అధ్యాయము 12
Synthesis Of Sentences
Combination Of Two Or More Simple Sentences
Into a Single Simple Sentenced
87. Synthesis (సంయోగము – మేళనము) అను పదము Analyse అను పదమునకు (విడదీసి పరిశీలించుట) వ్యతిరేక పదము. కొన్ని Simple వాక్యములను కలిపి కొత్త నమూనా వాక్యమును తయారుచేయుట.
88. రెండు గాని అంతకంటే ఎక్కువగాని Simple sentences ను కలిపి ఒక Simple sentence గా రూపొందించు ప్రధాన పద్ధతులు ఈ క్రింద చూపబడినవి :- 1) Participle ఉపయోగించుట ద్వారా.
1. He jumped up. He ran away.
Jumping up, he ran away.
2. He was tired of play. He sat down to rest
Tired (or, being tired) of play, he sat down to rest
2) Noun పదమునుగాని Noun Phrase ను గాని Apposition పద్ధతిలో ఉపయోగించుట ద్వారా
( పొందిక కలుపుట ద్వారా)
1. This is my friend. His name is Bama.
This is my friend Rama.
2. I spent two days in Cox’s Bazar. It is one of the most attractive spots in Bangladesh.
I spent two days in Cox’s Bazar, one of the most attractive spots in Bangladesh.
Read and Learn more Synthesis of Sentences
3. This town was once a prosperous sea-port. It is now a heap of ruins.
This town, once a Prosperous sea-port, is now a heap of ruins.
3) Noun లేక Gerund (verbal noun) నకు Preposition ను కలిపి ఉపయోగించుట ద్వారా :-
1. The moon rose. Their journey was not ended.
The moon rose before the end of their journey.
2. He has failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.
In spite of many failures he hopes to succeed.
3. Her husband died. She heard the news. She fainted. On hearing the news of her husband’s death, she fainted.
4) Nominative Absolute Construction 3ge oso:
1. The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.
The soldiers having arrived, the mob dispersed.
2. The town was enclosed by a strong wall. The enemy was unable to capture it.
The town having been enclosed by..a strong wall, the enemy was unable to capture it.
5) Infinitive
1. I have some duties. I must perform them.
I have some duties to perform.
2. We must finish this exercise. There are still three sentences.
We have still three sentences of this exercise to, finish.
3. He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to Europe.
He sent his son to Europe to be educated.
4. He is very fat. He cannot run.
He is too fat to run.
6) Adverbs Adverbial Phrase so
1. He deserved to succeed. He failed.
He failed undeservedly.
2. The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.
The boys had not finished the game by sunset.
89. ఈ పైన చూపిన పద్ధతులు కొన్ని వందర్భములలో ఒకటి రెండు కలిసి simple sentences ను రూపొందించడం జరుగుతుంది –
The sun rose. The fog dispersed. The general determined to Clelay no longer. He gave the order to advance.
At sunrise, the fog having dispersed, the general, determined to delay no longer, gave the order to advance.
అభ్యాసము 88
ఈ క్రింది Simple sentences ను Participle ఉపయోగించి ఒక పెద్ద Simple sentence ను రూపొందించండి :-
1. He hurt his foot. He stopped.
2. The thief had been in prison before. He received severe sentences.
3. He was unwilling to go any further. He returned home.
4. They saw the uselessness of violence. They changed their policy.
5. He was weary of failure. He emigrated to Africa.
6. The King was warned of his danger. He made good his escape.
7. He lost a large sum of money. He gave up speculation.
8. I received no answer. I knocked a second time.
9. His wife encouraged him. He persevered.
10. He gave up his situation. He was not satisfied with his salary.
11. He felt tired. He laid his work aside.
12. He went straight on. He saw Hari on the path.
13. The stable door was open. The horse was stolen.
14. The hunter took up his gun. He went out to shoot the lion.
15. I went to Mumbai last year. I wished to see a dentist.
16. A crow stole a piece of cheese. She flew to her nest to enjoy the tasty meal.
17. The magician took pity on U’1e mouse. He turned it into a cat.
18. A passenger alighted from the train. He fell over a bag on the platform.
19. My sister was charmed with the silk. She bought ten yards.
20. I did not hear his answer. It was spoken quietly.
21. The steamer was delayed by a storm. She came into port a day late.
22. He had resolved on a certain course. He acted with vigour.
23. The letter was badly written. I had great difficulty in making out its contents.
24. A hungry fox saw some bunches of grapes. They were hanging from a vine.
25. Cinderella hurried away with much haste. She dropped one of her little glass-slippers.
26. I was walking along the street one day. I saw a dead snake.
27. He was overpowered. He surrendered.
28. He ran at top speed. He got out of breath.
29. He possessed all the advantages of education and wealth. He never made a name.
30. He was occupied with important matters. He had no leisure to see visitors.
31. The Russians burnt Moscow. The French were forced to quit it.
32. The votes on each side were equal. The chairman gave his casting vote against the resolution.
33. Wolsey lost the favour of his master. He was dismissed from his high offices.
34. He is a big boy. He is very strong. He is in the foot-ball team.
35. He came to me. He wanted leave. He was ill.
36. I heard Abdul. He was shouting very loudly. He was calling me.
37. He raised his gun. He took aim. He shot the tiger.
38. He could not eat hard food. He was very old. He had lost his teeth.
39. I have told you the facts. I have nothing more to say. I will sit do’f’n.
40. I was returning home. I saw a man. He looked very ill. He was lying by the roadside.
అభ్యాసము 89
ఒకదాని కొకటి పొందికగానున్న Apposite Nouns ను గాని, Noun Phrases ను గాని ఉపయోగించి ఈ క్రింది జంట వాక్యములను Simple sentences గా రూపొందించండి :-
1. There goes my brother. He is called Sohrab.
2. The cow provides milk. Milk is a valuable food.
3. Mr. Pundit was elected President. He is a well-known Sanskrit scholar.
4. Coal is a very important mineral. It is hard, bright, black and brittle.
5. We saw the picture. It is a very fine piece of work.
6. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340. He is the first great English poet.
