Prepositions

To prepositions, the language owes much of its flexibility, so that a person’s command of English may be judged by the way in which he use the prepositions and “They are the spice’ as John O’ London remarks.
1. ఒక Noun కు Pronoun కు గాని ముందుంచబడి, అవి తెలియచేయు వస్తువులకును ఇతర వస్తువులకును గల సంబంధము తెలుపు మాటలు Prepo- sitions అనబడును.
Ex: The book is on the table.
ఒక Preposition కు తరువాత వచ్చు noun గాని pronoun గాని ఎప్పుడును Objective case లో నుండును. అప్పుడది ఆ Preposition చేత govern చేయబడునని గాని లేక ఆ preposition కి Object అని గాని చెప్పుదురు.
2. రెండు గాని, అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ మాటలుగాని చేరి ఒక Preposi tion యొక్క పనిని నెరవేర్చున యెడల అవి Phrase-Preposition or Prepositional Phrase ad. On account of, instead of in spite of, with respect to.
Swift says “I write Gulliver’s Travels with a view to informing and instructing mankind but withut my view to profit or praise”.
3. verbs, nouns, adjectives and participles o కొన్ని ప్రత్యేకమైన prepositions విధాయకముగా వచ్చును. వాటిని Appropriate Prepositions అందురు.
da: (a) listen to, depend upon; (b) affection for; limit to; (c) fond of, affectionate to, (d) astonished at, born to. Intransitive verbs a Preposition 530 Transitive verbs అగును. అప్పుడు ఆ Prepositions ను విడిగా phrase చేయకూడదు. He laughed at me. I looked at the sky.
4. Use of phrases: (a) in view of (b) with a view to (c) with the view of the above three phrases are each equivalent to a preposition and each is liable to be confused in meaning or in form with the others.

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When the verb cannot be used as noun [or has no noun fom] there is only one use of the phrase government issued gold bonds on liberal terms. (b) i.e. with the gerund of the verb; e.g.-With a view to overcoming foreign exchange difficulty, the
Note: (1) The variant of the phrase (b), with the infinitive (with a view to increase) is not only vulgar and unidiomatic but ungrmmatical in as much as the phrase, being equivalent to a preposition, should not be followed by the verb form (to increase).

Prepositions denoting (a) Point of time and
(b) Period of time.
(1) Study the following sentences :
(1) You must be back by four ‘O’ clock.
(2) I have been ill since yesterday.
(3) He will take the medicine from the first of January.
(4) 1 shall return before Friday next.
(5) The school has been closed since May.
(6) His health has been bad since 1950.పై వాక్యములలో Four o’ clock, yesterday, First of January, Friday next, May, 1950 అనునవి ఒక పని ఎప్పటి నుండి ప్రారంభించునో లేక ఎప్పటిలోపున ముగించునో నిర్ణయించుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి ఇట్టి మాటలు Point of time ను తెలియజేయును.

(2) Study the following sentences:
(1) I shall be back in an hour.
(2) Istayed there for a day.
(3) I shall finish the work within four days.
(4) I have been here for the last one month.
(5) I have been studying English for two years.
(6) 1 have not heard from you for a long time.
పై వాక్యములలో An hour, A day, Four days, One month, Two years, A long time అనునవి ఒక పని యెంతకాలము జరిగినది లేక జరుగుచున్నదో, అనగా ఆ పనియొక్క అవధిని లేక పరిమాణము (Duration of action) ను సూచించుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి ఇట్టి మాటలు Period of time ను తెలియజేయును.

Note : 1. Point of time ను తెలియజేయు మాటల ముందు ఉపయోగింపబడిన Prepositions ఏవి? By, since, from, before, ఈ Prepositions ను point of time ముందేకాని period of time ముందుపయోగింప
కూడదు.
Note : 2. Period of time ను తెలియజేయు మాటల ముందు వుపయోగింపబడిన Prepositions ఏవి? In, within, for, కాబట్టి ఈ Prepositions Period of time wods Point of time
ముందుపయోగింపకూడదు.

Special uses of Prepositions

1. In-at : పెద్ద స్థలముల విషయములలో In, చిన్న స్థలముల విషయములలో at ఉపయోగింపబడును.
ఉదా : (1) He lives in Calcutta. (2) He is now in England. (3) The party stopped at an inn. (4) He was born at a small village in Mysore. (5) The English won the battle fought at Plassey in Bengal.
At, point of time ను సూచించును. in, period of time ను సూచించును.
ఉదా: He will start at sixo’ clock in the evening. He will start in a month.
2. In, within : ఈ రెండు కూడ, period of time ముందుపయోగింపబడును. In an hour అనగా ఒక గంట అగుపరికి within an Thour అనగా ఒక గంట లోపుగా.
hour).
ఉదా: You must return in an hour at the end of an hour) You must return within an hour (before the end of an
Note: This work must be done within four o’clock తప్పు; ఏలన four o’ clock అనునది point of time కాబట్టి This work must be done by (or before) four o’ clock అనవలెను.
3. After, in : ఈ రెండును కూడ period of time ను సూచించును. కాని period of time భూతకాలమునకు చెందునపుడు after వాడవలెను. భవిష్యత్కాలమునకు చెందునపుడు in వాడవలెను.
ఉదా: He started work after a few days. He will start the work in a few days.
N.B.: After భవిష్యత్కాలము విషయములో ఉపయోగింపబడకూడదు. ఉదా : He will start the work after a few days అనుట తప్పు.
4. From, since ఇవి రెండును కూడ point of time సూచించును. అర్థభేదము కూడ లేదు, కాని ప్రయోగమునందు మాత్రము భేదము కలదు.
Since ఉపయోగించునపుడు verb Present perfect tense లో గాని, Present perfect continuous tense లో గాని వుండవలెను. కాని from ఉన్న వాక్యములో verb ఏ tense లో నైనను ఉండవచ్చును.

Note 1. ‘I have been ill from yesterday’ y ‘I have been lame from my childhood అనవచ్చును.”
Note 2. ‘I have been unwell since three weeks’ e తప్పు; ఏలన, “Three weeks’ అనునది period of time కాబట్టి ‘I have been unwell for three weeks’ అనవలెను.
V. For, before: 536 for, period of time; before point of time మ సూచించును.
From a verb, past tence verb చే సూచింపబడు పని యొక్క ఆది, అంతములు చెప్పవలెను. of time ను సూచించును.

Note 1. ‘I am suffering from pain from four dayss is a very common mistake; it should be: I have been suffering from pain for four day
Note:2. Theschoolwillnotoperyora week’s Theschool willnotopen in (or within) a week’ అనుట తప్పు; ఏలన? అట్టి negativesentence లో for మాత్రమే ఉపయోగింపవలయును.
VI. By, with : కర్త (ఒక పనిని చేయువాడు) విషయములో oy యును, ఒకపని చేయుట కుపయోగపడు సాధనము (instrument) విషయములో.. with ను ఉపయోగింపనగును.
A: The boar was slain by him with a dagger.

Ex. 35 I.
Insert correct Prepositions in the places left blank:-

1. The field was ploughed up.. ….a peasant….a pair of oxen. 2. The work must be done…. twelve O’clock. 3. You must be back…. a week. 4. No one has seen him…. Wednes- day last. 5. He cannot get home…. sunset. 6. I shall be ready to start….two or three days. 7. Take care to be back midday. 3. I shall not be back…. the end of the week. 9. He has been absent from home…. Friday last, and I do not think he will return…. the 30th of next month. 10. Let me see you again… ..an hour’s time. 11. I have been having fever…. ten days. 12. I shall have completed my task…. to-morrow evening. 13. The train will start…. forty minutes from now. 14. I have lived. …Allahabad…. Ist March. 15. i was born…. Rome-Italy. 16. The city motor service will not be opened…. a year. 17. He succeeded in his attempt…. four years. 18. I received the message….eight O’clock…. the morning. 19. I saw him felling a tree…. an axe. 20. The portrait was painted….a famous artist who lived…. the seventeenth century. 21. He will start his business…. to-morrow. 22. You must finish your work…. three O’clock this evening. 23. My friend cannot get up….7 O’clock.

Ans: 1. by; with 2. by 3. in 4. since 5. before 10. in 11. for 12. by 13. in 15. at; in 16. for 17. after 21. from 22. before (or by).

Ex. 35 J
Correct the following by correcting the prepositions :-

1. I have not seen him since three days. 2. I was born at New York. 3. Rama must be here within noon. 4. I shall be ready to go after two hours. 5. You will not see me again before a month. 6. I have had nothing to eat long since. 7. He has been absent from last Tuesday. 8. I shall have finished this business within to-morrow evening. 9. I have lived at Rome since a year. 10. Govind has been absent since four months and will come back after a fortnight. 11. The train will not start before ten minutes. 12. Come to my house after an hour. 13. I have been a clerk in this office since five years. 14. You have not visited me long since. 15. He was kicked with his horse. 16. He spent four months at Bengal. 17. He lives at London. 18. I have not seen him from a long time. 19. I have cut it by a knife. 20. Is Ceylon in the south or west of India? 21. I send you this letter with Govind.

Ans: 1. for 2. in 3. by or before 4. in 5. for 6. for two days 7. since 8. by 9. for 10. for; in 11. in 16. in 19. with 20. to 21. per.

Appropriate Prepositions

Absent from school.
(Be) Accompanied by a person; with a thing.
Accuse a person of a crime.
(Be) Accustomed to riding.
Adjacent to a field.
Affection for a person or a thing.
Affectionate to a person or children.
Afraid of death, punishment or animal.
Agree to a proposal; with a person; on conditions; among themselves.
Aim at a thing.

(Be) Alarmed at the sight.
Alight from a horse or a carriage on the ground, at the gate.
Amount to a hundred (come to)
Angry with a person; at a thing.
Apologise to a person(beg-pardon)
Appeal to a person or one’s feelings for redress or help.
Apply to a person, for a thing; to a thing. (e.g. the remark
applies to the present case; Apply for leave).
Arrive at a place or conclusion; in a country.
Ask a person for a thing; a thing of a person.

