని Derivatives అని అనరు.

3) ప్రారంభమున గాని, అంతిమమునగాని ఒక పదమునకు ఏదైనా కలిపితే దానిని Secondary

Derivatives అని అంటారు.
Unhappy; goodness.

ఒక పదమునకు ముందు భాగములో కలిపిన పదభాగమును Prefix అని అంటారు. అదే చివర భాగములో కలిపితే దానిని Suffix అని అంటారు.

Read and Learn More Correct usage of grammar

(1) Compound Words

234. చాలా వరకు Compound words అనగా Nouns గాని Adjectives గాని Verbs గాని అయిఉండును.

235. Compound words ఈ క్రింది విధము form అగును:-

(1) Noun + Noun;
bationmao do
Moonlight, chess-board, armchair, postman, railway, airman, manservant, fire-escape, jailbird, horsepower, shoemaker, ringleader, screwdriver, tax-payer, teaspoon, haystack, windmill.

(2) Adjective + Noun;

Sweetheart, nobleman, shorthand, blackboard, quicksilver, stronghold, halfpenny.

(3) Verb + Noun;

Spendthrift, makeshift, breakfast, telltale, pickpocket, cut-throat, cutpurse, daredevil, scarecrow, hangman.

(4) Gerund + Noun;

Drawing-room, writing-desk, looking-glass, walking-stick, blotting paper, stepping-stone, spelling-
book.

(5) Adverb (or Preposition) + Noun;

Outlaw, after thought, forethought, foresight, overcoat, downfall, afternoon, bypass, inmate, off-shoot, inside.

6) Verb + Adverb;

Drawback, lock-up, go-between, die-hard, send-off.

(7) Aqverb + Verb; as,

Outset, upkeep, outcry, income, outcome.

The Formation Of Words Definition And Types with Examples In Telugu

236. Compound Adjectives ఈ క్రింది విధముగా form అగును. (రూపొందును):-

(1) Noun+Adjective (or Participle) + Adjective

Blood-red, sky-blue, snow-white, pitch-dark, breast-high, skin-deep, purse-proud, lifelong, world- wide, headstrong, homesick, stone-blind, seasick, note-worthy, heart-rending, ear-piercing, time- serving, moth-eaten, heart-broken, bed-ridden, hand-made, sea-girl, love-iorn.

(2) Adjective + Adjective;

Red-hot, blue-black, white-hot, dull-grey, lukewarm

(3) Adverb + Participle;

Long-suffering, everlasting, never-ending, thorough-bred, well-deserved, outspoken, down-hearted, far-seen, inborn.

237. Compound Verbs (808 360m rod.

(1) Noun+Verb;
Waylay, backbite, typewrite, browbeat, earmark.

(2) Adjective+Verb;
Safeguard, whitewash, fulfil.

(3) Adverb+Verb;

Overthrow, overtake, foretell; undertake.u,ndergo, overhear, overdo, outbid, outdo, upset, ill-use. గమనిక (Note): చాలా వరకు compound పదములలో మొదటి పదము రెండవ పదము యొక్క భావమును అజమాయిషీ (govern) చేయును. ఉచ్ఛారణ విషయంలో కూడా మొదటి పదమునకే ప్రాధాన్యత ఉంటుంది. Compound పదములోని రెండు పదములు కొంతవరకే కలిసిపోయి వాని వ్యక్తిత్వము (separateness) ఇంకా మిగిలిఉంటే, అ రెండు పదముల మధ్య hyphen (-) ఉంచవలయును. అటువంటప్పుడు రెండు పదములను సమానముగా ఉచ్ఛరించవలయును.

అభ్యాసము 123

ఈ క్రింది compound పదముల యొక్క కలయికను (formation) వివరించండి :-

Newspaper, football, moonstruck, turncoat, brand-new, jet-black, onlooker, soothsayer, stronghold, ice-cold, worldly-wise, tempest-tossed, race-horse, ear-ring, cooking-stove, over-dose, fire-proof, top-heavy, heaven-born, skin-deep, widespread, snake-charmer, lifelong, upland.

238. (2) Primary Deravatives

Verbs మరియు Adjectives నుండి రూపొందిచబడిన Nouns.