7. Tagore’s most famous work is the Gitanjali. It is a collection of short poems.
8. His only son died before him. He was a lad of great promise.
9. His uncle was a millionaire. He sent him to England for his education.
10. The dog bit the man. He was a notorious burglar.
11. Bruno is my faithful dog. I love him.
12. Jawaharlal Nehru died in 1964. He was the first Prime Minister of India.
13. De Lesseps made the Suez Canal. This was a great work. He was a French engineer.
14. Mr. Pundit lives in Dustipore. He is the Collector. It is a large town.
అభ్యాసము 90
Prepositions ను నామవాచక పదములతోగాని Gerund పదములతోగాని కలిపి ప్రయోగించుట ద్వారా ఈ క్రింద విడివిడిగానున్న వాక్యములను Simple sentences గా మార్చండి :-
1. He attended to his duties. He earned promotion.
2. He must confess his fault. He may thus escape punishment.
3. He was ill last term. He was unable to attend school.
4. I forgave him his fault. That has not prevented him from repeating it.
5. The bugle sounded. The weary soldiers leapt to their feet.
6. The word of command will be given. You will then fire.
7. He set traps every night. He cleared his house of rats..
8. The judge gave his decision. The court listened silently.
9. He expects to obtain leave. He has already bought his steamer ticket.
10. He has a good record. It is impossible to suspect such a man.
11. Even a bird will defend its young ones. It then shows great courage.
12. There was a want of provisions. The garrison could hold out no longer.
13. You helped me. Otherwise I should have been drowned.
14. I have examined the statement. I find many errors in it.
15. He is free from disease. At least he appears to be so.
16. His son died. This gave him a shock. He never fully recovered from it.
17. He took the law in his own’ hands. He was not justified in doing so.
18. It rained hard. The streets were flooded.
19. He made heroic efforts to succeed. He failed.
20. The weather is pleasant. It is a little cold however.
21. He was rude. I took no notice of it.
22. He has stolen the purse. There is no doubt about this.
23. She wants to marry a foreigner. Her father is opposed to this.
24. He entered the room with his hat on. His behaviour surprised me.
25. He got great honour. He saved the life of the Rajah.
26. There was an advertisement in the newspaper. His interest was aroused.
27. He amused us very much. He sang a funny song.
28. The prince was ill. The people heard of it. They crowded to the palace.
29. He makes a lot of money. He buys horses. He sells horses.
30. She stood there for hours. She did not move. She did not speak.
31. The prince recovered. The people received the news. They were very enthusiastic.
32. I saw a sowar. He had a lance in his hand. He had a sword by his side.
33. The discovery of his crime was a heavy blow. His reputation suffered. His business decreased.
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ఈ క్రింద విడివిడిగానున్న వాక్యములను Nominative Absolute Construction పద్ధతిలో Simple Sentences గా రూపొందించండి :-
1. His friend arrived. He was very pleased.
2 The rain fell. The crops revived.
3. The storm ceased. The sun came out.
4. The troops were ordered out. The police were unable to hold the mob in check.
5. The holidays are at an end. Boys are returning to school.
6. The wind failed. The crew set to work with a will.
7. It was, a very hot day. I could not do my work satisfactorily.
8. His house has been burned down. He lives in a hotel.
9. The king died. His eldest son came to the throne.
10. His father was dead. He had to support his widowed mother.
11. Rain was plentiful this year. Rice is cheap.
12. The secretaryship was vacant. Nobody was willing to undertake duties of the post. I offered my services.
13. The prisoner was questioned. No witness carne forward. The Judge dismissed the case.
14. The sun rose. The fog cleared away. The lighthouse was seen less than a mile away.
15. He fired his gun. The ball went high. The tiger sprang on him.
16. The master was out of the room. The door was shut. The boys made a lot of noise.
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Infinitive పదములను వాడుచూ ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను Simple sentences గా మార్చండి
