The Conjuction : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

The Conjuction

He has no desire for fame.
He is desirous of visiting Agra.
He was equal to the occasion.
He is to be blamed equally with his brother.
The coat fits me well except for the collar
I take exception to your remark.
The child is fond of sweets.
She has great fondness for children.
The drama is founded on an episode in the Ramayana.
It has, however, no foundation in fact.
He hindered me from going.
Child marriage is a great hindrance to progress.
He is quite infatuated with her.
His infatuation for that girl led him astray.
He has no liking for cards.
His dislike to her continued to increase.
He is neglectful of his dress.
I have often found him negligent in his work.
They say he is partial to his friends.
Children show a partiality for sweetmeats.
I have no prejudice against foreigners.
Such a step will be prejudicial to your interests.
He is prepared for anything.
Preparatory to taking extreme measures, his father once again warned him.
Pursuant to our conversation, I now send you a cheque for Rs. 500 as my contribution to the fund.
In pursuance of your instructions, we are writing today to the Collector.
I am of opinion that he is qualified for the post.
He is disqualified from practising as a pleader.
As a result of the injury received by him, he died of tetanus.
It is said that nothing resulted from the conference.
I have great respect for his learning.
He is respectful to his superiors, without being servile.
He seized upon the opportunity offered to him.
The seizure of his property was carried out under direct orders from the Rajah.
I assure you that I am sensible of your kindness.
His paralysed arm is insensible to feeling.
Subsequent to the meeting he wrote a letter to The Hindu.
Consequent upon this letter, the agents of the company filed a suit against him for defamation.
Trust in God and do what is right.
His distrust of his assistants is perhaps unfounded.
The country suffers for want of skilled labour.
He is wanting in a little common sense.

387. కొన్ని సార్లు ఒక verb వెంట ఒక preposition ఉంటుంది. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో అదే verb వెంట ఏ preposition కూడా ఉండదు. ఈ రెండు సందర్భాలలో కూడా రెండు వాక్యముల అర్ధములలో తేడా ఉంది. అందుకే ఈ పరిణామం.

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I call that mean.
I called on him at his office.
I don’t catch your meaning.
A drowning man catches at a straw.
This closed the proceedings.
After a little higgling he closed with my offer.
He commenced life as a shop – assistant.
The proceedings commenced with a song.
Have you counted the cost? I count upon your advice and cooperation.
He deals fairly with his customers.
He deals in cotton and cloth.
The compounder dispenses medicines.
His master dispensed with his services.
He gained his object by persuasion.
He gained upon his rich uncle by his suave manners.
He grasped the meaning of the passage in no time.
Like a shrewd man of business he grasped at the opportunity.
I met him on my way to the station.
His appeals for funds met with a poor response.
He always prepares his speech.
Our soldiers prepared themselves for the offensive.
The pollee searched the house of the suspect.
We searched for the lost article.

388.కొన్ని పదములు వెంట infinitive ను వాడరాదు. వానికి వాని వెంట preposition మరియు అట్టి preposition వెంట gerund గాని verbal noun గాని ఉండవలయును.
He is addicted to gambling. [Not: to gamble.]
I assisted her in climbing the hill.
He is averse to playing cards.
I do not believe in pampering servants.
I am bent on attending the meeting.
He has hardly any chance of succeeding.
He is confident of securing the first prize.
The custom of tipping is prevalent everywhere.
He is desirous of visiting Japan.
He despaired of achieving his object.
There is some difficulty in perceiving his meaning.
Hereafter he is disqualified for holding any government post.
Remember the duty of helping the poor.
Sudha excels in dancing.
You can have no excuse for talking bluntly.
He is expert in inventing stories.
I am fond of reading novels.
The firm was fortunate in securing the government’s support.
What hindered you from visiting the Museum ?
He was disappointed in the hope of being rewarded.
He felt the humiliation of withdrawing his words.
We should be indefatigable in doing good.
I insisted on having my say.
He is intent on visiting Norway.
You were not justified in imputing motives to him.
He has a knack of doing it.
He appreciated the necessity of acting promptly.
He persisted in disobeying the orders.
He lacks the power of imparting, although he is a good mathematical scholar.
The practice of cramming is rightly regarded as an evil.
It was only a pretext for delaying the matter.
What is there to prevent him from leaving Chennai?
I had the privilege of knowing him intimately.
They were prohibited from entering the village.
I refrained from hurting his feelings.
You were right in suspecting him.
There is little satisfaction in sitting idle.
He has no scruple in begging.
He succeeded in convincing his critics.
He thought of eluding his pursuers.
I am tired of writing letters to him.