VerbsNounsVerbsNouns
AdviseadviceGapegap
BearbierGirdgirth
BindbondGrievegrief
BlessblissLivelife
BreakbreachLoseloss
BurnbrandProveproof
ChoosechoiceSingsong
ChopchipSitseat
DealdoleSpeakspeech
Deemdoom, ditchStrikestroke
DigdikeStrivestrife
FloatfleetWakewatch
Weaveweb, woof

 

AdjectivesNouns
Dulldolt
Hotheat
Proudpride

 

2) Verbs మరియు Nouns నుండి Adjectives ను రూపొందించుట

VerbsAdjectivesNounsAdjectives
FloatfleetMilkMilch
LielowWitwise

3) Nouns మరియు Adjectives నుండి Verbs ను రూపొందించుట

NounsVerbsNounsVerbs
BathbatheGoldgild
BeliefBelieveGrassgraze
BloodbleedHalfhalve
BreathbreatheKnotknit
BroodbreedPriceprize
ClothclotheSalesell
DropdripSoothsoothe
FoodfeedTaletell
GlassglazeThiefthieve
Wreathwreathe

 

AdjectivesVerbs
Coo!chill
Haleheal

 

239. (3) Secondary Derivative

English Prefixes

A -, on, in; abed, aboard, ashore, ajar, asleep.
A out, from, arise, awake, alight.
Be-, by (sometimes intensive); beside, betimes, besmear, bedaub.
For-, thoroughly; forbear, forgive.
Fore-, before; forecast, foretell.
Gain-, against; gainsay.
In-,in; income, inland, inlay.
Mis-, wrong, wrongly; misdeed, mislead, misjudge.
Over-, above, beyond; overflow, overcharge.
To-, this; to-day, to-night, to-morrow.
Un-, not; untrue, unkind, unholy.
Un-, to reverse an action; untie, undo, unfold.
Under-, beneath, below; undersell, undercharge, undergo, underground. With-, against, back; withdraw, withhold, withstand.

Latin Prefixes

Ab, (a, abs), from, away, abuse, avert, abstract.
Ad (ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, a), to; adjoin, accord, affect, aggrieve, allege, announce,
appoint, arrest, assign, attach, avail.
Ambi (amb, am), on both sides, around, ambiguous, ambition, amputate.
Ante (anti, an), before; antedate, anticipate, ancestor.
Bene, well, benediction, benefit.
Bis, (bi, bin), twice, two; biscuit, bisect, binoculars.
Circum (circu), around, circumnavigate, circumference,circuit:
Can (col, com, cor), with, together, contend, collect, combine, correct.
Contra (counter), against, contradict, counteract, counterfeit.
De, down, descend, dethrone, depose.
Dis, (dif, dl), apart, disjoin, differ, divide.
Demi, half, demigod.
Ex (ef, e), out of, extract, effect.
Extra, beyond, outside, of, extraordinary, extravagant.
In (il, im, ir, en, em), in, into; invade, illustrate; immerse, irrigate, enact, embrace.
In (II, im, ir), not; insecure, illegal, imprudent, irregular.
Inter (Intra, enter), among, within; intervene, introduce, entertain.
Male (mal), ill, badly, malevolent, malcontent.
Non, not, nonsense.
Ob (oc, of), in the way of against, object, occupy, offend.
Pen, almost, penultimate, peninsula.
Per (pel), through; pervade, pellucid.
Post, after, postscript, postdate, postpone.
Pre, before, prefix, prevent, predict.
Preter, beyond, preternatural.
Pro (por, pur), for, pronoun, portray, pursue.
Re, back, again, reclaim, refund, renew, return.
Retro, backwards; retrospect, retrograde.
Se (sed); apart, secede, separate, seduce, sedition.
Semi, half, semicircle, semicolon.
Sine, without, sinecure.
Sub (sue, suf, sug, sum, sup, sur, sus), under, subdue, succeed, suffer, suggest, summon, support, surmount, sustain.
Subter, beneath, subterfuge.
Super, above; superfine, superfluous.
Trans (tra, tres), across, transmit, traverse, trespass.
Vice, in the place of; viceroy, vice-president.