1. He had no money. He could not give any away.
2 I have told you all. There is nothing more to be said.
3. He cannot afford a motor-car. He is too poor.
4. I heard of his good fortune. I was glad of that.
5. The information is of no use to us. It has come too late.
6. Your father will hear of your success. He will be.delighted.
7. You did not invest all your savings in one concern. You were prudent.
8. He did not have even a rupee with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.
9. The Pathan took out a knife. His intention was to frighten the old man.
10. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
11. He wants to earn his livelihood. He works hard for that reason.
12. He has five children. He must provide for them.
13. The strikers held a meeting. They wished to discuss the terms of the employers.
14. Napoleon was one of the greatest of generals. This is universally acknowledged.
15. His Majesty desired to kill Gulliver secretly. Various means were employed for this purpose.
16. I will speak the truth. I am not afraid of the consequences.
17. He is very honourable. He will not break his word.
18. He has some bills. He must pay them.
19. He must apologise. He will not escape punishment otherwise.
20. He keeps some fierce dogs. They will guard his house. They will keep away robbers.
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Adverbs ను గాని Adverbial phrases నుగాని ఉపయోగించుచూ ఈ క్రింది విడివిడి వాక్యములను Simple sentences గా రూపొందించండి :
1. I accept your statement. I do it without reserve.
2. He answered me. His answer was correct.
3. He forgot his umbrella. That was careless.
4. He is a bad boy. This is certain.
5. The train is very late. That is usual.
6. I shall come back. I shall not be long.
7. He kicked the goal-keeper. It was his intention to do so.
8. He was obstinate. He refused to listen to advice.
9. He spent all his money. This was foolish.
10. I met him only once. It was in a railway carriage.
11. He applied for leave. It was not granted.
13. He was not at the meeting. His absence was unavoidable.
12. He admitted his error. He expressed his regret.
14. He has succeeded. His success has been beyond my expectation.
15. It must be done. The cost does not count.
16. I have read Bacon. It has profited me greatly.
17. He is not qualified for the post. He is not qualified in any degree.
18. The door was open. It looked rather suspicious.
19. The blow dazed him. That condition lasted only for a time.
20. He persevered. He was not deterred by obstacles.
21. I did not eat any of the poisoned food. This was lucky.
22. He solved the problem. Its solution took him no time.
23. He visited Ooty. He did so for reasons of health.
24. He accomplished the task. He brought unflagging industry to his accomplishment.
25. Boys grow up to be men. The growth is very slow. It cannot be seen.
26. Rama struck Krishna. His blows were cruel. They were frequent. There was no reason for this.
అభ్యాసము 94
ఈ క్రింది ప్రతి జత వాక్యములను ఒక్కొక్క Simple sentence గా తీర్చి వ్రాయండి.
1. Homer was a great poet. He was bom somewhere. Nobody knows where.
2 He was a leader. He did not follow other men. Such was his nature.
3. I bought this hat two years ago. It is still good. It is fit to wear.
4. He devoted himself to public affairs. He never took a holiday. This continued for thirty years.
5. Clive made proposals. Some opposed the proposals. The majority supported them. They were carried.
6. Clive was determined to reform the administration. Reforms were needed. He informed the council accordingly.
7. The man was innocent. He could have defended himself. He refused to speak. He was afraid of convicting his friend.
8. He was in prison. His friend was in the next cell. There was a brick wall between the cells. He made a hole in the wall. He was able to talk to his friend.
9. The boy was drowning. He shouted for help. A workman heard the boy’s shouts. He plunged into the river. He risked his own life.
10. The traveller was toiling slowly over the desert. He suddenly turned round. He heard’his companion’s voice. His companion was crying for help.
11. We returned down the valley of the Jumna. We came first to Delhi. Delhi is the capital of India.
12.The art of printing was introduced into England during the reign of Edward IV. The art of printing was introduced by William Caxton. William Caxton was a native of Kent.
13. The sun shone on the corn. The corn ripened. It did this in a short time. The farmer was filled with joy.
14. He struck his foot against a stone. He fell to the ground. He made his clothes very dirty.
15. He paid all his late father’s debts. This was a very honest proceeding. It was very creditable to him.
16. He has two horses. He must feed them. He must water them. He must groom them. He must bring them to his master at 12 o’clock.
17. He goes to school. He wishes to learn. He wants to grow up honest, healthy and clever.
18. There was a man hiding in my garden. He was armed with a gun. He was a Pathan. My notice was drawn to it.
19. The soldiers were starving. Their ammunition was expended. Their clothes were in rags. Their leaders were dead. The enemy easily defeated them.
20. Napoleon was the first Emperor of the French. He was a great soldier. He inspired his armies with the most war-like spirit. This was the cause of their many victories.
21. Wellington was the greatest of English admirals. Napoleon was the greatest of French soldiers. They were contemporaries. They were the heroes of their respective countries.
22. The miser laughed. He found himself to be richer by a rupee. He saw his adversary outwitted.
23. He hardened his heart. He wished to punish the people mercilessly. He wanted to make an example of them once and for all.
24. He opened his letters. He read them carefully. He sent for his clerk. He dictated answers to them.
25. He receives much gratitude. He performs kindly actions. He is not harsh in the execution of his duty. He does not oppress the poor.
26. His friends assembled. They offered him their congratulations upon his safe return. Everybody was comfortably seated. He described all his adventures.
27. The thieves poisoned the dog. He had brought it from England. He bad trained it carefully to protect his property.
28. Vultures appeared one after another. They were wheeling round and round. They were descending towards the spot. They had cruel beaks and talons.
29. The room was covered with blood. It stained the walls and ceiling. It darkened the floor. It flowed in a stream under the door. It stood in puddles everywhere.
30. The house had been pulled down. Another had been built in its place. It was difficult to identify the exact spot.
31. He eamed the hatred of all good men. He incited youths to crime. He furnished them with means. He himself kept safely out of the way in time of danger.
32. He copied from the next boy. This was a mean and dishonest action. It brought disgrace upon him. He was punished for it.
33. He had not sufficient courage. He could not face the opposition of his caste fellows. He could not go away from his native place to begin life afresh.
34. Rabindranath Tagore founded Shantiniketan. He was a Nobel laureate. He was the author of the national anthem.
35. He could not finish his work. He had no opportunity. He could not do much of it in fact. He was very often ill. He was frequently absent.
36. The criminal was a man of his own caste. He was an ungrateful and incorrigible wretch. He had often helped him.
37. He wen1 for a walk one day. He saw a wounded bird. He picked it up. He brought it home. He carefully tended it for some time. It completely recovered. This gave him great joy.