గమనిక (Note) : కొన్ని సందర్భములలో పై రెండు విధానములు కూడా అంగీకరింపబడును.
He was afraid of telling the truth.
He was afraid to tell the truth.
He at last got the opportunity of meeting him.
He at last got the opportunity to meet him.

389. అయినప్పటికీ, కొన్ని పదములు తప్పనిసరిగా infinitive ను తమ తర్వాత తీసుకుంటవి.
He advised us to desist from that attempt.
I decline to say anything further.
I expect to meet opposition.
It is hard to get access to him.
He hopes to win the first prize.
We are all inclined to judge of others as we find them.
He intends to compile a Marathi dictionary.

390. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Prepositions అవసరం కాని చోట్ల గూడా, వానిని ప్రయోగించటం
జరుగుతుంది.
Where have you been to? [Here to is not required.]
My eldest son is a boy of about eighteen years old. [Here of is not required.]
After having finished my work I went home. [Here after is not required.]

391. Discuss, order  prepositions ఉండవు.
We discuss a topic (not discuss about a topic).
order tea (not order for tea).
stress a point (not stress on a point).
e transitive verbs. Job
We discuss a topic (not discuss about a topic), order tea (not order for tea), stress a point (not stress on a point)goo.

అధ్యాయము 40
392. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను చదవండి :-
1. God made the country and man made the town.
2. Our hoard is little, but our hearts are great.
3. She must weep, or she will die.
4. Two and two make four.
1,2,3 వ వాక్యములలో Conjunctions ప్రతి example లో రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపినవి.
4 వ వాక్యములో Conjunction రెండు పదములను మాత్రమే కలిపింది.నిర్వచనం
(Def): ఏదైనా వాక్యములను గాని మరియు పదములను కలుపుటకు వాడు పదమును Conjunction అంటారు.

393. Conjunctions వాక్యములను కలిపి వానిని పటిష్టముగా చేయును.
‘Balu and Vithal are good bowlers’.
ఈ పద్ధతి క్లుప్తంగా చెప్పడం అవుతుంది.
‘Balu is a good bowler and Vithal is a good bowler’.
కావున, ‘The man is poor, but honest’. ఇది తేడాను చూపించి చెప్పడం అవుతూంది.
‘The man is poor, but he is honest.’
And అనబడే Conjunction పదములను మాత్రమే కలుపుతుంది.
Two and two make four.
Hari and Rama are brothers.
Hari and Rama came home together.
పై వాక్యములను రెండు విడివిడి వాక్యాలుగా రాయడం వీలుకాదు.

394. Relative Pronouns నుండి, Relative Adverbs నుండి మరియు Prepositions నుండి Conjunctions ను జాగ్రత్తగా గమనించవలయును. పై మూడు కూడా Conjunctions లాగా connecting పదములు కావున.
1. This is the house that Jack built. (Relative Pronoun)
2. This is the place where he was murdered. (Relatiye Adverb) .
3. Take this and give that. (Conjunction).
మొదటి వాక్యములో “that” అనబడు Relative Pronoun, noun అయిన house వైపు తన దృష్టిని సారించి, sentence లోని రెండు భావములను కలుపుచున్నది.
రెండవ వాక్యములో Relative Adverb అయిన where అను పదము was murdered అను verb పదమును అజమాయిషీ చేయుచున్నది మరియు sentence యొక్క రెండు భాగములను కలుపుచున్నది.
మూడవ వాక్యములో Conjunction అయిన and అను పదము నేరుగా వాక్యములోని రెండు భాగములను కలుపుచున్నది. వేరే ఇంకో పనిని చెయ్యడం లేదు. ఈ క్రింది విషయమును కూడా
గమనించదగును.
Pani Relative Pronouns మరియు Relative Adverbs కూడా రెండు భాగములను కలుపుటయేగాక, ఇంకా ఇతరమైన పనిని గూడా చేయును.
Conjunctions రెండు భాగములను కలుపుటయే తప్ప ఇంకే పనిని చేయవు.
Preposition రెండు భాగములను కలుపుటయే గాక ఇంకా ఇతరమైన కొన్ని పనులను కూడా చేస్తుంది. ఒక noun ను గాని, Pronoun ను గాని govern (అజమాయిషీ) చేస్తుంది కూడా. ఈ విధంగా
G&He sat beside Rama. He stood behind me.