(Be) Ashamed of misconduct.
(Be) Astonished at the news or conduct.
Attacked by a person, with disease.
Attend to one’s work (do): to a teacher (listento): on or upon. masters or sick persons (wait on or be ready to serve).
N.B.:- Attend school, meeting, or office; church or lectures, etc. Attentive to a teacher.
Avenge (oneself) on a person (wreak vengeance).
N.B.: Avenge an insult or wrong (inflict retribution. e.g. Soorpanaka tried to avenge the wrong done to her by Rama). Bark at a thief.
Bear a grudge against a person for somthing. Beg (a thing) of person (a person) for a thing. Believe in
(1) God, ghosts (have faith in the existence of)
(2) One’s honesty (have faith in)
(3) Oil engines (have faith in the efficacy of)
(4) Pampering servants (have faith in the advisability of)
N.B. Believe a man (i.e. what he says)
Belong to a person.

(Be) Bent on doing a thing = Intent on doing a thing.
Bestow (a thing) upon a person (confer).
Beware of thieves, dogs, mistakes, dangers. etc.

(Be) Blind of one eye;to one’s own faults, or to consequences (not to see or notice).
Boast of learning, riches, strength (be proud of).
Born to sorrows; with a silver spoon in mouth: under a lucky star.
Bound for a place (going to, intending to go to e.g. The ship was bound for London).
Call at a person’s house (go there). The occasion calls for quick action: for explanation.
Call forth all (one’s) energy.
Call on or upon a person (visit him at his house).
Call upon a person (require him to do something).
Call to a person (shout to)
Care for a person or thing (attach value to)
Carry on business (continue out an order, proposal, plan
(execute it); off (remove)
Caution against danger.

Charge a person with a crime.
Cheat a man of his money. Clear off debt (discharge).
Come about (take place).
Come across anyone (meet accidentally), a word, a passage, a
thing (meet with)
Come by a thing (obtain)
Come of a respectable family.

(Be) Born of something. (result from)
Compare a thing to another (to show likeness); a thing with,
another (to show contrast).
Compete with a (person) for (a thing).
Complain of a person or thing; about a person or thing; to a person against or of another.
Comply with one’s request or wishes.
(Be) Composed of materials of which a thing is made.

(Be) concerned with a thing (have to do with), about a thing (feel uneasy or anxious); in an affair (had anything to do with).
Concur with a person.
Confident of success. Confined to bed, thing,
Congratulate a person on his success.
Consent to a thing; proposal
Consist of its parts; in (e.g. Greatness consists in pardoning one’s foe).
Consult with a person (to think together).

N.B.- Consult a person (seek his advice).
(Be) Content with one’s lot.
Correspond with a person (write letters); to something (agree with or be similar to).
Cure a person of a disease or a bad habit.
Deal with a person, subject (treat) with a person (have transac- tions with him).
Deal in rice, sugar (trade in)
Decide on or upon a plan.
Delighted with the offer; in doing good to others.
To (be) delivered of a child to (give birth to); deliver a (letter, a percel).
Depend on or upon one’s help.
Deprive a person of a thing.
Desirous of gain; desire for wealth
Despair of success.

Die of a disease, from other things (hunger, wound); by violence, the sword; in battle; for one’s country; in poverty (die a beggar)
Differ from or with a person (e.g. A person differs from or with another in opinion or on a subject. A thing differs from another (be unlike).
Difference between two things.
Distinguish one thing from another, between two things.
Divide a thing between two; among many.
Due to one’s negligence (owing to)
Duty to parents.
Endow (a school, a public hospital) with, (Be)-endowed with genius by nature.
Entrust a person with a thing; a thing to a person.
Envious of another’s success or prosperity or beauty.
Envy (n) at another’s success.

N.B. Women envy superior beauty.
Fail in an attempt.
Fail in love with a person.
Familiar with (A person is familiar with a thing); to (a thing is familiar to a person).
Feed on grass or other food;
a baby with milk, or a cow with grass.
Feel for a person in trouble (have pity for).
Fond of a fruit; reading novels, a person or thing.
Free from errors; cares; of charges interest.
Free a person from restraint.
Glad of one’s promotion, at the result.
Grateful to a person.
Greedy of gain; after riches.
Grieve at or for an event, a person.
Guard against, or from danger.
Happen to a person.

Ignorant of a fact.
Inform a person of a thing.
Inquire or Enquire into a matter; of a person;
about a matter; after a person.
Insist upon payment.
Intimate (adj.) with a person (familiar)
Intimate (verb) a fact to a person.
Judge of a person by his actions.
Lame of leg; in the right or left leg.
Lament for the dead.
Laugh at a person; for his folly.
Leave for a place (go to).
Listen to a person (hear attentively, obey) to what one says.
Live upon rice, vegetables (subsist): by begging or other means.
Look at a person, or thing.
Look after a person, thing or business (take care of).
Look for something lost (search).
Look to a thing or business.
Made of wood, clay, gold.
Meddle with a person or a person’s affairs or a thing (as a watch).
Mock at a person.
Mourn for a person that is dead.
Moved at the sight; to tears with pity; by entreaties or threats.
Need (n) for a thing; assistance; of caution.
(In) Need of help.
Necessary to happiness or success.
Necessity for his going.
Obedient to parents or teachers.

Object to a proposal.
(Be) Obliged to a person; for a favour.
Occur to one’s mind (strike or suggest itself).
Occur to a person (happen) part with money or a thing (give);
from a person (depart).
Partake of food.
Partial (adj.) to a friend.
Play at cricket; on the fiddle.
Prevent a person from coming or doing something.

N.B.:- Prevent a thing (e.g.) Rain prevented the match.
Prefer one thing to another.
Present a person with a thing.
Pride oneself upon something.
Prohibit a person from doing something.
Proud of a person, position, learning.
Provide for one’s children, oneself or family, against a coming evil or danger.
Provide a person with a thing; a thing for a person (furnish). N.B.:- Crops provide food.
Put up with one (stay with one); at a place (large); with a thing (endure).
Quarrel with a person; over a thing.
Recovr from illness.
Recover the price, etc. from a person.
Refer to a book or records.
Refer a matter to a person.
Relieve a person from pain or distress.

N.B. Relieve pain or poverty (lessen). Relieve a sentry (release from duty).
Rely on or upon a person or thing (depend on).
Remind a person of a thing (put him in mind of).
Repent of one’s past bad conduct.

N.B. Repent one’s hastiness or foolishness.
Reply to a letter or person.
Revenge oneself on a person for some injury.
Rid a place of dacoits (to get rid of); a troublesome thing.
Rob a person of a thing.
Rule over a country.

Search for or after something.
(In) Search of a thing (food etc.)
Seek for an employment or happiness; after honour, wealth etc.
Send for a person, a doctor (=require to be brought).
Shoot at a thing (bird, mark or animal)
Side with a person (go over to his side).
Sorry for the loss.
Stare at a person
Succeed to the throne; in an attempt.
Supply a person with a thing; a thing to a person.
Sure of success.

(Be) Surprised at a strange thing or news.
Sympathise with a person; another’s sorrow. Sympathy for the poor.
Thankful to a person for a favour.
Trust in a person; to a thing (man’s honesty).
Turn to a person for help.
Vexed at a thing, with a person.
Wait upon a person (attend as a servant); for a person (stay).
Want of money (absence of money).
Wanting in courage (lacking).
Warn a person of danger; against a fault.
Watch for an opportunity.
Wonder at a thing, news.
Worthy of praise.
Yield to an enemy (submit).

Ex. 36
1. Fill up the blanks with Prepositions :-

(a) 1. He is very kind…. me. 2. I write….a slate… . a pencil. 3. The tank is full…. water. 4. We cannot cross it. … foot. 5. The slate is…. the box. 6. He went…. his house. 7. Can you look…. the moon? 8. He sold his dog…. ten rupees. 9. He fell…. the river. 10. Wait…. the gate. 11. He is angry …. me. 12. Divide this…. six men. 13. Divide this…. A and B. 14. It is not fit…. use. 15. I am waiting…. my friend. 16. He died…. hunger. 17. The table is made…. wood. 18. The wall is built….stone. 19. Do not depend…. the help….others. 20. Do not depend….others….help. 21. He laughed…. me. 22. He was absent….school yesterday. 23. What are you afraid
.? 24. The boy is absent….leave. 25. The boy is….leave now. 26. I have been ill…. four days. 27. I have been ill…. yesterday. 28. He is accused…. theft. 29. He is charged…. theft. 30. The man is now…. danger. 31. He goes…. door. … door. 32. Give me a chair to sit….. 33. I have a ball to play ….. 34. I am going….a walk. 35. I am pleased…. you… your honesty. 36. He went…. Calcutta…. Madras. 37. He fell…. the horse.

Ans:- 4. on 11. with 12. among 13. between 16. of 19. upon; of 22. from 24. without 25. on 28. or 29. with 30. out of 31. from; to 32. on 35. with; about.

(b) 1. Do you agree proposal. 3. He was angry me? 2. They did not agree — my what you did. 4. You boast — your learning. 5. I beg–you this favour. 6. He did not comply — myrequest. 7. I quite sympathise you. 8. I feel no sympathy— him. 9. He was moved —pity. 10. He was moved — tears. 11. The king fell-love—the princess. 12. He is blind — one eye. 13. He is blind — his own faults. 14. You are fond —play. 15. He is-search-food. 16. I am not aware — this 17. She is delivered — a male child. 18. I supplied him–good rice. 19. He is intent his studies. 20. I prefer walking — running. 21. The crops failed- -want- rain. 22. He entrusted the work -me. 23. He entrusted me — provided food — him. 25. I provided him–
— the work. 24. 1 food. 26. On his way home he called my house. 27. You may call — me in the evening. 28. God has endowed man— reason. 29. The passage is free errors. 30. I informed you the fact. 31. Brahmins live-rice and vegetables. 32. He reminded me–my promise. 33. He put me — mind my promise. 34. I insisted— his going. 35. a Ford, he has an ambassador car. 36. Do not cry — spilt milk. 37. He died his country. 38. The business was set foot. 39. He set the house-fire. 40. I am astonished — – the news. 41. The lake abounds — fish. 42. He is proficient – –mathematics. 43. He proved false— his friend. 44. She gave birth a male child. 45. The teacher punished the boy his mischief. 46. He set out walk. 47. Oh God! keep me —: 48. I am grateful you the help you rendered me. 49. The boys are clamouring – a holiday. 50. It is 9 O’clock watch.

Ans: 1. with 2. to 3. at 4. of 5. of 6. with 7. with 8. for 9. with 10. to 11. in ….with 12. of 13. to 15. in of 16. of 17. of 18. with 19. on 20 to 21. for… of 22. to 23. with 24. for 25. with 26. at 27. on 28. with 29. from 30. of 31. on 32. of 33. in…of 34. on 35. besides 36. over 38. on 41. in 45. for 47. from 49. for 50. by.