38. I knew a boy at school. He is now famous as a soldier. He is known to the tribesmen as the ‘Sleepless One’. He is greatly feared by them.
39. The water had boiled. The tea was made. The food was ready. The table was spread. They sat down to eat and drink.
40. He deserves my thanks. He found my purse. He returned it to me. He took nothing out of it.
41. I saw a dog. It had three legs. It had only one ear. It was a terrier. It was a well-bred little animal.
42. He must clean all the silver. He must put it away. He must lock it up. He must bring me the key of the box. These were my orders to him.
43. The horse had many of the points of a racer. It had slim legs. It had high withers. It had powerful quarters. It had a tremendous stride.
44. He was a great statesman. He had worked well for his country. He was very popular. He was awarded the title of ‘Bharat Ratna’.
45. Wood was collected. ‘Camp fires were lighted. Food was cooked. Food was eaten. The army lay down to sleep.
46. He alienated his friends. His conduct was disgraceful. He was put in gaol. 47. Rama had a wide knowledge of the business. Krishna had the necessary capital. They combined resources. They entered into partnership.
48. Their father had a large sum of money. He divided it equally between them by his will. The daughters were eagerly sought in marriage.
49. The ground is soft and marshy. There are many frogs. Snakes abound there. They are the enemies of mankind.
50. His hopes are high. His superiors are pleased with him. He is justified in hoping.
51. He rode along for hours. He did not strike his horse. He did not spur it.
52. I have some advice. I must give it to you. I must impress it strongly upon you.
53. I hear rumours about Laxman. He is an old pupil of mine. He is a good cricketer. He is a good football player. He is not a steady worker.
54. He was delighted with the intelligence and brightness of the scholars. He overlooked the fact of their knowing few things by heart.
55. He built a house. It had many large doors. It had many large windows. It had wide verandahs. It had a general air of coolness and comfort.
56. He told a story. It was about a man. The man had great strength. He was a famous warrior.
57. He came to Mumbai. He wished to see his father. He had some business to settle.
58. After the storm the boat had no mast. It could not keep before the wind.
59. The cage contains a tiger. The cage was strongly built. It was so built for this purpose.
60. The ancient myths of India have been preserved in the minds of the people. They have been preserved It could not return to port. with great care. This has been done by priests. It has also been done by the learned men. These are the guardians of the lamp of learning.
అధ్యాయము 13
Synthesis Of Sentences (Contd.)
Combination Of Two Or More Simple Sentences Into A Single Compound Sentence
90. Co-ordinative Conjunctions ago Simple sentences Compound sentences లోనికి మార్పిడి చేయవచ్చును. ఇందులో నాలుగు పద్ధతులు ఉన్నవి :-
Cumulative : ఒక గ్రూపుగా చేరుట ద్వారా ఇచ్చు భావము
Adversative : వ్యతిరేకార్థము ఇచ్చుట ద్వారా
Alternative : ఒకటికి బదులుగా ఒకటి ఇచ్చుట ద్వారా
Illative : ఒక సారాంశ భావమును ఇచ్చుట ద్వారా
1) Cumulative భావము
1. Night came on. The room grew dark.
Night came on and the room grew dark.
2. He is a fool. He is a knave.
He is a fool and a knave.
[Or] He is both a fool and a knave.
[Or] He is not only a fool but also a knave.
[Or] He is a fool as well as a knave.
3. The wind blew. The rain fell. The lightning flashed.
The wind blew, the rain fell, and the lightning flashed.
పై వాక్యములలో conjunction అయిన ‘and’ అను పదము ఒక statement ను ఇంకొక statement కు కలిపి ఒక వాక్యమును తయారుచేసింది.
ao Conjunction phrases eo both and, not only…but also, as well as 555 నొక్కివక్కాణించు భావమును వెలిబుచ్చునవి. ఇవి కూడా పైన ఉదహరించిన Cumulative భావమును ఇచ్చును. ఒక statement ను ఇంకొక statement తో కలుపు Conjunctions ను ‘Cumulative’ అని
అంటారు.
B. 1. He is slow. He is sure.
He is slow but he is sure.
2. I was annoyed. I kept quiet.
I was annoyed, still (or yet) I kept quiet.
3 He failed. He persevered.
He failed, nevertheless he persevered.
4. I shall not oppose your design. I cannot approve of it.
I shall not oppose your design; I cannot, however, approve of it.
5. He was all right. He was fatigued.
He was all right; only he was fatigued.
Conjunctionbut, still, yet, nevertheless, however we
కలుపును. కాని ‘but’ అను conjunction కంటె still, yet, however, nevertheless అను పదములు but అను simple పదము కంటే బలమైనవి.
వ్యతిరేకార్ధమును మరియు తేడాను తెలియజయు Conjunctions ను Adversative Conjunctions అని అంటారు.
C. 1. Make haste. You will be late.
Make haste or you will be late.
2 Come in. Go out.
Come in or go out.
[Or more emphatically]. Either come in or go out.
3. Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender.
Do not be a borrower or a lender.
Or: Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
dod statements” or, either… or, neither… nor 35″ choice (selection) ను ఇచ్చు సందర్భములో వానిని ఉపయోగించి Alternative అని అంటాము.
D. 1. He was obstinate. He was punished.
He was obstinate; therefore he was punished.
2. I cannot see. It is very dark
I cannot see, for it is very dark.
