Syntax And Other Rules
1. ఏకవచనములో నుండు ప్రతి Common noun ముందు, article తప్పక ఉపయోగించవలెను. ఉ:- ‘I saw boy’ అనకూడదు. ‘I saw a boy’ అనవలెను.
2. మనుష్యుల యొక్కయు, పట్టణముల యొక్కయు, దేశముల యొక్కయు, ఖండముల యొక్కయు పేర్లయందు article వుంచకూడదు. ఉ:- the Rama, the Bombay, the India Rama, Bombay, India అని చెప్పవలెను.
3. కర్త ఏకవచనములో ఏపురుషలో వుంటే, క్రియ కూడ ఆవచనములో ఆ పురుషలో వుండవలెను. ఉ:- ‘They is’ అనుట తప్పు. ‘They are’ అని చెప్పవలెను. lis అనుట తప్పు ‘Iam’ అని చెప్పవలెను.
4. Simple present tense లో, third person sigular కి.S అను అక్షరము తప్పక చేర్చ వలెను. ఉ:- He go ‘The boy sit’ అనుట ‘He goes’ “The boy sits’ అని చెప్పవలెను.
5. Have అను (Auxiliary) verb తరువాత ఎప్పుడును క్రియ యొక్క Past participle రూపము తప్ప మరియే రూపమును ఉపయోగించకూడదు. ఉ:- ‘He has go’ లేక ‘He has went’ అనుట తప్పు ‘He has gone’ అని చెప్పవలెను.
6. Present participle Past participles Finite verbs **వలె వుపయోగించకూడదు.
ఉ:- going అనుట తప్పు : ‘I am going’ ‘I was going’ అని చెప్పవలెను. ‘He gone’ అనుట తప్పు : ‘He has gone ‘He went’ అని చెప్పవలెను.
7. 1) Each boy gets a different prize.
2) Every good boy_was rewarded..
Rules of sentence construction..
That form of a verb without which we cannot mak a sentence at all, is a finite verb. If there is only one verb word in a sentence, it is a finite; if there are two or more verb-words in a sentence, the first one alone is a finite and the others are not.
Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics
Note:- Two nouns qualified by each or every though connected by and, require a singular verb.
1. Every Printer and every Publisher is required to submit the monthly return for the paper consumed by him.
2. Every Nation and every government is engaged in an economic war.
3. You may do the sum by either * method. There are trees on either side of the road. Either pen serves the purpose.
4. Neither ** answer is correct.
-పై వాక్యములలో each, eory, either, neither -అను adjectiveచే qualify చేయబడు boy, method, side, pen, answer అను నామవాచకములు ఏ పచనములో నున్నవి ? ఏకవచనములో నున్నవి. ఈ నామవాచకములు కర్తలుగా గల gets, was, rewarded, service, is అను క్రియలు ఏ వచనములో సున్నవి ? ఏకవచనములో నున్నవి.
-కాబట్టి each, every, either, neither చే qualify చేయబడు నామవాచకములును, ఈ నామవాచకములు కర్తలుగా గల క్రియలును ఏక వచనమనులో నుండవలెను.
8.1) Each of the boys gets a different prize.
2) (a) Either of the methods is good.
(b) Either of them has permission to go.
3) Neither of the answers is correct.
పై వాక్యములలో each, either, neither అను pronouns కర్తలుగా నున్నవి. వీని క్రియలు gets, is, has ఏ పచనములో నున్నవి ? ఏకవచనములో నున్నవి.
కాబట్టి each, either, neither అను pronouns గా ఉపయోగింపబడి కర్తలుగా నున్నపుడు వాని క్రియలు ఏకవచనములో నుండవలెను మరియు ఈ pronouns కు బదులుగా వచ్చు సర్వనామములు గూడ ఏకవచనములో మండవలెను. ఉ:-
Either – One of two things or each of two things (i.e. both) Not the one nor the other two things.
Each of th boys has brought his slate, Neither of them has a cap on his head.