2. Correct the following:-
1. He is angry upon me.
2. You are very kind on me.
3. Be polite on him.
4. I depend your help.
5. He does not listen my advice.
6. Look the book on the table.
7. I am pleased for him.
8. He attends upon his lessons.
9. I am suffering by pain.
10. He has been ill from four days.
11. She is afraid by a dog.
12. Chairs are made with wood.
13. I must listen what you say.
14. All along I travelled on road.
15. He attends to school regularly.
16. The proposal was agreed by them.
17. He was surprised by the news.
18. He ordered to me to finish the work soon.
19. People travel on sea.
20. Such behaviour is not worthy to you.
21. We are accustomed with these inconveniences.
22. He at once applied to the post.
23. He cheated me five rupees.
24. He robbed my property.
25. My request was not complied to.
26. These things are quite familiar with me.
27.. This cloth is different to that.
28. He ordered for ten books.

Ans: 1. angry with 2. to 3. to 4. depend upon 5. listen. to 6. look at 7. pleased with 8. attends to 9. suffering from 10. for 11. afraid of 12. made of 13. travelled by 15. attends school 16. agreed to by them 17. surprised at 18. ordered me 20. worthy of 21. are accustomed to 22. applied for 23. cheated me of 24. robbed me of my property 25. complied with 26. to 27. different from 29. ordered ten books.

Note the following Exceptions:-
That e Relative Pronoun, & Preposi- tion చేత govern చేయబడినపుడు ఆ Preposition వాక్యమునకు చివర రావలెను. కాని that నకు ముందు రాకూడదు. ఉదా : The house in that I live అనకూడదు. The house that I live in అవవలెను. That ఉన్న వాక్యములో Preposition ను చివరకు తీసికొని రావలెను. అట్లు తీసుకొనివచ్చినపుడు, that ను లోపింపజేయవచ్చును. ఉదా :- “The house I live in.’ The man that you spoke of becomes “The man you
spoke of.
or that
2. Whom, which or that 355 Preposition 3 govern చేయబడినపుడు Preposition వానికి ముందు గాని, వాక్యమునకు చివరగాని 3. 1. This is the house in which I live. 2. That is the man whom we were looking for. 3. Which of the chairs did you sit on? 4. What is this the result of?

Syntehsis Of Sentences

1. Combine into one sentence by and:

Separate Sentences
(1) Jack went up the hill.
(2) Jill went up the hill.

Combined Sentence
Jack and Jill went up the hill.

1. The child laughs The child talks.
2. You should love your brothers. You should love your sisters.
3. The dog is a domestic animal. The cat is a domestic animal.
4. John is a very good boy. James is a very bad boy.
5. The boy is good. The boy is clever.
6. I met Rama. I met Gopal.
7. The merchant sellls tea. He sells coffee. He sells sugar.
8. The man can read. The man can write.

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

2. Combine into one sentence by or:

Separate sentences
(1) Give me tea.
(2) Give me coffee.

Combined Sentence
Give me tea or coffee.

1. The boy is lazy. The boy is dull.
2. Give me a pen. Give me a pencil.
3. I must find the slate. I must buy another.
4. The book is lost. The book is stolen.
5. He stole the book. His sister stole the book.
6. He must win the battle. He must die.
7. People travel by railway. People travel by road. People travel by sea.

3. Combine into one sentence by
(1) either. … or
(2) neither …nor..
(3) both and :-

Separate sentences
(1) The father is ill.
(2) The son is ill

Combined Sentences
1. Either the father or the son is ill.
2. Neither the father nor the son is ill.
3. Both the father and the son are ill.

1. The man can read. The man can write.
2. Heis deaf. He is stupid.
3. The king was weak in mind. The king was weak in body.
4. He is mistaken. His brother is mistaken.
5. The horse is for sale. The carriage is for sale.
6. That shot will strike the house. That shot will strike the rider.
7. This man sinned. His parents sinned.
8. You are responsible for this.Your cousin is responsible for this.

4. Combine into one sentence by than :
Separate sentences 

1. Govind is tall. Krishna is taller.
2. Working men drink ~much beer. So much  is not good for them. 3. The Romans followed  Brutus. Rome knew no  nobler son. :

Combined sentence
1. Krishna is taller than Govind.
2. Working men drink much beer than is good for them.
3. The Romans followed Brutus than whom Rome knew no nobier son.

1. Rama is strong. Gopal is stronger.
2. The Godavari is long. The Ganges is longer.
3. James has many friends. John has more friends.
4. Krishna writes well. Gopal writes better.
5. Silver is heavy. Gold is heavier.
6. There are many houses in Ellore. There are more houses in Kakinada.
7. He looks a fool. Heisa bigger fool.
8. Sankara isa great philosopher in Advaita. India has not produced his better.

5. Combine into one sentence by but :

Separate Sentences
He tried hard. He did not succeed.
Combined sentence
He tried hard but did not succeed.

1. Govnid is clever. Govind is careless.
2. The man is rich. The man is not happy.
3. He can write very fast. He cannot write well.
4. The manis good. The man is not wise.
5. He is poor. He is very honest. 6. The boy is dull. The boy is very painstaking. :

6. (a) Combine each of the following sets into a complex sentence, the subordinate clause being a Noun Clause :

Separate sentences

1. That gentleman’s plan may or may not be carried out. Time only can show the result.
2. Somebody has broken my slate. I should like. to discover the person.
3. Rama is the cleverest boy in the class. This fact must be admitted.
4. I passed the examination. linformed my father of it.

Combined sentence

1. Time only can show whether that gentleman’s plan may or may not be carr- ied out.
2. Ishould like to discover who has breken my slate.
3. It must be admitted that Rama is the cleverest boy in the class.
4. l informed my father that I had passed the examination.

1. Columbus had discovered a new continent. He did not know it.
2. The rose is the sweetest of flowers. This is certain.
3. He is going to some place. No one knows it.
4. He will get out of this difficulty in some way or other. His way o!
doing it is known to one but himself.
6. Someone will be selected to watch my work. My reputation will depend onhim
7. Is there any hope of success? That was my question.
8. He was innocent. That was the verdict of the Judge.
9. Someone has been making a great noise. I should like to know the person
11. Moses was buried in some place. The place was neve!_ known.
12. He was dismissed from his post. The reason was clearly explained to him.
13. He will not return. He declared this to be his intention.
14. He says something, we cannot depend onit.
15. I paid this bill last week. lam certain ofit.
16. We lost the match. This was owing to our bad play.
17. When is he coming back ? Who can say ?

6. (b) Combine into one sentence by any one of:
If, unless, though, although, because :-

Separate sentences
1. The string is pulled too  tight. The string breaks. _
2. You must run fast. You cannot catch the train.
3. He is rich. He is not happy.
4. The city was flooded. The rain was excessive.

Combined sentence
1. The string breaks, if it is pulled too tight.
2. Unless you mun fast, you cannot catch the train.
3. Though he is rich, he is . not happy.
4. The city was flooded because the rain was excessive.

1. The stone was very heavy. He could not lift it.
2. He worked hard. He could not pass the examination.
3. You are tired. You may go.
4. Heisa wicked boy. Every-body hates the boy.
5. Walk fast. You cannot catch the train.
6. You need not work. You are unwell.
7. He spoke the truth. He was not believed.
8. Heis very weak. He cannot walk home.
9. Youdo not work. You will not succeed.
10. He fell down. He was not hurt.
11. Youare quick. You will be late.
12. Youare not quick. You will be late.
13. Speak the truth. I shall punish you.
14.Speak the truth. I shall not punish you.
15. He failed many times. He was not dicouraged.
16. You must work hard. You cannot succeed. :

7. Combine into one sentence by any one of When, where, why, after, before, till, until, since, while, so that, such that, for, as, however, would rather, had rather, prefer to, the more «.. the more, etc:

Separate sentences

1. The brave king Arthur was upon the throne. At throne there lived a magician ,called Merlin.
2. That is the field. The money was found there.
3.They fought a duel and killed each other. I wish to know the reason.
4. He purchased a horse.He had previously exa- mined it with care.
5. Think twice. Otherwise do not speak.
6. He ran with all his might.
7. I cannot come. Iam unwell.
8. The nightingale pours forth its songs. During this time all the other birds are still (silent).
9. (a) You must not break ° the tube. You must there- fore pour the mercury into it very carefully.
(b) Some times the storms are very fierce. They even tear up trees by the roots.
10. The pupil behaved in such away that he was sent out of the class.
11. The lion did not kill Androcles, for they were great friends.
12. They went away. In going away, one of them threw back my hat. 13. A man may be very rich. Without health his riches are of little value.
14. Pathick would not bear the insults of his aunt. So he would soon die.
15. He was prepared to remain a bachelor. He would not marry his sister’s daughter.
16. He preferred to err with Plato. He would not be right with Horace.

Combined sentence

1. When the brave king Arthur was upon the that time there lived a magician called Merlin.
2. That is the field where the money was found.
3. I wish to know why they fought a duel and killd each other.
4. He purchased a horse after he (had) previously examined it with care.
5. Think twice before you speak.
6. He ran with all his might till he became dead tired.
7. I cannot come since I am unwell.
8. All the other birds are still, while the nightingale pours forth its songs.
9. (a)You must pour the mercury very carefully into the tube, so that you may not break it.
(b)Sometimes the storms are so fierce that they even tear up trees by the roots.
10. The pupil behaved in such a way that he was sent out of the class.
11. The lion did not kill Androcles, for they were great friends.
12. As they went away, one of them threw back my hat.
13. However rich a man may be, without health his riches are of little value.
14. Pathick would rather face death than bear the insults of his aunt or Pathick would prefer to face death to bearing the insults of his aunt.
15. He would remain a bachelor rather than marry his sister’s daughter.
16. He had rather err with Plato than be right with Horace.