3. It is raining heavily, I will take an umbrella with me.
It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me.
Conjunctions అయిన “therefore for so etc” పదములు. ఒక statement నుండి ఇంకొక భావము పుట్టి ఆ రెంటిని పై మాటలు కలిపినపుడు వానిని ॥lative Conjunctions అని అంటారు. 1. Abdul is ill. He cannot study. He still attends school.
Abdul is ill and cannot study, yet he still attends school.
2. He saw the boy in the street. He stopped to speak to him. He gave him a rupee.
Seeing the boy in the street, he stopped to speak to him and gave him a rupee.
అభ్యాసము 95
ఈ క్రింది జంట Statements ను ( Simple sentences ను) Compound sentences గా మార్చండి.
1. He does well. He is nervous at the start.
2. The way was long. The wind was cold.
3. It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.
4 The harvest truly is plenteous. The labourers are few.
5. It was a stormy night. We ventured out.
6. He is foolish. He is also obstinate.
7. We can travel by land. We can travel by water.
8. I am in the right. You are in the wrong.
9. The paper is good. The binding is very bad.
10. The train was wrecked. No one was hurt.
11. Football is a vigorous and healthy game. Every boy should play it.
12. We must hasten. The robbers will overtake us.
13. The prince married the beautiful princess. They lived happily ever after.
14. The river is deep and swift. I am afraid to dive into it.
15. He was fined. He was sent to prison.
16. You may go to the theatre. Rama may go to the theatre.
17. Brute was lying on his bed. He looked up to the roof. He saw a spider.
18. I cried out sadly. I beat my head and breast. I threw myself down on the ground.
19. You may play hockey. You may play football. You must do either of the two.
20. You may be wrong. Rashid may be wrong. You cannot both be right.
21. I got up. I looked about everywhere. I could not perceive my companions.
22. In Hyderabad I visited Charminar, Golkonda Fort and Birla Mandir. I could not visit Salar Jung Museum.
23. A is equal to B. B is equal to C. A is equal to C.
24. Most of the rebels Were slain. A few escaped. They hid in the woods and marshes. The rebellion was quickly suppressed.
25. He was my school-fellow. He has become a great man. He has grown proud. He forgets his ola friends.
26. I did not see you. I should have spoken to you. I had important news. Delay was dangerous.
27. Make haste. You will be late. There is no other train till midnight. That train is a slow one.
28. Their boats are made of a kind of bark. They are very light. They can easily be carried on the shoulders.
29. The emu, or Australian ostrich, does not sit on its eggs. It covers them up with leaves and grass. It leaves them to be hatched by the heat of the sun.
30. We must catch the 5 o’clock train. There is only half an hour left. We must start without further delay.
31, A timid dog is dangerous. He always suspects ill-treatment. He tries to protect himself by snapping.
32. A husbandman had sown some corn in his fields. He had only recently done so. Cranes came to eat the corn. The husbandman fixed a net in his fields to catch the cranes.
33. The monsoon failed. The tanks became almost empty. No grain could be sown. A famine was feared. The ryots looked anxiously for the next monsoon. It proved unusually abundant. The danger was averted.
34. The second class carriage is full. We may pay first class fare. We may not travel first class with second class tickets. That is forbidden.
36. He is a rich man. He did not earn his wealth. He does not appreciate the value of money. He squanders it. H
37. The storm abated. The sun shone. The ship-wrecked mariners could see no sign of land. “They were .adrift in midocean.
38. Generally, your conduct is good. You have been guilty of an act of folly. You will not tje’.punished.radvise you to be more prudent in future.
39. I lost my way. I asked a policeman to direct me. He was new to his work. He could not help me. He called a gentleman passing by to my assistance.
40. The engine-driver saw the danger. He applied the brakes. The line was greasy. The brakes failed to act quickly. The train crashed into the gates at the crossing. The engine left the rails.
41. The rain fell steadily for several days. The river overflowed its banks. The terrified villagers abandoned their homes. They fled to the higher ground. Soon the floods retired, The villagers were able to return.
అధ్యాయము 14
Synthesis Of Sentences (Contd.)
Combination Of Two Or More Simple Sentences Into A Single Complex Sentence
1. Subordinate Clause A Noun Clause
91. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలోని Subordinate Clauses Noun Clauses అయి ఉన్నవి.
1. That you are drunk aggravates your offence.
2 He will be late. That is certain.
It is certain that he will be late.
3. You are repentant. I will not forget it
I will not forget that you are repentant.
4. He may be innocent I do not know.
I do not know whether he is innocent.
5. He is short-sighted. Otherwise he is fit for the post.
Except that he is short-sighted he is fit for the post.
6. The clouds would disperse. That was our hope. Our hope was cheering. Our hope that the clouds would disperse, was cheering.
7. The game was lost it was the consequence of his carelessness.
The consequence of his carelessness was that the game was lost.
2. Subordinate Clause An Adjective Clause
92. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Subordinate clauses Adjective clauses అయి ఉన్నవి:-
1. A fox once met a lion. The fox had never seen a lion before.
A fox who had never seen a lion before met him.
2 She keeps her ornaments in a safe. This is tile:
This is the safe where she keeps her ornaments.
3. A cottager and his wife had a hen. The hen laid an egg everyday. The egg was golden,
A cottagger and his wife had a hen which laid an egg everyday,
3. Subordinate Clause An Adverb Clause
93. ఈ క్రింది examples లో Subordinate clause ఒక Adverb clause గా ఉన్నది :-
1. Indira Gandhi died in 1984. Rajiv Gandhi thereafter became Prime Minister,
When Indira Gandhi died in 1984, Raiiv Gandhi became Prime Minister.