Note: Distributive adjectives every pronounగా ఉపయోగించపబడదు.
9. ఒక వాక్యములో as well as లేక with రెండు కర్తలను కలుపునపుడు ”క్రియ’ మొదటి కర్తను అనుసరించియుండును, ఉ:- The king with his ministers was present. Silver as well as cotton has fallen in price.
10. Two or more singular nouns or pronouns joined by and require a plural verb, as :-
Gold and silver are precious metals. He and I were playing.
Note: If the nouns (a) suggest one idea to the mind or (b) refer to the same person or thing, the verb is singular: as :-
(a) Time and tide waits for no man. Bread and butter is his only food.
(b) The novelist and poet is dead.
The novelist and the poet are dead. (Here the repetition of the article the,. indicates two different persons).
11. Two or more singular subjects connected by or or nor take a singular verb, as :-
Either the father or the son has told a lie. Neither praise nor blame seems to affect him. Neither food nor shelter is to be found there.
Note:- But when one of the subjects joined by or or nor is plural, the verb must be plural and the plural subject must be placed nearest the verb as :-
Neither the king nor his ministers want war. Either Rama or his sons are to sign his letter.
12. When two subjects joined by or or nor are of different persons, the verb agrees with the nearer, as :-
Either he or I am mistaken. Neither you nor he is mistaken.
Note:- But it is better to avoid the above construction by writing as follows:
1. (a) He is mistaken, or else I am.
(b) You are not mistaken, nor is he.
2. (a) He is not to blame, nor am I.
(b) You are to pay the fine or else he is.
13. When a plural noun denotes some specific quantity or amount considered as a whole, the verb is generally singu- lar, as :-
Eighty thousand is a large sum.
Ten miles is a long distance.
14. A collective noun takes a singular verb. When the collection is thought of as one whole, (or thought as to make a unit a plural verb, when the individuals of the collection are thought of, as:-
The committee has submitted it report.
The committee are divided on one major point.
15. The rule of attraction. When the verb is so placed in the sentence as to be attached into the number and person of a noun or pronoun which is not the subject. (or have decided). e.g. (1) Each of (boys) as are willing to pay their own fares.
Note – The subject ‘each’ as 3rd person singular but the verb (are or have) is attracted to the number and person of the noun or pronoun immediately preceding as also the possessive adjective relating to each.
Ex. 40
(a) Correct the mistakes in:-
Rule 1: 1. I saw book on table. 2. Good boy minds his lesson. 3. I met lion in forest. 4. Tiger is beast of prey. 5. Mango is good fruit. 6. I saw man riding on horse. 7. Lion is wild animal. 8. Did you come in carriage. 9. There is boat under bridge. 10. Sun rises in east and sets in west. 11. Tree has fallen upon horse. 12. I saw boy in boat on river. 13. Carpenter made bench.
Rule 2: 1. The India is a very big country. 2. The Gopal went to see the Rama. 3. Last year I went to the Calcutta. 4. Last year I went to see the Bombay. 5. I live in the Kakinada. 6. The China is a fertile country. 7. The Europe is a civilised continent. 8. The Rama is a good boy.
Rule 3:- 1. You was in school yesterday. 2. The boy do not read his lesson. 3. I is a good boy. 4. Don’t he run fast? 5. He write very fast. 6. Your brother have not come. 7. On the table was two big books. 8. There is five fruits in the box. 9. The horse run fast. 10. The colour of apples are nice. 11. The number of soldiers were very great. 12. A bundle of sticks were brought. 13. A basket of flowers were sent to the king. 14. A good number of pupils has attended the private class.
Rule 4: 1. He walk slowly. 2. The cow eat grass. 3. The boy sit on the bench. 4. The moon rise in the east. 5. The boy not read well. 6. The pen do not write well. 7. The girl have no book. 8. The mother do not like the boy. 9. The horse draw the cart. 10. Do the cow eat grass?