395. ఒకే class కు చెందిన Conjunctions జంటగా ఉపయోగింపబడతవి.
Either -or.                                     Either take it or leave it.
Neither -nor.                                 It is neither useful nor ornamental.
Both – and                                    We both love and honour him.
Though-yet. (rare in current English)  Though the is suffering much pain, yet he does not complain.
Whether-or.                                  I do not care whether you go or stay.
Not only-but also.                        Not only is he foolish, but also obstinate.

పై జంట Conjunction పదములను Correlative Conjunctions అంటారు. Correlative అనగా
పరస్పర సంబంధము గల అని అర్ధం.

396. Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions 83 e Correlative కలపవలసిన పదమునకు ముందు వెంటనే ఉంచవలయును.
(Not)
He visited not only Agra, but also Delhi.
He not only visited Agra, but also Delhi.
(ఇచ్చట మొదటి వాక్యములో “not only” అనునది Agra ముందునకు, “but also” అనునది Delhi కి ముందునను ఉన్నవి. గమనించండి.

397. మనము అనేక compound expressions ను (సంయుక్త పదములు) Conjunctions గా వాడతాము. వీనిని Compound
Conjunctions అని అంటాము.
In order that.
On condition that. Even if.
So that.
Provided that. As though.
In as much as.
As well as.
As soon as. As if.
The notice was published in order that all might know the facts.
I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the offence. Such an act would not be kind even if it were just.
He saved some bread so that he should not go hungry on the morrow. You can borrow the book provided that you return it soon.
He walks as though he is slightly lame.
I must refuse your request, in as much as I believe it unreasonable. Rama as well as Govind was present there.
He took off his coat as soon as he entered the house.
He looks as if he were weary.

Classes Of Conjuctions

398. Conjunctions do 5. Co-ordinating Conjunctions (3380) మరియు Subordinating Conjunctions (పెద్ద చిన్న తేడా చూపునవి). ఈ వాక్యాన్ని చూడండి.
Birds fly and fish swim.
పై వాక్యము రెండు స్వతంత్రమైన statements ను కలిగియున్నది. ఆ statements ఒకే హోదా (rank) ను మరియు ఒకే ప్రాముఖ్యమును కలిగి యున్నవి. కావున వానిని కలిపే Conjunction ను Co- Pordinating Conjunctions అంటాము.
నిర్వచనం (Def): సమాన హోదా కలిగియున్న సమానమైన clauses ను కలిపిన దానిని Co-ordinating Conjunction అని అంటారు.

399. Co-ordinating Conjunctions
And, but, for, or, nor, also, either…….. or, neither…… nor.

400. Co-ordinating Conjunctions Jeke:
(1) Cumulative conjunctions (ఒక దానికొకటి కలుపుచూ ఒక మొత్తాన్ని తయారు చేయునవి) కేవలం ఒక word ను ఇంకొక word తో కలుపువాటిని conjunction అంటాము.
We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone.
(2) Adversative Conjunctions: 3835g adversative conjunctions అంటాము.
He is slow, but he is sure.
I was annoyed, still I kept quiet.
I would come; only that I am engaged.
He was all right; only he was fatigued.
(3) ఏదైనా రెండిటి మధ్య choice గురించి మాట్లాడునపుడు వాడు పదములను Disjunctive or Alternative conjunctions అంటాము.
She must weep, or she will die.
Either he is mad, or he feigns madness.
Neither a borrower, nor a lender be,
They toil not, neither do they spin,
Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.
(4) Illative conjunctions: (OA)
Eco
bocche
dump dno ton by
ఒక statement లోని భావము మరియొక statement లో స్ఫురించినపుడు అట్టి conjunctions ను
Illative అని అంటాము.
Something certainly fell in: for I heard a splash.
All precautions must have been neglected, for the plague spread rapidly.

401. Or, nor తప్ప ఏ విధమైన Co-ordinating Conjunctions ను అయినను omit (తీసివేయుట) చేయవచ్చును. దాని స్థానంలో comma ను గాని, semi-colon ను గాని లేక colon ను గా ఈ క్రింది విధముగా ఉంచవచ్చును.
Rama went out to play; Hari stayed in to work.

402. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యమును చదవండి :
I read the paper because it interests me.
పై వాక్యములో రెండు statements లేక రెండు clauses ఉన్నవి. ఆ రెండు clauses లో రెండు statement ఉన్నవి. అందులో ‘because it interests me’ అను statement మిగిలి ఉన్న మొదటి statement పై ఆధారపడి ఉన్నది. కావున రెండవ భాగమైన subordinate clause ను పరిచయం చేస్తున్న because Conjunction Subordinating Conjunction o
నిర్వచనం (Def): Subordinating Conjunction రెండు clauses ను కలుపును. అందులో ఒకటి ఇంకొక దానిపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది. ఈ విధంగా అది ఒక సంపూర్ణమైన భావాన్ని ఇస్తుంది.

403.
Subordinating Conjunctions:-
After, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while.
After the shower was over the sun shone out again.
A book’s a book, although, there is nothing in it.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother,
He ran away because he was afraid.
Answer the first question before you proceed further.
Take heed ere it be too late.
Except ye repent, you shall all likewise perish.
You will pass if you work hard.
Sentinels were posted lest the camp should be taken by surprise.
Since you say so, I must believe it.
Tell them that I will come.
He finished first though he began late.
Will you wait till I return?
He will not pay unless he is compelled.
I waited for my friend until he came.
When I was younger, I thought so.
I do not know whence he comes.
He found his watch where he had left it.
I do not understand how it all happened. Make hay while the sun shines.
I shall go whither fancy leads me.
I know not why he left us.

404. Than అను పదము కూడా Subordinating Conjunction clause అయి ఉన్నది :-
He is taller than I (am tall).
I like you better than he (likes you).
I like you better than (I like) him.
Hari is more stupid than Dhondu (is stupid).
His bark is worse than his bite (is bad).

405. Subordinating Conjunctions ని వాని వాని అర్ధములను బట్టి లేక భావములను బట్టి వివిధ తరగతులుగా విభజించవచ్చును. ఈ విధంగా :-
(1) కాలము (Time)
I would die before I lied.
No nation can be perfectly well governed till it is competent to goven itself.
Many things have happened since I saw you.
I returned home after he had gone.
Ere he blew three notes, there was a rustling.
(2) 5min
? (Cause or Reason)
My strength is as the strength of ten, because my heart is pure.
Since you wish it, it shall be done.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
He may enter, as he is a friend.
(3)ఉద్దేశము ఏమిటి? (Purpose)
We eat so that we may live. asse
He held my hand lest I should fall.
(4) 5055
? (Result or Consequence)
He was so tired that he could scarcely stand.
(5) పరిస్థితి ఎలా ఉంది? (Condition)
Rama will go if Hari goes.
Grievances cannot be redressed unless they are known.
(6) మినహాయింపు ఏమైనా ఉన్నదా? (Concession)
I will not see him, though he comes.
Though He slay me, yet will I trust Him.
A book’s a book, although there’s nothing in it.
(7) ఇతరులతో పోల్చిచూడవచ్చా? (Comparison)
He is stronger than Rustum [is].

406. కొన్ని పదములను Conjunctions గాను Prepositions గాను కూడా వాడవచ్చును. (రూల్ 375 చూడండి
Preposition
Stay till Monday.
I have not met him since Monday.
He died for his country.
The dog ran after the cat.
Everybody but Govind was present.
He stood before the painting.
Conjunction
We shall stay here till you return.
We shall go since you desire it.
I must stay here, for such is my duty.
We came after they had left.
He tried, but did not succeed. nifer Look before you leap.

అభ్యాసము 94
Point out the Conjunctions in the following sentences, and state whether they are Co
ordmaungorSubordmaung:
1. You will not succeed unless you work harder.
2. We arrived after you had gone.
3. I waited till the train arrived.
4. Broad and milk is wholesome food.
5. You will get the prize if you deserve it.
6. When you are called, you must come in at once.
7. Do not go before I come.
8. I cannot give you any money, for I have none.
9. Since you say so, I must believe it.
10. He fled lest he should be killed.
11. I shall be vexed if you do that.
12. We got into the port before the storm came on.
13. He was sorry after he had done it.
14. I did not come because you did not call me.
15. He is richer than I am.
16. My grandfather died before I was born.
17. I will stay until you return.
18. Catch me if you can.
19. Tom runs fasterti-Jan Harry.
20. Is that story true or false?
21. You will be late unless you hurry.
22. He asked whether he might have a holiday.
23. Give me to drink, else I shall die of thirst.
24. If I feel any doubt, I ask.
25. He deserved to succeed, for he worked hard.
26. He will be sure to come if you invite him.
27. We can travel by land or water.
28. The earth is larger than the moon.
29. Either you are mistaken, or I am.
30. I shall go, whether you come or not.
31. Unless you tell me the truth, I shall punish you.
32. I hear that your brother is in London.
33. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.