1. He was not at home. I went to his house.
2. This is the__ place. My brother works.
3. The boy was reading. The master~ came up.
4. The moon rose. The sun had set.
5. Itis now two months. I heard from him.
6. Do not go out. The rain has not stopped.
7. The man arrived. The clock had struck two.
8. I do not know. He was absent.
9. cannot say. He slept.
10. A thief goes about his work very cautiously. He does not wish to be caught.
11. He has been very unfortunate. He is always cheerful.
12. He was directed to do something in a certain way. He did it accordingly.
13. The school bell rang. All immediately went to their places.
14. Life may continue for some time. ‘During such time there is still hope. 15. He persevered day and night. Atlast he gained his end.
16. The world may last for an indefinitely long period. During such a period the sun will continue torise.
17. He continued staring at that elephant. He semed not to have seen one before.
18. The mountain increases in height. The air proportionately increases in coolness.
19. Men may behave well or ill in this life. Hereafter they will be blessed or miserable accordingly.
20. He was guilty. The jud get pardoned him all the same.
21. He may be allowed to speak. He can then explain to us everything.
22. I was quite disgusted. | could scarcely conceal my disgust.
23. You know Hindi. i, therefore, need not translate.
24. We cannot go out. Itisso hot.
25. India got Independence in 1947. India has always from that time suffered for want of food.
26. 1 must have your receipt then consent to paying the money.
27. You have treated mein acertain way. I will treat you in the same way. 28. Heisa clever boy. No other boy in the class is cleverer.
29. A man may be very intelligent. Without character his intelligence is of no value.
30. I can walk fast. You can walk faster.
31. He ges there. I will not follow him.
32. lam prepared tolr  I would not sign that false document.
33. Krishna . vinu nc apologise. So he would sooner take punishment.
34. A man gets more wealth. He then wants more.
35. He found out his mistake. He was then very sorry. 36. He was willing to resign. He would not go against his conscience.

8. Combine inta Simple sentence by using a Noun or phrase in Apposition :-

Separate Sentence Combined Sentence

1. Rama was the son of Rama, the son of Dasaratha. Rama ruled Dasaratha , ruled over Ayo- over Ayodhya. dhya.
2. This town was once a This town, once a prosper. prosperous seaport. It ous seaport, is now in is now in ruins. ruins.
3. He fled from his cre- He fled from his creditors- ditors. This was very a very dishonest act. dishonest.

1. Chaucer was born in 1340. He is the first great English poet.
2. Tagore’s famous work is the Gitanjali. It is a collection of short poems.
3. Bruno is my faithful dog. I love him.
4. Gold smith is now one of the greatest prose writers in English. He was once a poor Irish student travelling over Europe on foot.
5. De Lesseps made the Suez canal. This was great work. He was a French Engineer.
6. The Gangesisa river of India. The Ganges is a sacred river. The Ganges flows through a fertile plain into the Bay of Bengal.
7. The works of Tagor::are famous all over the world. Tagoreisa Bengali. Tagoreisa poet.
8. I live in Calcutta. Calcutta is a great city. It is situated on the Hugli. The Hugli is one of the outlets of the Ganges.
9. Cromwell assumed the powers of a king. He had once been a private gentleman. Next, he was a popular leader in the Long Parliament. Then he was the commander of the Parliamentary forces.
10. The Revenge (a ship) was commanded by Sir Richard Grenville. He was a native of Bideford. He was a man well-known in the Spanish seas. He was the terror of the Spanish sailors.
11. Francis Bacon was Lord High Chancellor of Eng- land. He wrote many learned books. He devised a new system of logic. He was nevertheless accused of doing things unwor- thy of his high position.
12. Combine into Simple sentences by using a Preposition with a noun or gerund :- Separate sentences. He was in bad health.

1, The sun rose. They were still in bed.
2.1 pitied him. Everybody pitied him.
3.1 like mangoes. I do not like apples so much.
4. He is very poor. He seems always happy and contented.
5. We meta soldier. He had a rifle in his hand. He had a bayonet by his side.
6. The hare heard approaching footsteps. It picked up its ears.
7.1 met a man going along the road. The man was disguised as a constable.
8. He must be a’ good man. Everyone says he isa good man.
9. He attended to his duties. He earned promotion. 10. He was ill last term. He was unable to attend school.
11. I forgave him his fault. That has not prevented him from repeating it.
12. He expects to obtain leave. He has already bought his steamer ticket.
13.There was want of provisions. The garrison could hold outno longer.
14. He has stolen the purse. There is no doubt about this.
15.Shestood there foran hour. She did not move. She did not speak.
16. It rained all day. The travellers suffered much inconvenience.
17. Julius Caesar wasa distinguished man. His shrewdness and skill on the battle-field made him so.
18. You helped ‘me out of that difficulty. [ should have been ruined otherwise.
19. The man going along there is a highway man. He has disguised himself asa pilgrim.
20. Heis seriously ill. So at least he appears to be.
22. He saved up his money. An evil day might come.
23. He isa man of good character. He would not do anything mean.
24. Kent must leave the kingdom. Hewill be killed otherwise.
25. He has invited me on the road. I take objection to it.
26.1 praise my wife. This she likes. 27. I fined all the boys. My view was to find out the culprit.
28. You — are come. This gives me great pleasure. :

9. Combine into Simple sentences by using Infinitives.
Separate Sentences
1. He has three daughters. He must get them married.
2. He has a house. He wishes to sell it.
3. He is very fat. He cannot run.
4. I heard of his good fortune. I was glad of that. He has a wife and two children.
5. He must provide for them.
6. He lost his health. This added to his difficulties.
7. Napoleon was one of the greatest generals. This is universally acknowledged.
8. I must speak plainly. I have not yet taken my food.

Combined Sentence
1. He has three daughters to get married.
2. He has a house to sell.
3. He is too fat to run.
4. I was glad to hear of his good fortune.
5. He has a wife and two children to provide for.
6. To add to his difficulties he lost his health.
7. Napoleon is universally acknowledged to be one of the greatest generals.
8. To speak plainly I have not yet taken my food.
9. It is better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
10. The only way to cross deserts is by camels.
11. He must confess his fault to escape being fined.
12. I am not afraid to speak the truth in spite of the consequences.
13. Brutus and Cassius decla- red Julius Caesar to be a usurper.
14. The parents were grieved to see the child grow worse every day.
15. Your cousin had not enough industry to win a prize.
16. He works hard to earn his livelihood.

(1) Every man should do his duty. England expects this ofhim.
(2) He obeyed his parents inall things. His willingness in doing so was very pleasing.
(3) He has not even ten paise with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.
(4) The fox could not drag the goat out of the well. The fox had not sufficient strength.
(5) He sold his few remaining goods. He did this that he might provide food for his family.
(6) He was declared a traitor. His enemies declared this.
(7) You may possibly pass the examination. You will find it extremely difficult.
(8) He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to Europe.
(9) He did notinvestall his savings inonebank. He was prudent.
(10) The planets revolve round the sun. These revolutions have been observed by astronomers.
(11) We hear the cuckoo’s voice in early spring. In England itisa plesant sound.
(12) Ina foot-ball-: matcheach side must haveits captain. The captain controls the team.
(13)I thoroughly distrust that man. Imust speak plainly atonce on this point.
(14) My father was very much delighted. He had heard of my brother’s success.
(15) The general has just come. The inspection of the volunteers was his object.
(16) The bank suddenly broke. Matters were thus made worse.
(17) He framed a resolution. He resolved that he would drink no more wine.
(18) We may give money away. We may receive money. The former is more blessed than the latter.
(19) have told you all. There is nothing more to be said.
(20) He cannot afford a ~ motor-car. Heis too poor.
(21) The painis very great. I cannotbear it.

10. Combine into Simple sentences by using Adverbs or Adverb Phrases :

Seprate sentences   

1. He escaped. This was lucky for him.
2. The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.
3. It must be done. We cannot count the cost.
4. He begged for pardon. His request was not granted.
5. Boys grow up to be men. The growth can- not be seen.
6. I have read Bacon. It has profited me greatly.
7. He was wanting in application . This ruined him.
8. The letter was addressed to the wrong house. It never reached me.
9. Beware of wine. This is of the first importance.
10. He will return to us. He will not be long absent.
11. I was absent. I could not avoid being absent.
12. The monsoon broke early. It was unfor- tunate for the party.

 Combined sentence

1. Luckily, he escaped.
2. The boys had not finished the game by sunset.
3. It must be done at any cost.
4. He begged in vain for pardon.
5. Boys grow up to be men imperceptibly.
6. I have read Bacon to my great profit.
7. He was fatally wanting in application.
8. The letter being wrongly addressed never reached me.
9. Above all things beware of wine.
10. He will return to us before long.
11. I was unavoidably absent.
12. Unfortunately for the party, the monsoon broke early.

(1) You are late for school. This is not usual with you.
(2) He kicked the goalkeeper. It was his intention do so.
(3) He escaped. This was lucky for him. This was lucky for us.
(4) He was ill. He was unable to go to school.
(5) He got into bad habits. These bad habits ruined him.
(6) He came home. He had safe journey.
(7) The boat was leaking. The sinking of the boat was unavoidable.
(8) He invested all hismoney ina single bank. The investment wasnota prudent one.
(9) Thisboy is the cleverest in the school. No other boy can be compared with him.
(10) He will return. He will not be away for many days.
(11) He applied for the post. He did not get it.

Miscellaneous Exercise

Combine into Simple sentences by any one of the last six methods 

(1) The question was a difficult one. I could not answer it.
(2) The meeting was over. They all dispersed.
(3) I was grieved to hear of the death of Ahid. He was my oldest friend.
(4) [have no dictionary. I cannot find out the meaning of this word.
(5) He was walking on the road one day. He metanold beggar.
(6) Mr. Smith was elected chairman. He is a well Known barrister.
(7) He disregarded the teacher’s advice. This wasa foolish thing to do.
(8) This coatis very old. Itis of no use any longer.
(10) He took some of the club money. He was not justified in doing this.
(11) He took up his pen. He begai. to write.
(12) I turned to the left. I found myself close to the station.
(13) All the inmates escaped from the flames. This was fortunate.
(14) John Bunyan wrote the book called Pligrim’s Progress. He had once been a thoughtless youth. After that ne became a religious penitent.
(15) Th French were far inferior to the English onsea. This fact was well known.
(16) Analliance was recently formed in Europe. The parties to the alliance were Germany, Austria and Italy.
(17) The fog was very dense. No one could see his way through.
(18) I explained my case to the doctor.
(19) A crow stole a piece of cheese. She flew to her nest to enjoy the tasty meal.
(20) King George was the greatest monarch. He was King of England. He was Emperor of India.
(21) He was rude. I took no notice it.
(22) She wants to marry a foreigner. Her father is opposed to this.
(23) The Master was out of the room. The door was shut. The boys made a lot of noise.
(24) He has some bills. He must pay them.
(25) He admitted his error. He expressed his regret.