Rule 5: 1. He has spoke to the teacher. 2. I have wrote the letter. 3. The girl have broke their slates. 4. The peon has took his pay. 5. Gopal has stole my book. 6. The peon has bring the letter. 7. He has went to Madras. 8. The axe had fell into the river. 9. He had began the work.
Rule 6: 1. He drunk the wine and fallen asleep. 2. The peon rung the bell. 3. He done the work well. 4. They going to school. 5. He run to the shop and began to buy many things. 6. The boys playing at school. 7. The men driving the sheep home. 8. The father taken the boy to school. 9. We writing a letter. 10. You telling lies.
Rule 7,8: 1. Each of the boys have taken their books. 2. Every man have brought their boxes. 3. Each of the soldiers were rewarded. 4. Every one of the letters were written by Gopal. 5. Let each boys use their own slates. 6. There are no lamps at either ends. 7. Either of the roads lead to the station. 8. Neither accusations are true. 9. Neither of them are a party to it. 10. India expects every man to do their duty. 11. Put lamps at either ends. 12. On either sides of the mountain are flower gardens. 13. Every employer and every employee are expected to work for the good of the concern. 14. Each man and women are to contribute to the war fund liberally.
Rule 9: 1. Sanskrit as well as Persian were taught there. 2. He with his children were among the first to arrive. 3. The house with its contents were insured. 4. My friends as well as I was deceived.
(b) Correct the mistakes in:-
1. Here comes the men.
2. The leaves of the tree is falling.
3. How do your new coat please you?
4. I was went to Madras a month ago.
5. You going to the college.
6. You was there yesterday.
7. He eating his food.
8. He din’t come home to-day.
9. The Scissors is sharp.
10. He used to wear a silk trousers.
11. His collection of birds are about the best.
12. We has attended the meeting.
13. Rama have no money.
14. The boy has return from Waltair.
15. The picture and the slate belongs to me.
16. Man’s happiness or misery depend upon himself.
17. The London is the biggst city in the world.
18. Not one of these five boys were present there.
19. Each of the boys wererewarded.20. Neither of the answers are right.
21. Post constables at either ends of the road.
22. I saw tiger jumping on cow.
23. A dog is the faithful animal.
24. Every one of the rules have to be obeyed.
25. The dog bite the thief.
26. The teacher expects every student to do their home work.
27. The ship with its crew were lost.
28. His father as well as his wife were dead.
Ans: 1. come 2. does 4. I went 5. are going 6. were 9. are 10. a pair of silk trousers. 11. is 12. have attended 13. has 14. has returned 16. depends 19. was rewarded 20. is 21. at their end. 23. The dog is a faithful animal. 26. to do his home work. 27. was lost 28. was dead.
(c) In each of the following sentences supply a Verb in agreement with the subject:-
1. To take pay and then not to do work-dishonest.
2. The cost of all essential goods- risen.
3. The jury-divided in their opinions.
4. The accountant and the cashier absconded.
5. The jury-unanimous in his verdict.
6. The good and useful citizen- passed away.
7. The famous juggler and the buffoon- laid up with fever.
8. The ebb and flow of the tide explained by Newton.
9. There – present Sri Ramaro, Sri Krishna and Sri Subbarao.
10. Hundred paise- euqal to one rupee.
11. Neither my friend nor I-to blame.
12. Either the clerk or the manager -done this mischief.
13. Neither the director of the Institute nor the research students – to take the credit for the invention.
14. My friend and benefactor – come.
15. Either Rama or you – guilty.
16. We are to answer for it, or else he-
17. Every boy and every girl-given a certificate of merit.
18. He is not to attend the meeting, nor-you.
19. Neither the captain nor the crew – saved. 20. No nook or corner – left unsearched.
Ans: 1. is 2. has 3. are 4. have 5. is 6. has 8. was 10. is 11. am 12. has 13. are 14. is (or has) 15. are 16. is 17. is 18. are 19. were 20. is.