Greek Prefixes

A (an), without, not; atheist, apathy, anarchy.
Amphi, around, on both sides; amphitheatre, amphibious.
Ana, up, back, anachronism, analysis. Anti (ant), against, antipathy, antagonist. Apo (ap) from, apostate, apology.
Arch (archi) chief, archbishop, archangel, architect. Auto, self, autocrat, autobiography, autograph.A0
Cata, down, cataract, catastrophe, catalogue.
Di, twice, dilemma.
Dia, through; diagonal, diameter.
Dys, badly, dyspepsia, dysentery.
En (em), in, encyclopp,edia, emblem.
Epi, upon; epilogue, epitaph.
Eu, well, eulogy, euphony, eugenics.
Ex (ec), out of; exodus, eccentric.
Hemi, half, hemisphere.
Homo (hom), like; homogeneous, homonym.
Hyper, over, beyond, hyperbole, hypercritical.
Hypo, under, hypothesis, hypocrite.
Meta (met), implying change; metaphor, metonymy.
Mono, alone, single, monoplane, monopoly.
Pan, all, panacea, panorama,..pantheism.
Para, beside, by the side of, parallel, paradox, parasite.
Peri, round, period, perimeter, periscope. VGA RO
Philo (Phil), love, philosophy, philanthropy.
Pro, before, prophesy, programme.
Syn, (sym, syl, sy), with, together, synonym, sympathy, syllable, system.

English Suffixes
Of Nouns

(1) Denoting agent or doer
-er (-ar, -or, -yer); painter, baker, beggar, sailor, lawyer.
-ster; spinster, punster, songster.
-ter (-ther); daughter, father.

(2) Denoting state, action, condition, being, etc.
-dom; freedom, martyrdom, wisdom.
-hood (-head); manhood, childhood, godhead.
-lock (-ledge); wedlock, knowledge. JO0 -ness; darkness, boldness, goodness, sweetness.
-red; kindred, hatred.
-ship; hardship, friendship, lordship.
-th; health, stealth, growth.

(3) Forming Diminutives:
-el (-le); satchel, kernel, girdle; handle.
-en; maiden, kitten, chicken.
-le; dearie, birdie, lassie.
-kin; lambkin, napkin.
-let; leaflet.
-ling: duckling, darling, stripling, weakling.
-ock; hillock, bullock.

Of Adjectives

-ed, having, gifted, talented, wretched, learned.
-en, made of, wooden, golden, woollen, earthen.
-ful, full of, hopeful, fruitful, joyful.
-ish, somewhat like, boorish, reddish, girlish.
-less, free from, without, fearless, shameless, hopeless, senseless, boundless. -ly, like manly, godly, sprightly.
-some, with the quality of; wholesome, meddlesome, gladsome, quarrelsome.
– ward, inclining to; forward, wayward.
-y, with the quality of; wealthy, healthy, windy, slimy, greedy, needy, thirsty, dirty.

Of Verbs

-en, causative, forming transitive verbs; weaken, sweeten, gladden, deaden, strengthen.
-se, to make, cleanse, rinse.
-er, intensive or frequentative: chatter, glitter, glimmer, fritter, flutter.
-ly, like, boldly, wisely.
-long, headlong, sidelong.

Of Adverbs

-ward, (-wards), turning to; homeward, backwards, upwards.
-way, (-ways); straight a way, anyway, always.
-wise, manner, mode, likewise, otherwise.

Note. We still feel the force of a few English suffixes. These are:
-er, denoting the actor or agent; as, driver.
-hood, indicating rank or condition, as, boyhood.
-kin, ling, diminutives, as, lambkin, yearling.
-ness, ship, th, indicating abstract nouns; as, loveliness; friendship;, truth.
-en, ful, ish, less, ly, some, ward, y, adjective and adverb endings:
as, golden, hopeful, oldish, helpless, manly, lonesome, homeward, mighty.

Latin Suffixes
Of Nouns

(1) Denoting chiefly the agent or doer of a thing.
-ain (-an, -en, -on); chieftain, artisan, citizen, surgeon.
-ar, (-er, -ear, -ier, -ary); scholar, preacher, engineer, financier, missionary.
-ate (-ee, -ey, -y); advocate, trustee, attorney, deputy.
-or, (-our, -auf, -er); emperor, saviour, amateur, interpreter.

(2) Denoting state, action, result of an action.
-age; bondage, marriage, breakage, leakage.
-ance (-ence); abundance, brilliance, assistance, excellence, innocence.
-cy; fancy, accuracy, lunacy, bankruptcy.
-ion; action, opinion, union.
-ice (-ise); service, cowardice, exercise.
-ment; punishment, judgement, improvement.
-mony; parsimony, matrimony, testimony.
-tude; servitude, fortitude, magnitude.
-ty; cruelty, frailty, credulity.
-ure; pleasure, forfeiture, verdure.
-y; misery, victory.