In combining separate sentences, one must find out the central idea and give it its due place by expressing it with the help of a finite verb, while the others may be expressed in phrases by using one or the other of the devices.

11. Combination of three or more simple sentences into a simple sentence :

Examples
(1) Ranga isa good farmer.
(2) He drives a bullock cart.
(3) By this means he supports a large family.

Simple : Ranga a good farmer, supports a large family by driving a bullock cart.

(1) I refreshed him with food and drink.
(2) I then made signs for him to lie down to sleep.
(3) I pointed out a suitable place for the purpose.

Simple: Having refreshed him with food and drink, I made signs for him to lie down to sleep, pointing outa suitable place for the purpose.

(1) The narrative of Columbus came to an end.
(2) The King and Queen then knelt before him.
(3) They offered up grateful thanks-giving to God.
(4) All present did the same.

Simple : The narrative of Columbus having come to an end, the King and Queen, and all present kneeling before him, offered up grateful thanksgiving to God. :

(1) Richard wasthe King of England.
(2) Richard was — wrecked upon the northern shore of the gulf of Venice.
(3)He  then resolved to cross the continent.
(4) He resolved todo this _inthedress ofa pilgrim.
(5) Heresolved to pass under thename of Hugh, the merchant.

Simple : Being wrecked on the northern shore of the gulf of Venice, Richard, the king of England, resolved to cross the continent in the dress of a pilgrim under the name of Hugh, the merchant.

Combine each of the following sets into a simple sentence :

(1) Cranmer was broken down by long imprisonment. He was tempted by promises of life. He then agreed to signal denial of the Protestant Faith.
(2) Mr. & Mrs. Banerjee have * onegreataim. Their aim is to fit these widow sand other young girls to usefulness to life. Their aim is to lead these widows to guide themselves by right principles.
(3) The admiral made a brief delay. He then resumed his journey. He soon entered a harbour.
(4) Columbus went through the country. Multitudes gathered to gaze at him. They slowed down his progress.
(5). Clarendon was proud and peevish.
(6) The General marched upon the enemy. He marched upon them on the 25th of April He did so after light skirmishing. He routed them with great slaughter. The slaughter was so great as to cause stonishment in the minds of the people.
(7) The English were inferior to the French in number. The English defeated the French. The battle was long and well contested. There was no battle, itis said, that ““was fought during the war that was so desperate.
(8) Mysore state isa beautiful country. Itisa fertile country. In superficial area, it execceds Ireland. It fell to the British Government. Itfell by right of conquest. This happened nearly a hundred years __ ago. It happened after the fall of Srirangapatnam.
(9) A . woodman was cutting down a tree. The tree was beside a river. The river was deep. He let his axe slip. It fell intothe water.
(10) He had to raise the siege of Prague. He had to retreat in good order. He had to hurry his army by different routes out of Bohemia. Nothing else remained for him todo:
(11) Some of his tastes were good. Others were bad. Some of his habits were good. Others were bad. All his tastes and habits were English.
(12) He cast a look at his basket. He then saw a dog. The dog had his nose in the basket.

12. Combination of three or more simple sentences into a complex sentences.

Examples

1, Simple: The car dashed past us at terrible sped. I was afraid. There would soon be an accident. : Complex: The car dashed pastus at sucha terrible speed that I feared there would be an accident.
2. Complex: Though the crew were full of doubts and fears that they might sail on for ever, they were comforted at last by seeing some birds and a branch with berries on it.
3. Simple: Columbus was helped by some merchants of the town of Palos. He go this three ships. Only one of the three ships was decked. The other two were open boats of half the size of the first. The first was named Santa Maria. 

Complex: Columbus helped by some merchants of the town of Palos got his three ships, only one of which was decked, the others being open boats of half the size of the first which was named the Santa Maria.

Combine each of the following groups into a complex sentence:- 

(1)He may be rich. He does not use any of his wealth tor, the benefit of others. He will not be happy.
(2) You may admit | it. You may not admit it. He is your superior in mathematics.
(3) The prince had promised very much. He could not perform so surprised.
(4) Columbus had discovered a new continent. ~ Hedied ignorant of this fact. He believed to the day of his death that he had sailed round the world. It is interesting to note this.
(5) I was walking home the other day. I lost a book. I was carrying it. I was amxdous to read it.
(6) I was thus musing. I cast my eyes eastwards towards the top of a rock. The rock was not far from me. I discoverd a person on the rock. He was in ._ the dress of a shepherd. He was in reality a being of a superior ‘nature.
(7) Examinations are formidable. They are so, even to the best prepared. The reason is this. The greatest fool may easily ask questions. The wisest may not be able to answer – them.
(8) Macro Polo returned to his own house dressed in Tartar garb. He was refused admission by his own servants. This story is told of him.

Phrases and Clauses

‘There is a green book on the table’ on the table’ అను మాటల సముదాయము (group of words) ‘బల్లమీద’ అను : అర్థమిచ్చు చున్నది. కాని పూర్తి అయిన అర్థమిచ్చుట లేదు. మరియు ఆ సము దాయము (on the table) లో subject గాని, finite verb గాని లేదు. ఇట్టి అర్థవంతమైన మాటల సముదాయమును phrase అందురు. ఉ

Def.: A phrase is a group of words equivalent to a single part of speech and not having a subject and a predicate of its own. In the sentence ‘I saw a boy, who was carrying a basket of flowers’ ‘a basket of flowers’ is a phrase; ‘who was carrying a basket of flowers’ and ‘I saw a boy’ are clauses.

Kinds of Phrases

Phrases are of three kinds .. (1) A phrase that does the work of noun is called a Noun phrase; as: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. (2) A phrase that does the work of an adjective is called an Adjectival Phrase; as:- The house on the hill is mine. (3) A phrase that does the work of an adverb is called an Adverbial Phrase; as:- I will come in the evening.

Note: Preposition తో నారంభించు Phrase, దాని ప్రయోగమును బట్టి Adjective phrase గాని, Adverb Phrase గాని కావచ్చును. ఉదా: The house on the hill is mine. (Adj. phrase). I built a house on the hill. (adv. phrase).

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Conversion Of Sentences

N.B.: All the examples given in this chapter may with advantage be made to serve to illustrate the conversion of one kind of sentence into another and vice versa. It is only then that the fullest benefit is derived by the pupils for acquiring mastery over the language.

From Simple to Complex
1. A simple sentence may be converted or changed into a Complex sentence by expanding some word or phrase into a Subordinate clause.
This Subordinate clause may be a Noun clause, an Ad- jective clause or an Adverb clause.

Noun Clauses

Study the following:- A

B

C

Note: Phrases are generally converted into clauses by changing the noun or pronoun in the possessive into the subject and the noun or gerund into the predicate.

D

E

F

Note: The adverb is changed into the principal clause beginning with it.

Adverb Clauses

From Complex to Simple

A Complex sentence may be changed into a Simple sen- tence by contracting Subordinate clauses into phrases; as :-

A Complex sentence may be changed into a Simple sentence by using the Nominative Absolute Construction.

From Complex to Compound

A Complex sentence may be changed into a Compound sentence by changing the subordinate clause into a Co-ordi- nating Principal clause with the aid of a Co-ordinating conjunction.

From Compound to Complex

A Compound sentence may be converted into a Com- plex sentence by changing all the principal clauses retaining only one, into one or more subordinate clauses with the help of one or more subordinating conjunctions.

From Simple to Compound

A Simple sentence may be converted into a Compound sentence by changing a phrase into a Co-ordinating Principal clause with the aid of a Co-ordinating conjunction.

Combine the folliwing sets into (a) Simple, (b) Complex and (b) Compound sentences:

(1) Rama was th son of Dasaratha. He ruled over Ayodhya.
(2) He was a mere boy. He offered to fight with the giant.
(3) He studied hard. He failed in the examination.
(4) Turn to the left. You will find a temple.
(5) Work hard. Otherwise you will fail.
(6) Complete the work by this evening. You will be fined.
(7) Sita is clever. She is also good.
(8) He heard a loud sound. He woke up.
(9) The wind was favourable. The ship sailed fast.
(10) He was tired of play. He sat down to rest.
(11) He is very weak. He cannot walk to school.
(12) He worked hard. Otherwise he would have failed.
(13) He ran. He would have missed the train.
(14) He has already read much. It only makes him grow so much wiser.
(15) He is good. I love him.
(16) He sacrificed his life for my sake. He loved me so much.
(17) The teacher entered the class. At once all the pupils stood up.
(18) He helped me. Otherwise I should have been drowned.
(19) The girl was robbed of her jewellery. She was also murdered.
(20) The sun had set. He darkened the landscape.
(21) The sun had set. We stopped playing foot-ball.
(22) I will do my best. I do not wish to be judged unfit.
(23) I advised you how to act. You did not act accordingly.
(24) You are directed how to rewrite the sentences. Rewrite them accordingly.
(25) There were no rains. The crops failed.
(26) I sent my servant to the market. He was to buy fruits for me.
(27) He wants to get through the examination. He worked hard.
(28) He was punished. That was right.
(29) His friends arrived in time. He was very pleased.
(30) He is feverish. He has applied for leave. (
31) A was more intelligent than B. A failed.
(32) Speak the truth I kill you.
(33) Speak the truth. I reward you.
(34) Rama heard of his success in the examination. This was to his great joy.
(35) Do not waste time. You may fail.
(36) He had arrived. He slept for an hour.
(37) He was going through a forest. He met a tiger.
(38) I received no replies to my letters. I therefore issued a registered notice.
(39) Krishna had all the benefits of education and wealth. He never made a name.
(40) I bought a table. It was made of stainless steel.
(41) He has failed narrowly only in one subject by a few marks. He wishes to sit for the whole examination.
(42) The general had fled. The army was defeated.
(43) The post was attacked by superior numbers. The defenders had to surrender.
(44) He opened the box. He found a gold necklace.
(45). My friend joined the army. I have not seen him since
(46) I joined the army. I have not seen my son so far.
(47) creditors. This was very dishonest.
(48) Rama was very tall. He could jump over the wall.
(50) It must be done. We should not count the cost.
(51) I have seen an advertisement for a typist’s post in ‘The Express’. I apply for it.
(52) He may meci me. In that case I shall give him your letter.
(53) He was short of funds. Otherwise he would spare me some money.
(54) He rarely commits blunders. I invariably punish him.
(55) He oc- casionally pays me a visit. He always brings me a fruit.
(56) He must not be late. He will be punished. (57) You travel more. You will grow so much experienced.