అభ్యాసము 95
Use these Conjunctions in complex sentences:
(1) But, either………..or, neither……
nor, whether…….
or.
(2) That, before, how, as, unless, until, though, when, while, where, if, than.

అభ్యాసము 96

Distinguish as Adverb, Preposition, or Conjunction, each of the italicized words in the
following sentences:
1. He came before me.
2. He came two hours before.
3. He came before I left.
4. Have you ever seen him since?
5. I have not seen him since Monday.
6. I have not seen him since he was a child.
7. Man wants but little here below.
8. He yearns for nothing but money.
9. We shall go, but you will remain.
10. He arrived after the meeting was adjourned.
11. He arrived after the meeting.
12. He arrived soon after.

అధ్యాయము 41

Some Conjunctions And Their Uses

407. Since అను పదమును Conjunction గా వాడితే వచ్చు భావములు :
(1) ఇచ్చట From మరియు after the time అనే భావములు వచ్చును.
I have been in such a pickle since I saw you last.
Many things have happened since I left school.
I have never seen him since that unfortunate event happened.
గమనిక (Note: Conjunction గా వాడబడినప్పుడు Since అను పదము present perfect tense
లో verb తరువాత, Simple past tense లో verb ముందు వాడబడును.
(2) Seeing that మరియు in as much as అను అర్ధములు ఇచ్చట వచ్చును.
Since you wish it, it shall be done.
Since you will not work, you shall not eat.
Since that is the case. I shall excuse you.

408. Or అను పదమును ఇంకొక దానికి బదులుగా వాడతాము.
(1) ఒక choice చెప్పుటకు
Your purse or your life.
You must work or starve.
You may take this book or that one.
గమనిక (Note) జతలు జతలుగా అనేక alternatives ఒక వాక్యములో ఉండవచ్చును. అప్పుడు అచ్చట రెండు alternative group ల మధ్య alternative భావము Or ను ప్రయోగించుట ద్వారా వస్తుంది. He may study law or medicine or engineering, or he may enter into trade.
2) ఇంకొక పేరును గాని ఇంకొక ప్రతి పదమును గాని (synonym) సూచించుటకు The violin or fiddle has become the leading instrument of the modern orchestra.
(3) Otherwise (అలా కాక పోయినట్లయితే) అను భావమును ఇచ్చుటకు
We must hasten or night will overtake us.
(4) And అనే అర్థమునకు దాదాపు దగ్గరగా నున్న భావములను alternative గా చూపుటకు
The troops were not wanting in strength or courage, but they were badly fed.

409. If అను పదమును ఈ క్రింది పరిస్థితులలో వాడతాము.
(1) ఒక condition (అవస్థ – దశ) ను తెలియజేయుటకు
If he is there, I shall see him.
If that is so, I am content.
(2) ఒక పరిస్థితిని ఒప్పుకొను (Admitting) సందర్భములో
If I am blunt, I am at least honest.
If I am poor, yet I am honest.
(3) అవునా కాదా అను సందర్భములో (Whether)
I asked him if he would help me.
I wonder if he will come.
(4) ఎప్పుడయినా (Whenever) అను సందర్భములో
If I feel any doubt I inquire.
If is also used to express wish or surprise: as,
If I only knew!

410. That అను పదము తన Conjunction (కలుపునట్టి) రూపములో తన స్వభావసిద్ధమైన Demonstrative Pronoun (వేలెత్తి చూపించు సర్వనామము) రూపమును చాలా వరకు నిలబెట్టుకుంటుంది. కావున ‘I am told that you are miserable’ అను వాక్యమును ‘You are miserable: I am told that గా భావించుకొనవచ్చును. ఎలా రాసినా కూడా వేలెత్తి చూపించే దాని తత్వము తగ్గదు అని ఇచ్చట అర్ధం కావున that ను ఈ క్రింది విధంగా కూడా వాడతాము:
(1) Reason ను గాని Cause (కారణము) ను గాని తెలియజేయుటకు. ఆ సందర్భములో అది because, for that, in that అనే భావములను ఇస్తుంది.
Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.
He was annoyed that he was contradicted.
(2) ఒక ఉద్ధేశము (purpose) ను తెలియజేయు సందర్భములో (in order that అను భావమును కలుపుకొనుటకు) that ను వాడవచ్చును.
We sow that we may reap..
He kept quiet that the dispute might cease.
గమనిక (Note): ఉద్ధేశ్యము (purpose)ను తెలియజేయడానికి దానిని ఇప్పుడు సాధారణంగా వాడుటలేదు.
(3) Consequence (పరిణామము లేక ఫలితము), Result (ఫలితము), Effect (ప్రభావము) లను తెలియజేయుటకు
I am so tired that I cannot go on.
He bled so profusely that he died,
He was so tired that he could scarcely stand.