2. I waited for my friend. I waited till his ariival. I waited for my friend until he came.
3. He fled somewhere. His pursuers could not follow him. He fled where his pursuers could not follow him.
4. Let men sow anything. They will reap its fruit. As men sow, so shall they reap.
5. You are strong. I am equally strong. I am as strong as you are.
6. He was not there. I spoke to his brother for that reason.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
7. We wish to live. We eat for that purpose. We eat so that we may live.
8, He was quite tired. He could scarcely stand. He was so tired that he could scarcely stand.
9. Don’t eat too much. You will be ill. If you eat too much you will be ill.
10. He began late. He finished first. He finished first though be began late.
11. I shall come. My being alone is a condition. I shall come if I am alone.
12. I must know all the facts. I cannot help you otherwise. Before I can help you, I must know all the facts.
13. He is superstitious. He is equally wicked. He is as superstitious as he is wicked.
అభ్యాసము 96
ఈ క్రింది Simple sentence జంటలను Noun Clause ఉన్నట్టి Complex sentences గా మార్చండి.
1. He is wrong. I am sure of it
2 You deceived him. That was his complaint.
3. The train will arrive at a certain time. Do you know the time.?
4. All the planets except for Pluto travel round the sun the same way and in the same plane. I have often told you this truth.
5. He will waste his time. That is certain.
6. Where have you put my hat? Tell me.
7. He is short-tempered. I like him all the same.
8. Is it time for the train to start? Ask the guard.
9. It is going to rain. I am sure of it.
10. Something may be worth doing. It is only worth doing well.
11. He is a sincere worker. No one can doubt this fact.
12. He said something. I did not hear it.
13. How did you find that out? Tell me.
14. You have made a mistake. I think so.
15. Who wrote Shakuntala ? Can you tell me that?
16. You stole the purse. Do you deny it ?
17. I am very sorry. I cannot adequately express my sorrow.
18. We have been deceived. That is the truth.
19. How did Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose die? It is a mystery.
20. He will succeed. We expect it.
21. What have you done? Tell me.
22. We wished to know. We were going somewhere.
23. We were nearing some waterfall. It was evident from the distant roar of water.
24: A certain number of the enemy escaped. We do not know this number.
25. The two friends quarrelled. I want to know the reason.
26. He is a great orator. This fact cannot be denied.
27. Columbus made an egg stand on its end. I will show you his method,
28. I have seen this man somewhere before. I can not remember the place.
29. He will arrive some time. I do not know the time of his arrival.
30. He distrusts his own sons. It is difficult to under stand the reason.
అభ్యాసము 97
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను Adjective clause ఉన్నట్టి Complex sentences గా మార్చండి.
1. The theft was committed last night. The man has been caught.
2. The French and Italian languages are different from the Latin language. Latin was once spoken in almost every part of Europe.
3. The time was six o’clock. The accident happened then.
4. You are not keeping good health lately. Can you tell me the reason?
5. He has many plans for earning money quickly. All of thel1J have failed.
6. A lion was proud of his strength. He despised the weaknessofthe mouse.
7. The grapes hung over the garden wall. The fox saw the grapes.
8. That is the school. I was taught there.
9. You put it somewhere. Show me the place.
10. My travelling companion was an old gentleman. His name is Mr. Haq. I met him in Basra.
అభ్యాసము 98
ఈ క్రింది జంట Simple sentences ను Adverb clause ఉన్నట్టి Complex sentences గా మార్చండి