Ans: (1) Rama the son of Dasaratha, ruled over Ayodhya. Rama, who was the son of Dasaratha, ruled over Ayodhya. Rama was the son of Dasaratha and he ruled over Ayodhya.
(2) In spite of (despite) his being a mere boy, he offered to fight with the giant. Though he was a mere boy, he offered to fight with the giant. He was a mere boy but he offered to fight with the giant.
(4) Turning to the left, you will find a temple. If you turn to the left, you will find a temple.. Turn to the left and you will find a temple.
(5) Failing to work hard you will not pass. If you do not work hard (or Unless you work hard) you will fail. Work hard or you will fail.
(7) Besides being clever, Sita is good. Sita who is clever is also good. Sita is not only clever but good.
(8) On hearning a loud sound he woke up. When he heard a loud sound, he woke up. He woke up for he heard a lound sound.
(9) The wind being favourable, the ship sailed fast. The ship sailed fast because the wind was favourable. The wind was favourable and therefore the ship sailed fast.
(12) But for his hard work, he would have failed. If he had not worked hard, he would have failed. He worked hard, so he passed.
(14) His wisdom is in proportion to his reading. The more he reads, the wiser he grows. He has already read much and it only makes him grow so much wiser.
(22) I will do my best so as not to be judged unfit. I will do my best lest I should be judged unfit. I do not wish to be judged unfit, so I will do my best.
(24) Rewrite the sentences according to the direction. Rewrite the sentences as directed.
(28) He was rightly punished. It was right (that) he was punished.
(29) The timely arrival of his friends pleased him. He was pleased that his friends arrived in time.
(30) To his great joy, Rama heard of his success in the examination. He was rejoiced to hear that he passed the examination.
(35) You may fail by wasting time. Do not waste time lest you should fail. Do not waste time, otherwise, you may fail.
(48) He fled his creditors….a dis-honest act. (or) It was dishonest of him to have fled from his creditors.
(40) It must be done at any cost. It must be done whatever it might cost. It must be done, no matter what it costs.
(51) Having seen an advertisement for a typist’s post in “The Express” I apply for it. I apply for a typist’s post for which I have seen an advertisement in “The Express”.
(52) In the event of (in case of) his meeting me, I shall give him your letter. If he meets me, I shall give him your letter. Let him meet me and I shall give your letter.
(53) Except for want of sufficient funds, he would spare me some (money). He had no money to spare, otherwise he would spare me some (money).
(54) 1 invariably punish him even for blunders rarely committed. I invariably punish him for blunders though he commits them rarely. He rarely commits blunders, but I invariably punish him.
(55) He occasionally pays me a visit bringing me a fruit every time. He brings me a fruit whenever he pays me an occasional visit. He occasionally pays me a visit, but he always brings me a fruit.
(56) In the event of his being late he will be punished. If he comes late, he will be punished He must not be late or hewill be punished.

The Sentense

1. మనము మాట్లాడుకొనునపుడు గాని, వ్రాయునపుడు గాని మాటలను వాడుతాము. సాధారణంగా ఈ మాటలను విడివిడిగా కాకుండా క్రింద పేర్కొన్న విధంగా సామూహికంగా వాడుతుంటాము.
Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.

ఈ విధంగా వాడిన పదముల సముదాయాన్ని వాక్యము అని అంటాము. ఇటువంటి పదముల సముదాయం పూర్తిగా అర్ధవంతం అయినట్లయితేనే దానిని వాక్యం అని అంటాము. |

వాక్యములలోని రకములు

2. వాక్యములు నాలుగు విధములు :
1. వివరించునవి లేక నొక్కివక్కాణించునవి :Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.

2. ప్రశ్నలు అడుగునవి :Where do you live?

3. ఒక అజ్ఞనుగాని (command), విన్నపమును గాని (request) బ్రతిమాలుటను గాని (entreaty) తెలియజేయునవి

• Be quiet.
• Have mercy upon us.

4. బలమైన మానసిక భావాలను (sudden and intense feelings) తెలియజేయునవి :

• How cold the night is!
• What a shame 1

ఒక statement ను నొక్కి వక్కాణించే మాటల సముదాయాన్ని కాని ఇచ్చువానిని Declarative లేక Assertive వాక్యములు అని అంటాము.
ప్రశ్నను అడుగు వాక్యమును interrogative sentence అని అంటాము.

ఆజ్ఞను ఇచ్చు వాక్యమునుగాని విన్నపము చేయు వాక్యమునుగాని imperative (ఆవశ్యమైన) sentence అని అంటాము. ఆకస్మికముగా ఒక అభిప్రాయమును (strong feeling) బయటికి చెప్పు వాక్యమును Exclamatory sentence అని అంటాము.

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అధ్యాయము 2

Subject And Predicate

3. మనము ఒక వాక్యాన్ని వ్రాయునపుడు గాని మాట్లాడునపుడు గాని
(1) ఒక వ్యక్తికి గాని ఒక వస్తువుకు గాని పేరు ఇవ్వడం జరుగుతుంది.
(2) ఆ వ్యక్తి గురించిగాని ఆ వస్తువు గురించి గాని ఏదో కొంత చెప్పడం జరుగుతుంది.

ఇంకో విధంగా చెప్పాలంటే, వాక్యములో పేర్కొనడానికి subject (కర్త) ఉండాలి. అదే విధంగా ఆ వ్యక్తిని గురించి గాని ఆ వస్తువును గురించి గాని ఏదో కొంత చెప్పే predicate వుండాలి. అంటే ప్రతి వాక్యంలో రెండు ప్రధాన భాగములు ఉంటాయి :-

(1) మనము మాట్లాడే వ్యక్తి గాని వస్తువుగాని ఉన్నట్టిది మొదటి భాగము. దీనిని subject అంటారు
(2) Subject ను గురించి చెప్పునది రెండవ భాగము. దీనిని predicate అంటారు.

4.సాధారణంగా వాక్యములోని subject భాగము వాక్యమునకు మొదట ఉంటుంది కాని కొన్ని సార్లు మాత్రం predicate తర్వాత subject వస్తుంది.

• Here comes the bus.
  
• Sweet are the uses of adversity.

5.Imperative sentences లో (అవశ్యము ఈ పని చేయవలయును అని చెప్పునవి) subject ను వదలి వేయడం జరుగుతుంది.

• Sit down.[Here the Subject You is understood]
• Thank him.[Here too the Subject You is understood]

అభ్యాసము 1

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Subject ను Predicate లను వేరు చేయండి

1. The crackling of geese saved Rome.
2. The boy stood on the burning deck.
3. Tubal Cain was a man of might.
4. Stone walls do not make a prison.
5. The singing of the birds delights us.
6. Miss Kitty was rude at the table one day.
7. He has a good memory.
8. Bad habits grow unconsciously.
9. The earth revolves around the Sun.
10. Nature is the best physician.
11. Edison invented the phonograph.
12. The sea hath many thousand grains of sand.
13. We cannot pump the ocean dry.
14. Borrowed garments never fit well.
15. The early bird catches the worm.
16. All matter is indestructible.
17. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan.
18. We should profit from experience,
19. All roads lead to Rome.
20. A guilty conscience needs no excuse.
21. The beautiful rainbow soon faded away.
22. No man can serve two masters.
23. A sick room should be well-aired.
24. The dewdrops glitter in the sunshine.
25. I shot an arrow into the air.
26. A barking sound the shepherd hears.
27. On the top of the hill lives a hermit.

అధ్యాయము 3

The Phrase And The Clause

6. “In a corner” అను పదసముదాయమును పరిశీలించండి. దీనిని Phrases అని అంటారు. Phrase అనగా మూడు, నాలుగు పదములు ఉన్న పదబంధము అని అర్ధము. Phrases అర్థయుత మైనప్పటికి, అవి స్వతహాగా పూర్తి అర్ధాన్ని యివ్వవు. Italics ఉన్న యీ క్రింది పద సముదాయములను (జట్టులు) Phrases అని అంటారు.

• The sun rises in the east.
• Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
• There came a giant to my door.
• It was a sunset of great beauty.
• The tops of the mountains were covered with snow.
• show me how to do it.

7. talics ప్రింటులో నున్న ఈ క్రింది phrasesను పరిశీలించండి :

• He has a chain of gold.
• He has a chain which is made of gold.

పై రెండు వాక్యములలో మొదటి వాక్యములో నున్న “of gold” అను రెండు పదముల జంటను phrase అని అంటాము. రెండవ వాక్యములోని which is made of gold అను అయిదు మాటల సమూహమును Clause అని అంటాము.

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో పై విధంగా group గా ఉన్న పదములను clauses అంటాము.

• People who pay their debts are trusted.
• We cannot start while it is raining.
• I think that you have made a mistake.

అధ్యాయము 41

Parts Of Speech

8. వాక్యములలోని పదములను వివిధములైన పేర్లతో విభజించడం జరిగింది. Grammer లో యీ విభజనను Parts of speech అని అంటాము. ఆ పదములకు గల వివిధమైన గుర్తింపులు అవి వాక్యములో చేయు పనులను బట్టి (duties) వచ్చినవి. ఈ గుర్తింపులు ఎనిమిది. అవి యివి :-

1)Noun (నామవాచకము)
2)Adjective (విశేషణము)
3)Pronoun (సర్వనామముnoun కు బదులుగా వచ్చునది)
4)Verb (క్రియ or action word)
5)Adverb (క్రియా విశేషణము అనగా verb నకు యింకొంత అర్ధమును కలుపునది.) 6) Preposition (విభక్త్యర్ధకమైన అవ్యయము. విభక్తులు అని కూడా అంటాము)
7)Conjunction (కలుపునది అనగా సముచ్ఛయము)
8)Interjection (సంతాపాద్యర్థకము అనగా సంతాపమును తెలియచేయునది) అయ్యో! అను భావము.
9)Noun. ఒక మనిషి యొక్క పేరును గాని, ఒక ప్రదేశము యొక్క పేరును గాని, ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క పేరును గాని తెలియజేయు పదమును నామవాచకము (Noun) అంటారు.

• Akbar was a great King.
• Kolkata is on the Hooghly.
• The rose smells sweet.
• The sun shines bright.
• His courage won him honour.