(3) Forming diminutives.
-cule (-ule, -eel, -sel, -ai, -le); animalcule, globule, pincel, damsel, chapel, circle.
-et; owlet, lancet, trumpet.
-ette; cigarette, coquette.

(4) Denoting place.
-ary (-ery, -ry); dispensary, library, nunnery, treasury.
-tar (tre); cloister, theatre.

Of Adjectives

-al; national, legal, regal, mortal, fatal.
-an (-ane); human, humane, mundane.
-ar; familiar, regular.
-ary; customary, contrary, necessary, ordinary, honorary..
-ate; fortunate, temperate, obstinate..
-ble (-ible, able); feeble, sensible, laughable.
-esque; picturesque, grotesque.
-id; humid, vivid,lucid.
-ile; servile, fragile, juvenile.
-ine; feminine, canine, feline, divine.
-ive; active, attentive, shortive
-lent; corpulent, indolent, turbulent, virulent.
-ose (ous); verbose, dangerous, onerous, copious.

Of Verbs

-ate; assassinate,captivate, exterminate.
-esce; acquiesce, effervesce.
-fy; simplify, purify, fortify, sanctify, terrify.
-ish; publish, nourish, punish, banish.

Greek Suffixes

-ic (-ique); angelic, cynic, phonetic, unique.
– ist; artist, chemist.
-isk; asterisk, obelisk.
-ism (asm); patriotism, despotism, enthusiasm.
-ize; civilize, sympathize, criticize.
-sis (-sy); crisis, analysis, heresy,
-e (-y); catastrophe, monarchy, philosophy.

Note: ee (French), added to nouns to denote, usually, the person who takes a passive share in an action; as, employee, payee, legatee, mortgagee, trustee, referee.
or, ar, er, eer, ier, denoting a person who pertoms a certain act or function; as, emperor, scholar, officer, engineer, gondolier.
ist, denoting a person who follows a certain trade or pursuit; as, chemist, theosophist,
artist, nihilist.
(a) ism, forming abstract nouns; as, patriotism.
ble, forming adjectives that have usually a passive sense; as, tolerable, bearable. ize or ise, forming verbs from nouns and adjectives; as, crystallize, moralize, baptize.

అభ్యాసము 124

(a)ఈ క్రింది prefixes కు అర్థాలను ఇచ్చుచూ వానిని ఎలా ఉపయోగించాలో కూడా తెలుపుతూ examples ఇవ్వండి :-
super-, trans-, con-, sub-, auto-, mis-, ante-, post-, vice-, extra-, pre-, arch-.

(b) ఇచ్చట nouns కు కొన్ని -en, -ish, -less మొదలగు suffixes ను కలుపుట ద్వారా adjectives ఏర్పడినవి. వీనికి అర్ధాలను ఇచ్చుచూ examples రాయండి.

(c) ఈ క్రింద కొన్ని group of words ఇవ్వబడినవి. ఒక్కో పదానికి suffixes ను add చేయుట క్రింది group words భావాలను ఇవ్వవచ్చు అని చూపించండి.
ద్వారా ఈ

A little river, the state of being a child, to make fat, that which cannot be read, unfit to be chosen.

(d)ఈ క్రింది పదములకు prefixes మరియు suffixes కలుపుట ద్వారా వచ్చు వివిధమైన అర్థాలను వివరించండి

Incredible, antidote, anarchy, misconduct, monarch, sympathy, manhood, hillock, archbishop, amiss, bicycle, dismantle, freshen.

(e) ఈ క్రింది nouns నుండి Adjectives ను రూపొందించండి :-
Circumstance, habit, stone, miser, irony, labour, circuit.

(f) ఈ క్రింది పదములనుండి verbs రూపొందించండి :-
Friend, bath, fertile, grass, clean, sweet, critic.

(g) ఈ క్రింది పదములనుండి Nouns ను రూపొందించండి :-
Sustain, attain, confess, attach, fortify, oblige, give, cruel, hate, govern, sweet.

(h)ఈ క్రింది పదముల నుండి Adjectives ను రూపొందించండి :-
Muscle, hazard, worth, quarrel, admire, thirst, god.