1. The nurse must be very tired. She had no sleep last night.
2 A gentleman may call. Please ask him to wait.
3. He ran so quickly. He soon overtook me.
4. I will get ready. Do not go till then.
5. He spoke in a very low voice. Nobody could hear him.
6 Success attends hard work. Failure attends bad work.
7. It was very stuffy I.ast night. I could not sleep.
8. The monsoon may break this month. Otherwise the wells will run dry.
9. I may help you. I may not help you. You are sure to lose the game.
10. The fireman came out of the house. The roof collapsed that very moment.
11. You must hurry. You will miss the train otherwise.
12. I wound my watch this morning. It has stopped.
13. He is very old. He enjoys good health.
14. No more funds are available. The work has been stopped.
15. He saw me coming. He immediately took to his heels.
16. I may be blunt. I am at least honest.
17. He will not go out in the rain. He is afraid of getting wet.
18. He was contradicted. He was annoyed.
19. He bled profusely. He died.
20. This may be true of some. It is not true of all.
21. He ran quickly. He soon overtook me.
22. I had left home. Your letter arrived afterwards.
23. He saw us. He disappeared immediately.
24. The bandits fought desperately. They could not bear the idea of being taken alive.
25. The sailors cast anchor. They did so to prevent the ship from drifting on the rocks.
26. The delegates arrived. The discussion was resumed.
27. You make a good deal of noise. I cannot work.
28. We may sail tomorrow. It depends on the weather.
29. It is very simple. Even a child can understand it.
30. He was returning from school. He was caught in a shower.
31. Robinson Crusoe discovered the print of a foot on the sand. He was puzzled.
32. He finished the work. Just then the clock struck five.
33. He is being lionized. He still keeps a level head.
34. Why do you keep your eye on me like this? Have you turned detective?
35. We travelled together as far as Kolkata. We parted company there.
36. He is a rich man. No other man in our community is equally rich.
37. You may wish to do the work. You may not wish to do the work. You must still do it.
38. He was sick. He remained at home.
39. You have tears. Prepare to shed them now.
40. He may slay me. I will trust him.
41. He saw me. He ran away then.
42. He came to my house. I was out.
43. He grew weaker and weaker. He died.
44. All will respect you. Your being honest is a condition.
45. We take off our clothes. We go to bed.
46. He was hanged. He had committed murder.
47. His father died. He has been very poor from that time.
48. He is old. He cannot walk.
49. He won the race. He was the swiftest.
50. Life lasts a certain time. Let us be honest during that time.
51. The wolf is larger. The jackal is smaller.
52. Arjun is clever. His cleverness equals Rama’s.
94. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను జాగ్రత్తగా పరిశీలించండి:-
1. He had read Milton. He had read it in a prose translation. He had read it when he was fourteen. He told us this.
He told us that he had read Milton, in a prose translation, when he was fourteen.
2. A bachelor may be surrounded with all sorts of luxuries. In spite of that he will always find his happiness incomplete. He must have a wife and children.
3. With whatever luxuries a bachelor may be surrounded, he will always find his happiness incomplete, unless he has a wife and children.
Pope professed to have learned his poetry from Dryden. Through his whole life. he praised him with unvaried liberality. He did so whenever an opportunity was presented.
Pope professed to have learned his poetry from Dryden, whom, whenever an opportunity was presented, he praised through his whole life with unvaried liberalilty.
4.Milton did not educate his daughters in the languages. He said that one tongue was enough for a woman. Milton said that he did not educate his daughters in the languages, beecause one tongue was enough for a woman.
5. I sank into the water. I felt confused. Nothing can describe that confusion.
Nothing can describe the confusion of thought which I felt when I sank into the water.
6. We had in this village an idiot boy. I well remember that boy. From a child he showed a strong propensity for bees. This was some twenty years ago.
We had in this village, some twenty years ago, an idiot boy, whom I well remember, who from a child showed a strong propensity for bees.
అభ్యాసము 99
ఈ క్రింది జంట వాక్యములను (Simple sentences) complex sentence గా కలపండి :-
1. That is the man. He gave me a dog. It went mad.
2 Rama will not play in the match. The notion is foolish. He is the best player in the school.
3. I wrote the letter. It contained the truth. He praised me for it.
4. Honesty is the best policy. Have you never heard it?
5. He came to see me. He wanted to tell me something. His father was dead. He had been ill for a long time.
6. The horse has killed a man. I wished to sell it to you. The man was trying to steal it.
7. He took the medicine. He then felt better. It cured his headache.
8. He gave an order. He is obeyed. They fear to offend him.
9. The absence of the girl from her home was unusual. Inquiries were made. They led to no result.
10. Your conduct is very peculiar. I am unable to understand it. It has been described to me.
11. He played exceedingly well in the match. His team won in consequence. The match was played yesterday.
12. He wrote a letter. He wrote it for a certain reason. He wrote it to his superior. He told me about this.
13. I visited his garden. In it there were some beautiful rose-trees. The trees were full of bloom. These were red and white in colour.
14. He forsook his dishonest ways. No one would give him work. His dishonest ways had brought him to the depths of poverty.
15. He is sure to receive his pay. It’is due to him. Why then does he worry?
16. He has very bad health. He lives very carefully. It is inexplicable to the doctor. The doctor has attended him for years. He told me this.
17. His servants. disliked him. They flattered him. He was very harsh to them.
18. I carefully sighted the rifle. I did not wish to miss. A miss might have cost me my life.
19. The speed of the boat was remarkable. It was going against the current. It was going against the wind. These facts should be kept in mind.
20. He stole a book. It had the owner’s name written in it. I was told this. The name was well known to him.
21. They had marched the whole journey at top speed. They wished to surprise the enemy. The journey was very long.
22. My friend is going to Europe. He has got long leave. His brother is already there. He wishes to become a doctor.
23. Rama will not play against the Hindu school. It has a very strong team. He has declared this to be his intention. He does not wish to tire himself before the cup-match. It takes place the next day.
24. The man talks most. That man does least. This very often happens.
25. A man did this. He must have been very strong. There is no doubt of it. Our father says so.
26. He paid a sum of money for the information. He paid it to a certain person. He paid it for some reason.27. They had the treasure in some place. The treasure was very valuable. The place was never discovered. They feared pursuit and capture. They hid it in a jungle.
28. He endeavoured to hide the traces of the crime. He had committed it. The reason is not difficult to see.
29. He had not learned to read and write. He was very ignorant. He could not even talk fluently. Such a man should not .pretend to be a doctor.
30. The boy had many accomplishments. The father fully described a large number of these to the teacher. He wished to get him admitted to the school.
31. The jackal was pursued by the dogs. It was very hungry. They were well fed. It was caught.
32. He waited longer. He got more angry. He had ordered them to be punctual.
33. You may like it. You may not like it. In either case I shall send you there. It is my duty to do so.
34. Your father succeeded well. Would you like to succeed equally well? He worked hard. You must work equally hard.
35. You have failed. I am sorry to hear it. You deserved to pass. I think it.
36. You will be allowed to enter for the examination. Your working hard is a condition. The orders are to that effect. They were issued by the Principal.
37. Rama is more clever. Krishna is less clever. I think it. I judge by the results of the examination. There is a will. There is a way too. This is generally true.
38. I heard the news. I went to the hospital. I wished to discover the extent of his injuries. The hospital is not far from my house.