గమనిక (Note): వస్తువు అనగా
(1) మనము కంటితో చూచునది, వినునది, చేతితో తాకబడునది, వాసన చూడబడునది మొదలయినవి.
(2)మనం ఊహించగలిగినవి, తాకలేనివి మరియు చూడ వీలు కానట్టివి. వీనిని English లో abstract nouns అని అంటారు. మనస్సుతో ఊహించుకోవాలి.

10. Adjective: నామవాచకమునకున్న అర్ధమునకు మరికొంత అర్ధమును కలిపిన పదమును Adjective అని అంటారు.

• He is a brave boy.
• There are twenty boys in this class.

11. Pronoun: నామవాచకమునకు బదులుగా వాడు పదమును Pronoun (సర్వనామము) అని అంటారు.
John is absent, because he is ill.
The books are where you left them.

12. Verb: ఒక పనిని గాని విషయమును గాని తెలియజేయు పదమును Verb అంటారు. Verb లో action (క్రియ) ఉంటుంది.
The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
Kolkata is a big city.
Iron and copper are useful metals.

13.Adverb (క్రియా విశేషణము).:Verb కు గాని, Adjective కు గాని, లేక యింకొక Adverb కు గాని మరికొంత భావమును కలుపు పదమును Adverb అని అంటారు. (add + verb = adverb)
He worked the sum quickly.
This flower is very beautiful.
She pronounced the word quite correctly.

14. Preposition. (విభక్తి ప్రత్యయము). Noun గాని pronoun గాని మరియొక పదముతో సంబంధము కలిగి యుండును. యీ సంబంధమును తెలియజేయు పదమును Preposition అంటారు.
There is a cow in the garden.
The girl is fond of music.
A fair little girl sat under a tree.

15. Conjunction (సముచ్చయము). రెండు పదములను గాని, రెండు వాక్యములను గాని కలుపు పదమును Conjunction అని అంటారు.
Rama and Hari are cousins.
Two and two make four.
I ran fast, but missed the train.

16. Interjection (ఆశ్చర్యార్ధకము). అకస్మాత్తుగా మనలో ఉద్భవించు భావావేశమును (intense feeling) తెలియజేయు పదమును Interjection అని అంటారు.
Hurrah! We have won the game.
Alas she is dead.

17. A, an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, my, his, one, two అను పదములను Determiners అని అంటారు. కొన్ని Modern Grammars లో determiners ను కూడా part of speech గా గుర్తిస్తున్నారు. యివి వాని తరువాత follow అయ్యే నామవాచక భావమును కొంత తగ్గించును. ఈ గ్రామరు పుస్తకములో a, an మరియు the తప్ప మిగిలిన పై determiners ను adjective గా పరిగణించడం జరిగింది.

18. ఆయా పదములు అవి వాక్యములో చేయు పనిని బట్టి అవి ఏ part of speech కి చెందినవో గుర్తించవచ్చు. కావున ఏ పదము ఏ part of speech కి చెందినదో వాక్యమును చూడకుండా చెప్పడం కష్టము.
They arrived soon after. (Adverb)
They arrived after us. (Preposition)
They arrived after we had left. (Conjunction)
పైన ఇచ్చిన మూడు ఉదాహరణలను గమనించండి. ఒకే పదాన్ని వేరు వేరు వాక్యాల్లో వేరు వేరు parts of speech గా ఉపయోగించడం జరిగింది.

|అభ్యాసము 2

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Italics ప్రింటులోనున్న పదములు ఏ భాషా విభాగమునకు చెందినవో రాయుచూ, అందుకు గల కారణములను కూడా పేర్కొనండి :

1. Still waters run deep.
2. He still lives in that house.
3.After the storm comes the calm.
4.The after effects of the drug are bad.
5.The up train is late.
6.It weighs about a pound.
7.He told us all about the battle.
8. He was only a yard off me.
9. Suddenly one of the wheels came off.
10.Mohammadans fast in the month of Ramzan.
11.He kept the fast for a week
12.He is on the committee..
13. Let us move on.
14.Sit down and rest a while.
15. I will watch while you sleep.

అధ్యాయము 5

The Noun :Kinds Of Nouns

19. ఒక వ్యక్తి యొక్క పేరును గాని, ఒక ప్రదేశము యొక్క పేరును గాని, ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క పేరును గాని తెలియజేయు పదమును నామవాచకము (Noun) అందురు.
గమనిక (Note: మన ఆలోచనలోనికి వచ్చు భావము కూడా భావపూరితమైన “thing” అవుతుంది. (Abstract Noun). వీనిని మానసికంగా మాత్రమే ఊహించుకోవాలి.

20. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను గమనించండి:
Asoka was a wise king.
ఒక ప్రత్యేకమైన గుర్తింపుగల రాజును మనము Asoka అని పిలిచాము. కాని యింకొక పదమైన ‘King’ అను పదముతో యితర రాజులను గురించి కూడా పేర్కొనవచ్చును. ఇచ్చట Asoka అను పదము Proper noun అవుతుంది. King అను పదము అందరు రాజులకు చెందుతుంది కావున common noun అవుతుంది. ఎందుకంటే king అను ఆ పదముతో ఎవరినయినా పిలవవచ్చును కాబట్టి.
అదే విధంగా : –
Sita is a Proper Noun, while girl is a Common Noun.
Hari is a Proper Noun, while boy is a Common Noun.
Kolkata is a Proper Noun, while city is a Common Noun.
India is a Proper Noun, while country is a Common Noun.

‘Girl’ అను పదము common noun. ఎందుకంటే ఆ మాటతో ఏ అమ్మాయిని అయినా పిలువవచ్చును. కాని యిచ్చట
‘Sita’ అను పేరుతో ఒకే ఒక గుర్తింపుగల అమ్మాయిని పిలుస్తాము. అంటే ‘Sita’ అను పదము proper noun.
Proper అనగా తనకు చెందిన అనే అర్ధం వస్తుంది కదా !

Definition. ( నిర్వచనము) – ఒకే రకానికి చెందిన వ్యక్తులనుగాని, వస్తువులనుగాని ఒకే పేరుతో పిలిచినట్లయితే, ఆ పదమును Common Noun అంటారు. ఒకే పేరుతో అందరిని పిలవడానికి వీలయినప్పుడు అట్టి పదము Common Noun జాబితా లోనికి వస్తుంది.

Definition. ( నిర్వచనము). ఒకే ఒక వ్యక్తికిగాని ప్రదేశానికిగాని చెందిన పేరును proper noun అని అంటాము. Proper అనగా ఒకే వ్యక్తి యొక్క గాని ప్రదేశము యొక్క గాని గుర్తింపునకు (గ్రామరులో స్వంతము అని అర్ధము.

Note. 1. Proper noun కు మొదటి అక్షరము capital letter ఉపయోగించాలి.
Note. 2. Pronouns ను కొన్నిసార్లు common nouns గా కూడా గుర్తిస్తున్నారు.

1. He was the Lukman (= the wisest man) of his age.
2. Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare (= the greatest dramatist) of India.
Collective nouns మరియు abstract nouns, common nouns లో భాగమే.

21. మనుష్యుల గుంపునుగాని, కొన్ని వస్తువుల సముదాయమునుగాని ఏకంగా ఒక్క పదంలో తెలియజేయు పదాలను Collective Nouns అంటారు.

Crowd, mob, team, flock, herd, army, fleet, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee.
A fleet= a collection of ships or vessels.
An army= a collection of soldiers.
A crowd= a collection of people.
The police dispersed the crowd.
The French army was defeated at Waterloo.
The jury found the prisoner guilty.
A herd of cattle is passing.

22. ఒక లక్షణమును గురించి గాని, ఒక చర్యను (action) గురించి గాని, ఒక పరిస్థితిని (State or condition) గురించి గాని చెప్పు పదమును Abstract nouns అని అంటారు. ఇవి భావరూపములు.

Quality – Goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty, wis- dom, bravery. (మంచి తనము, జాలి, తెలుపు, చీకటి, గట్టితనము, కాంతి, నిజాయితీ, జ్ఞానము, ధైర్యము)
Action.- Laughter, theft, movement, judgement, hatred. (నవ్వు, దొంగతనము, కదలిక, తీర్పు, ద్వేషము) Laughter లో నవ్వు భావరూపం. Laughing అను verb లో నవ్వు కార్యరూపము.
State.- Childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty. (పసితనము, బాల్యము, యవ్వనము, బానిసత్వము, నిద్ర, జబ్బు, మరణము, బీదతనము)

Arts (కళల పేర్లు), Sciences (శాస్త్రముల పేర్లు), (grammer, music, chemistry మొదలగు పదములు) కూడా Abstract nouns (వ్యాకరణము, సంగీతము, రసాయనశాస్త్రము)

కంటికి కనిపించనివి, చేతికి చిక్కనివి, కేవలం మనస్సుతో మాత్రమే అవగాహన చేసుకోగలిగిన వన్నియు Abstract nouns. Abstract nouns ను అర్ధం చేసుకోవడానికి యింకొక ఆధారము కావలయును. “మరణము” అను పదము (death) Abstract Noun కాని మరణము అంటే ఎంత భయంకరంగా ఉంటుందో తెలుసుకోవడానికి యింకొక వస్తువయిన శవము కావలయును. మరణమును గాని, నవ్వును గాని ఇతర abstract nouns ను గాని ఒక చోటి నుండి ఇంకొక చోటికి మార్చజాలము. అలానే పర్వతము, సముద్రము, గాలి మొదలగు పంచభూతములను కూడా ఇంకొక చోటికి మార్చజాలము. ఒక విద్యార్ధి యొక్క తెలివిని కంటితో చూడగలమా? ఒక చోటినుండి ఇంకొక చోటికి మార్చగలమా? Marks
sheet ను బట్టి మాత్రమే తెలుసుకుంటాం.

23. Abstract Nouns ఈ క్రింది విధముగా form అవుతాయి.
1. Adjectives నుండి
Kindness from kind; honesty from honest.
(kindness – దయ (Abstract Noun. He has kindness అతనికి దయ ఉన్నది.
(kind) దయగల (Adjective) He is a kindman. అతను దయగల వాడు.
ఎటువంటివాడు అనేదాని జవాబు. He అనే pronoun ను వర్ణిస్తుంది.