(i)ఈ క్రింది పదములకు వానివాని అర్థములు మారునట్లుగా ఒక్కొక్క prefix సంధించండి.

(j)(1). వ భాగములో నున్న prefixes యొక్కయు, మరియు (2) వ భాగములోనున్న suffixes యొక్కయు అర్థములను ఇవ్వండి. మరియు అవి ఏఏ భాషల నుండి ఏర్పడినవో కూడా తెలుపండి :-
(1) Prefixes: in-, bene-, post-, dys-, dis-
(2) Suffixes: -en, -fy, -ness, -isk, -ing?

(k) ఈ క్రింది నాలుగు భావములు తెలుపుటకు ఒక్కొ భావమునకు రెండేసి examples చొప్పున చెప్పండి.
1) ఒక యొక్క తిరోగమనము తెలుపు భావము. (reverse of an action)
2) ఒక మంచి భావము. (something good)
3) ఒక చెడు భావము. (something bad)
4) ఒక తిరస్కార భావము. (a negative)

(l)(1) ఈ క్రింది పదములకు primary derivatives ను పేర్కొనండి :
Hale, glass, high, sit, dig, strong,deep.

(M)ఈ క్రింది పదముల విషయంలో ప్రతి దానికి ఒక suffix ను కలుపుట ద్వారా వానిని abstract noun గా మార్చండి:-
Grand, discreet, supreme, rival, certain, warm, desolate, dense.

240. Root అనునది ఒకే మాతృక కలిగిన పదములకు తల్లివేరు లాంటిది.
ఆ తల్లివేరు నుండే అదే భావమునకు చెందిన వివిదార్ధాలు పుట్టును. అవి వివిధ parts of speech గానూ ఉండును.

A Few Latin Roots

Equus,               equal: equal, equator, equivalent, adequate.

Ager,                  a field: agriculture, agrarian.

Ago, actus, / do: agent, agile, active, actor.

Alius,                 another: alien, aliquot, alias, alibi.

Amo,                  / love : amiable, amateur, amorous, inimical.

Anguius,           a comer: angle, triangle.

Anima,              life; animus, mind animal, animate, unanimous, magnanimous,

Annus,               a year: annual, biennial, perennial.

Aperio, apertus, I open: aperture, April.

Aqua,                 water: aquatic, aquarium, aqueduct.

Appello, I call : appeal, repeal Ars, artis, art: artist, artisan, artifice.

Audio,                I hear: audible, audience, auditor.

Bellum,             war: belligerent, rebel, rebellious.

Bene,                 well: benefit, benevolent, benefactor.

Brevis,               short: brevity, abbreviate, abridge.

Caedo, caesus, / cut, kill: suicide, homicide, concise,

Candeo, / shine : candle, candid, candour, incandescent.

Capio, captus, / take: captive, capacious, accept.

Caput, capitis, the head: capital, decapitate, captain.

Caro, carnis, flesh : carnivorous, carnage.

Cedo, cessum, / go, yield: concede, proceed, accede.

Centrum,          centre: eccentric, centralize, concentrate.

Centum, a hundred : cent, century, centipede.

Cerno, cretus, / distinguish: discern, discreet.

Givis,                 citizen: civil, civilize.

Clamo,              / shout: clamour, claim, exclaim.

Claudo clausus, I shut: exclude, conclude, closet.

Colo, cultus, / till: colony, culture, cultivate, agriculture.

Cor, cordis, the heart: core, cordial, concord, discord, accord, courage.

Corpus, the body: corpse, corps, corporation, corpulent.

Credo,               / believe: creed, credible, credence, miscreant.

Cresco,             / grow: increase, decrease, crescent.

Crux,                  a cross: crucify, crusade.

Culpa,               a fault: culprit, culpable.

Cura,                 care : curator, sinecure, accurate, secure, incurable.

Deus,                 God: deity, deify, divine.

Dico, dictus / say: dictation, contradict, predict, verdict.

Dies,                   a day: diary, daily, meridian.

Do, datus, / give : add, date, tradition, addition, condition.

Doceo, doctus, I teach: docile, doctrine, dominus,      a lord, dominion, dominant.

Duco, ductus, I lead: adduce, conduit, product, education.

Duo,                    two : dual, duei, double, duplicate, duodecimal.

Durus,                hard lasting: durable, obdurate, duration.

Eo, itum,            / go: exit, circuit, transition, ambition.