39. You may please him. You may displease him. He will promote you sooner or later accordingly. This is only right.
40. You sow in a certain way. You will reap in the same way. The proverb says this.
41. You may look everywhere. There you will see signs of industry. These signs speak well for the prosperity of the people.
42. I have done much sword-play. The sight of a sword gives pleasure to a man like me. This is undeniable.
43. I should like to know the sum, the person and the reason. I could then prosecute him.
44. They played the game very skilfully. No one could have played it more skilfully. They had been thoroughly well trained.
45. He is an idle and careless boy. The report was to this effect. His father received the report. He was very grieved to receive it.
అభ్యాసము 100
ఈ క్రింది groups of వాక్యములను Compound వాక్యములుగా గాని, Complex వాక్యములుగా గాని మీకునచ్చిన రీతిలో మార్చి రూపొందించండి :-
1. I offered him help. He needed help. He persisted in refusing help. I left him to his fate.
2 A famished traveller was toiling over the desert. He found a bag. He was highly delighted. He opened the bag. He found nothing but pearls.
3. Hundreds of men and women have travelled in space. Some have travelled in space for a few days. Others have done I it for several months.
4. I was in Sri Lanka in May last. I visited Mihintale. It is regarded as the cradle of Buddhism.
5. Once an oarsman was rowing by himself. He did not look behind him. He met another boat. He crashed into it. He was upset.
6. A dog was running away with a piece of meat. He passed some deep still water. He saw there the reflected image of the meat. He dropped the meat into the deep water. He snatched in vain at the shadow.
7. A fox saw a crow sitting on a tree with a piece of cheese in his mouth. The fox praised the crow’s singing. The crow was pleased by the flattery. The crow began to sing. The crow dropped the cheese
8. A lion was proud of his strength. He despised the weakness of the mouse. He was caught in a net. He could not escape from the net. He was set free by the exertions of the mouse.
9. John signed. John was King of England. He signed a document called the Magna Carta. He was afraid of his barons. He did not care about liberty. He signed the document at Runnymede. Runnymede is on the Thames. It is not far from Windsor.
10. The train ran down the incline. The train attained great speed. The train turned a sharp curve at the bottom. The train oscillated under the influence of the brakes. The train threw all the passengers into a panic.
11. A half-starved mouse managed to creep into a basket of corn. The mouse rejoiced in his good fortune. The mouse fed greedily on the corn. The mouse tried to get out of the basket. His body was now too big to pass through the hole.
12. It would not be possible for any life to survive on Venus and Mercury. They are nearer to the sun than the earth. They are very hot planets.
13. A band of ruffians entered a village. The ruffians were well armed. They entered the village at night. Some of the ruffians were escaped convicts. The ruffians stole the cattle of the villagers. The villagers were asleep.
14. My fellow-traveller had a gun.. He was boasting of his bravery. Suddenly a bear came behind a rock close in front of us. It stood in our way. It was growling angrily.
15. Mungo Park explored the interior regions of Africa. He was employed by the African Association. The undertaking was hazardous. He suffered many distresses. Those distresses were often alleviated by the compassion of the negroes.
16. A lion was drinking in a clear pool. His stately mane was reflected by the pool. The lion saw the reflection. He greatly admired his mane. He was afterwards pursued by hunters with their guns. He was pursued through a thick wood. He then found his mane useless and of no avail.
17. The King ordered me to go to a distant village. It was not possible to disobey. I set off for the village. There I was mortified to find no one willing to admit me into his house. I was regarded with astonishment and fear.
18. I was obliged to sit the whole day without victuals. A tree protected me against the heat and the sun. The night was very threatening. The wind rose. There were heavy rain clouds. The wild beasts were numerous thereabout. To escape them it would have been necessary to climb a tree and sit among the branches.
19. The sun set. I was preparing to pass the night in a tree. A negro woman stopped to observe me. She was returning from the labour of the field. She perceived my weariness and dejection. She inquired into my situation. I briefly explained it to her. With a look of compassion she told me to follow her.
20. She conducted me to her hut. She told me to remain there for the night. Then she found me hungry. She procured from outside a fine fish. She caused it to be half boiled upon some embers. She then gave it to me for supper.
21. He had made war on Saxony. He had set the Roman crown upon his own head. He had become famous throughout the whole world. But his fame had not prevented his hair from becoming grey.
22. Augustus probably died a natural death. He was in his seventy-eighth year. He had been reduced to despondency by the disaster in Germany. He was travelling at an unhealthy time of the year. He had exposed himself imprudently to the night air. And all the other particulars are quite opposed to the poison theory.
23. This is not the least part of our happiness. We enjoy the remotest products of the north and south. At the same time we are free from extremities of the weather. Our eyes are refreshed with the green fields of Britain. At the same time our palates are refreshed with tropical fruit.
24. He was a man of haughty and vehement temper. He was treated very ungraciously by the court. He was supported very enthusiastically by the people. He would eagerly take the first opportunity of showing his power and gratifying his resentment. This might be expected.
25. Bonaparte was born a Corsican. He distinguished himself at school. He joined the republican army. He started as corporal. His bravery was remarkable. His mental powers were great. He became the head of the army of Italy. He conquered Egypt. He set aside the republic. He was proclaimed Emperor.
26. He is now gone to his final reward. He was full of years and honours. These honours were especially dear to his heart for the following reasons. They were gratefully bestowed by his pupils. They bound him to the interests of that school. He had been educated in that school. His whole life had been dedicated to its service.