411: Conjunction భావముతో Than అను పదము comparative degree లోనున్న (పోల్చి చెప్పు భావము) adjectives మరియు adverbs ను follow అవుతుంది.
Wisdom is better than rubies (are).
I see you oftener than (I see) him.
I am better acquainted with the country than you are.
I would rather suffer than that you should want.

412. Lest అను పదమును Subordinating Conjunction గా వాడతాము. అట్టి సందర్భములో అది negative భావాన్ని ఇస్తుంది. ‘in order that …….. not’ అను phrase కు సమానమై ఉంటుంది. ‘for fear that’ అను భావమునకు కూడా సమానమై ఉంటుంది. Lest అను పదమునకు అట్లగునేమో అనే భావము వస్తుంది.
Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty.
Do not be idle, lest you come to want.
He fled lest he should be killed.
I was alarmed lest we should be wrecked.
(గమనిక (Note: Modern English లో Lest అను పదమును అంతగా వాడుట లేదు)
గమనిక (Note: Modern English లో Lest తరువాత should అను పదమును వాడుచున్నారు. భయమును సూచించు కొన్ని సందర్భములలో Lest కు బదులుగా that ను వాడేవారు.
I feared lest I might anger thee.

413. While ఈ క్రింది భావములకు కూడా వాడబడుచున్నది :
While is used as:
(1) During the time that, (అనగా ఆ సమయములో) as long as (ఎంత కాలము జరిగితే అంతవరకు అనుభావములతో ఈ పద జాలములను ఉపయోగిస్తాము.
While he was sleeping, an enemy sowed tares.
While there is life there is hope.
(2) At the same time that (అదే సమయములో
The girls sang while the boys played.
While he found fault, he also praised.
(3) Whereas (కాబట్టి, అలా కాకుండా)
While I have no money to spend, you have nothing to spend on.
While this is true of some, it is not true of all.

414. Conjunction భావములో Only అను పదమునకు except that (అది తప్ప), but (కాని, లేక were it not అను అర్ధములు వచ్చునట్లు వాడుచున్నారు.
A very pretty woman, only she squints a little. (కాని ఆమెకు మెల్లకన్ను)
The day is pleasant, only rather cold.
He does well, only that he is nervous at the start.
I would go with you, only I have no money. (నీతో వస్తాను, కాని నా దగ్గర డబ్బులేదే !)

415. Except . ఒకప్పుడు Except కు Conjunction గా మంచి వాడుక ఉండేది.
Except (= unless) ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish.
Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.
Modern English లో ఈ పదమునకు బదులుగా unless అను పదమును వాడుచున్నాము.

416. Without. “without”  వచ్చునట్లుగా వాడడం ఇప్పుడు bad English అయినది.
I shall not go without you do.

417. Because, for, since because o causal mera.
for వాడకం బలహీనమయ్యింది. since పదము రెంటికి మధ్యగా ఉంటుంది.

అధ్యాయము 42
418. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి :-

The Interjection

Hello! What are you doing there?
Alas! He is dead.
Hurrah! We have won the game.
Ah! Have they gone?
Oh! I got such a fright.
Hush! Don’t make a noise.
Hello! Alas! Hurrah! Ah!
అవి ప్రతిబింబించును. వీనికి grammar లో ప్రాముఖ్యము లేదు. Interjections ఈ క్రింది భావములను చూపించును.
నిర్వచనం (Def): ఆకస్మిత భావోద్వేగమును వెలిబుచ్చుటకు వాడు పదములను Interjections అని అంటారు.
(1) Joy; as, Hurrah! huzza!
(2) Grief; as, alas!
(3) Surprise; as, ha! what!
(4) Approval; as, bravo!

419. Sudden feelings చూపడానికి వేరే group of words కూడా ఉన్నవి.
Ah me! For shame! Well done! Good gracious!

అధ్యాయము 43

The Same Word Used As Different Parts Of Speech

420. ఈ క్రింది పదములు వాని వాని వాక్యములలో అవి ఇచ్చు భావములను బట్టి వివిధ parts of speech గా గుర్తింపబడినవి. (భాషాభాగములుగా