Esse,                  to be: essence, essential, present, absent.

Facio,                 / make: fabric, counterfeit, manufacture.

Fero, latus, / carry, infer, confer, refer, relate.

Fido,                   / trust confide, infidel, defy.

‘ Finis,                an end. finite, infinite, confine.

Flecto .flexus, / bend, inflict, inflexible, reflection.

Forma,               a form: formal, deformed, reform.

Fortis,                strong-, fort, fortress, fortify, fortitude, reinforce.

Frango, tractus, I break: fragment, fragile, fraction, infringe.

Frater,                a brother: fraternal, fratricide.

Frons,                frontis, forehead: front, affront, frontier, confront.

Fugio,                 / flee: fugitive, refugee, refuge, subterfuge.

Fundo,                fusus, I pour: profuse, diffuse, confuse, refund.

Fundus, the bottom : found, foundation, profound, fundamental, founder.

Gens, gentis, a race: congenial, indigenous.

Gradior, grassus, / go: grade, degrade, transgress, progress.

Gratia,                favour: gratitude, gratis, ingratiate, grateful.

Gravis,               heavy: gravity, gravitation, grief, grievous.

Habeo,               / have : habit, habitable, habituate, exhibit, inhabit, prohibit. Homo, a man: homage,

homicide, human, humane.

Impero, / command, imperative, imperial, emperor, empire.

Jacio, jactus, / throw, ejaculate, reject.

Judex, judicis, a judge: judicial, judgment, judicious, prejudice.

Jungo, junctus, / join: junction, conjunction, juncture.

Labor,lapsus, / glide, lapse, collapse, relapse, elapse.

Laus, laudis, praise: laudable, laudatory.

Lego, lectus, / gather, read: collect, neglect, select.

Lego, legatus, I send: delegate, legation.

Levis,                 light: levity, alleviate, elevate, leaven.

Lex, legis, a law: legal, legislate, legitimate, loyal.

Liber,                  free : liberal, libertine, deliver.

Ligo,                   / bind: ligature, ligament, religion, league, obligation.

Litera,                 a letter: literal, literary, literate, literature.

Locus,                a place: local, locality, locomotive.

Loquor, locutus, / speak: loquacious, elocution, eloquence.

.Ludo, lusum, / play: elude, delude, ludicrous Lumen,

a light: luminous, luminary.

Luo, lutus, / wash : lotion, ablution, deluge, dilute, pollute.

Lux, lucis,            light: lucid, elucidate.

Magnus,               great: major, mayor, magnate, magnify, magnitude.

Malus,                   bad: malady, malice, maltreat, malaria.

Manus,                  hand: manuscript, amanuensis, manual.

Mare,                     the sea : marine, mariner, submarine, maritime.

Mater,                   a mother: maternal, matriculate, matron, matrimony.

Medius,                 the middle : medium, mediate.

Memor,                 mindful: memory, memorable, memoir.

Miles, militis, a soldier: military, militia, militant.

Mitto, missus, I send: admit, missionary, promise.

Moneo monitus, / advise : monitor, admonish.

Mons, montis, a mountain: mount, dismount, surmount.

Moveo, motus, / move : motor, motion, commotion, promote.

Multus,                  many: multitude, multiple.

Munus, muneris, a gift: munificent, remunerate.

Navis,                   a ship : navy, nautical.

Noceo,                  / hurt: innocent, noxious, nuisance.

Novus,                  new: novel, novice, innovation.

Nox, noctis,         night: nocturnal, equinox.

Omnis,                  all: omnipotent, omnipresent, omnibus.

Pando, passus, / spread out: expand, compass, trespass.

Pars, partis, a part: part, partial, particle.

Pater,                    a father: paternal, patron, patrimony.

Patior, passus, / suffer: passive, patient.

Pallo, pulsus, / drive : compel, expel, repel.

Pendeo, pensum, / hang: depend, suspend.

Pes, pedis, a foot: biped, quadruped, pedestrian, pedestal.

Palo, petitus, / seek: petition, competition, impetuous.

Plea,                      / fill: complete, replete, replenish, supplement.

Pono, positus, / place : position, preposition, composition.

Porto,                    / carry: portable, portmanteau, import, export.

Primus,                 first: primary, primitive; prince, premier, principal.

Probo,                   / try: probation, probable, approval.

Polo, putatus, / cut, think: amputate, dispute, compute;

Rapio, raptus. / seize: rapacious; ravenous.

Rego, rectus, / rule: regal, regent, correct, regulate.

Rumpo, ruptus, / break: rupture, rout, bankrupt, eruption.

Sanctus,               holy: sanctuary, sanctify, saint.

Scio,                      / know: science, conscience, omniscience.

Scribo, scriptus, / write: describe, scribble, postscript, inscription, manuscript. Seco, / cut: bisect, dissect, sickle.

Sentio,                  / feel: sentiment, sensation, nonsense, sensual.

Sequor,secutus, / follow: sequel, sequence, consequence, prosecute, execute. Servio,    / serve: servant, serf, service, servitude.

Signum, a sign : signal, significant, design.

Simms, tike-: similar, dissimilar, resemblance.

Salvo, solutus, / loose: solution, resolution, absolve, dissolve, resolve.

Specio, spectus, / see: specimen, spectator, suspicion.

Spiro,                 / breathe : aspire, conspire, inspire, expire.

Stringo, strictus, I bind : stringent, strict, restrict.

Struo, structus, I build: structure, construction.

Sumo, sumptus, / take: assume, presume, resume.

Tango, tactus, / touch: tangent, contact, contagion.

Tempus, temporis, time: tense, temporal, contemporary.

Tendo, tensus, / stretch: tend, contend, attend, extend.

Teneo, lantos, / hold : tenant, tenure, content, retentive. Terminus, an end: term, terminate, determination.

Terra,                 the earth: inter, subterranean, terrestrial.

Texo, textus, / weave : textile,texture, context.

Torqueo, tortus, / twist: distort, torture, torment.

Traho, tractus, / draw: contract, abstract, portrait.

Tribuo,               / give: tribute, contribute.

Unus,                 one : union, unique, unanimous.

Valeo,                / am well: valid, invalid, equivalent, valiant.

Vania,                / come : venture, adventure, convene, prevent.

Verbum, a word: verb, adverb, proverb, verbose, verbal. Verla, versus, / turn : convert, converse, reverse, diversion. Varus,

true : verify, verdict, aver, veracious.

Video, vis us, / see : vision, survey, evident, television.

Vinca, victus, I conquer: victor, invincible, convince.

Vivo, victum, / live : vivid, vivacious, revive, survive.

Voco, vocatus, / call: vocal, vocation, vociferous, invoke, revoke. Volo,

/ wish : voluntary, benevolent, malevolence.

Volvo,            / roll: revolve, involve, revolution.

Voro,               / eat: voracious, omnivorous, carnivorous, devour.

Voveo, votus, / vow: vote, devote, devotee, votary.

Vulgus,  the common people : vulgar, divulge

A Few Greek Roots

Ago,                   / lead: demagogue, pedagogue, stratagem.

Agon,                 a contest: agony, antagonist.

 

 

Grapho,

Hellos,

Hippos,

Hodos,

Homos,

Hudor,

idios,

isos,

Kosmos,

Kratos,

Kuklos,

Lithos,

Logos,

Luo,

Meter,

Metron,

Mikros,

Monos,

Nomas,

Ode,

Onoma,

Orthos,

Pan,

Pathos,

Petra,

Phileo,

I write : biography, telegraph, telegram, phonograph.

the sun: heliograph, heliotrope.

a horse : hippopotamus, hippodrome,

a way :period, methOd, episode.

the same: homogeneous, homonym.

water, hydrogen, hydrophobia, hydrant.

one’s own: idiot, idiom, idiosyncrasy.

equal: isosceles.

the world cosmopolite.

strength: democrat, autocrat, aristocrat, plutocrat a circle: cycle, cyclone, encyclopaedia. a stone : lithography, aerolite, a word, speech : dialogue, catalogue, astrology.

1 loosen : analysis, paralysis.

a mother: metropolis.

a measure : thermometer, barometer.

little: microscope.

alone : monarch, monopoly.

a, law: astronomy, economy, autonomy.

a song : prosody, parody.

a name : anonymous, synonymous .

right: orthodoxy, orthography.

all: pantheist, pantomime, panacea.

feeling : pathetic, sympathy, antipathy.

a rock: petrify, petroleum.

1 love : philosophy, philanthropy.

Phone,               a sound : phonograph, telephone.

Phos,photos, light; phosphorus, photograph.