2. Verbs నుండి Obedience from obey, growth from grow.

3. Common nouns Childhood from child;
slavery from slave.
slave 3 (common noun)
skavery (abstract noun) బానిసత్వము.
ఇచ్చట slavery అను పదము ఒకరి పరిస్థితిని తెలియచేస్తుంది కదా!

24. Nouns కు ఇంకొక వర్గీకరణ (classification) కూడా ఉన్నది. అవి countable nouns (లెక్కించదగినవి) మరియు unaccountable nouns (లెక్కించవీలు కానివి)
Countable Nouns: book, pen, apple, boy, sister, doctor, horse.
Uncountable nouns: milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty

Countable Nouns కు ఏకవచన – బహువచన రూపములు ఉన్నవి. కాని Uncountable nouns కు ఏకవచన – బహువచన రూపములు లేవు. ఇన్ని లీటర్ల పాలు అంటాముగాని, ఇన్ని చుక్కల పాలు అనము.

అభ్యాసము 3

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో nouns ను గుర్తించి వాటి వర్గీకరణను (classification) పేర్కొనుము.
1. The crowd was very big..
2. Always speak the truth.
3. We all love honesty.
4. Our class consists of twenty pupils.
5. The elephant has great strength.
6. Solomon was famous for his wisdom.
7. Cleanliness is next to godliness.
8. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour.
9. The class is studying grammar.
10. The Godavari overflows its banks every year.
11. A committee of five was appointed.
12. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.
13. The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.
14. Without health there is no happiness.
15. He gave me a bunch of grapes.
16. I recognized your voice at once.
17. Our team is better than theirs.
18. Never tell a lie.
19. Wisdom is better than strength.
20. He sets a high value on his time.
21. I believe in his innocence.
22. This room is thirty feet in length.
23. I often think of the happy days of childhood.
24. The streets of some of our cities are noted for their crookedness.
25. What is your verdict, gentlemen of the jury?

అభ్యాసము 4

ఈ క్రింది వానికి collective noun పదములు రాయండి.
(1) Cattle
(2) Soldiers
(3) Sailors
Adjectives గా బాలురకు ఉన్న ఈ క్రింది లక్షణములను abstract nouns గా మార్చి వ్రాయుము.
(1) Lazy
(2) Cruel
(3) Brave
(4) Foolish

అభ్యాసము 5

క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన adjectives ను abstract nouns గా మార్చి వ్రాయుము.

Punctuation

మాట్లాడునపుడు మనము అక్కడక్కడ అగుచు, కంఠధ్వని హెచ్చు తగ్గులచే మన అభిప్రాయమును ఎదుటివారికి స్పష్టీకరింతుము. మనము వ్రాయునపుడు గాని వ్రాసిన గ్రంథము చదువునపుడు గాని అదే స్పష్టత ఉండవలెనన్న Marks of Punctuation (విరామ చిహ్నములు) వాడవలెను. అట్టి Marks of Punctuation లేని వాక్యమును చదువునపుడు దానికి తప్పుటర్థము రావచ్చును ; అప్పుడప్పుడు అర్థము చేసికొనుటయు కష్టమగును. &: The young man says the old man is a fool. (Punctuation reveals the fool) ; as: (1) “The young man” says the old man “is a fool”. (2) The young man says, “The old man is a fool”.

ఈ దిగువ నుదహరించిన Punctuation Marks సాధారణముగా వాడుకలోనున్నవి.

1. Comma                                                  (,)
2. Semicolon                                              (;)
3. Colon                                                     (:)
4. Full stop or Period                                 (.)
5. Note or Mark of Interrogation              (?)
6. Note or Mark of Exclamation                (!)
7. Quotation Marks or inverted Commas (“”)
8. The Apostrophe                                    (‘)

ఇందు మొదటి నాలుగు విరామ చిహ్నములు.

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

1. The comma marks the shortest pause. Its chief uses are: A. In a Simple sentence:
(a) Between nouns or pronouns in apposition; as :
Rama, the son of Dasharatha, ruled over Ajodhya.
b) To separate the same parts of speech, unless they are grouped by and:

1. He wrote accurately, forcibly and readily.
2. She glanced, smiled and bowed
(c) To separate each pair of words connected by and or as:
1. High and low, rich and poor, wise and foolish must all die.
2. By night or by day, at home or abroad, asleep or awake, he is a constant source of anxiety to his father.
(d) To indicate the omission of a verb; as:
1. To err is human, to forgive, divine.
2. Reading market a full man; conference, a ready man; and writing, an exact man.
(e) After an absolute construction; as:
(1) The sun having set, we all went home.
(2) To be plain with you, I do not believe your words.
(f) After the Nominative of Address; as
1. Boys, sit down.
2. Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears.
(g) To introduce a sentence in Direct Speech; as:- He said, “I shall go now”.
(h) Afterword’s and phrases placed at the beginning of a sentence; as :-
1. Courageously, he undertook the leadership.
2. Straining every muscle, he won that race.
(a) Before and after, all short parentheses; as- The poor fellow, I am sorry to say, died the same evening.
B. In a Compound sentence the co-ordinate clauses are separated by commas when they are expressed at full length; as:-
He called at my house, but I was not at home.
N.B. But when the co-ordinate clauses are not ex-pressed at full length the comma is omitted; as:—-
I made haste and caught him.
C. In a Complex sentence an Adverb Clause is generally separated by a comma from the principal clause; as:- He will succeed, because he works hard.
But the comma is omitted when the Adverb Clause is either elliptical or very short.
1. He likes you better than me.
2. Send me word before you start.
(b) The Semicolon marks a longer pause than the comma. It is used;
(a) To separate long Co-ordinate Clause; as :-
Honesty of purpose in worldly affairs has many advantages over deceit; it is a safer way of dealing with men; it inspires men with greater confidence.
(b) To give greater emphasis to different clauses :-
1. The coconut tree gives us food; it gives us drink; it gives us material for roofing; it gives us oil; it gives us rope; it supplies us, indeed, with all the necessaries of life.
2. As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. So there is tears for his love; joy for                  his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his ambi- tion.
c. The colon marks a longer pause than the semico- lon. It is used:
(a) When what follows confirms, repeats or amplifies the previous statement:
It is said that sleep is best before midnight; and nature hereself with her darkness informs us so (confirmation).
(b) Before enumerations (with or without the dash).
(1) The principal forms of a verb in English are: the present tense, the past tense and the past participle.
(2) The following articles are found in his pocket :- a pencil, a pen knife, a bit of chalk.
(c) To introduce a quotation or an example :-
(1) Dickens said: “It is better to be three hours earlier than one minute late”.
(2) The following is a good example: (amplication)
d. The Full Stop or Period.
It marks the longest pause and is used:
(a) At the end of every complete sentence, except inter- rogative and exclamatory ones:
(b) After abbreviations:
B.A. (= Bachelor of Arts). B.C. (=Before Christ).
Jan. (for January), Lat. = (Latin)
Note: (1) When the first and last letters of the abbreviation are also those of the full word, the full stop is omitted as: Wt. (=for weight), fot. (=for feet); Gk. (=for Greek); Mr. (=forMister)..
e. Note or mark of Interrogation.

It is used after:
(a) Direct questions. The sentence following must be commenced with a capital:-
1. Where was he born? When did he die ?
2. He asked me, “Have you been long at college?”
(b) Interrogative sentences which are in the form of statements or assertions:-
You came here to see your father?
Note: 1. Indirect questions do not take a mark of inter- rogation after them :-
He asked me if I had been long at college.
Note: 2. No question mark is needed at the end, when a polite request is made in an interrogative form :-
1. Could you kindly speak to your brother about my appointment.
2. Will you please grant me leave for to-day.
3. May I assure you of my hearty co-operation. The Note or Mark of Exclamation (!)
It is used to denote joy, sorrow, surprise etc., or when addressing a person. It is placed after interjections and after phrases and sentences expressing sudden emotion or wish:
(1) Alas!
(2) Ah me!
(3) What a fine house it is!
(4) Long live the king!
(5) Miserable man! You have been well punished.
(f)Quotation Marks or Inverted Commas(“……”)

They are used to enclose a quaotation or words in Divect speech :-
1. Solomon said, “Spare the rod and spoil the child”.
2. “Never mind”, she replied, “it made known to me what was wanted”.
Note: In the above, the reporting verb breaks up the quotation.
3. My friend replied, “Was it not Shakespeare who ob- served: ‘Give every man ear but few thy voice’?”
Note: If a quotation occurs within a quotation, it is marked by single quotation marks.
(g). The apostrophe () It is used (1) to mark the omission of a letter or a syllable or syllables; as: e’en (even), couldn’t (could not), don’t (do not), ven’ble (venerable).
2. In the Possessive case of Nouns: as: Rama’s book; Girls’ school.
3. To form the plural of letters and figures: as:
(1) Dot your i’s and cross your t’s
(2) Add two 5s and four 2s.
Ex. 55. B.
(a) Insert Commas where necessary, in the following, giving reasons:-

(1) The triple alliance consists of Germany, Austria and Italy.
(2) The roof of the house having caught fire the inmates fled and remained outside the house until the fire was put out.
(3) He found as I expected that the house he had lately purchased was a bad one.
(4) I remain my dear sir yours faithfully Ramarao.
(5) To tell you the truth I should be glad to retire from business altogether.
(6) The boatman shouted to a man on shore throw out the rope.
(7) In fact of all that was subscribed I gave the largest amount.
(8) A snake sleeping in the grass will bite if any one treads upon it.
(9) Potti Sreeramulu a disciple of Gandhi worked for Harijan uplift.
(10) He was a wise learned and honest judge.
(11) From morning till noon from noon to evening from evening to midnight this same grief never leaves him.
(12) O King live for ever.
(13) He was a Brahmin; she a Rajput.

(b) Insert Semicolons, in the following giving reasons:-
(1) To-day we love what to-morrow we hate to-day we seek what to-morrow we shun to-day we desire what to-morrow we fear.
(2) I met him as he was leaving his house otherwise I should not have known him where he lived.
(3) I refused to do what he asked me to do for I was convinced that he had been misinformed of the facts.
(4) If a king violates the solemn engagements if he oppresses, extorts, robs if he imprisons, confiscates, banishes at his sole will and pleasure his defence is that it is his privilege                    because the people are his subjects.
(5) The heavens declare the glory of God and the firma- ment showeth his handiwork.

(c) Insert Colons in the following, giving reasons:
(1) The following boys are absent Rama, Krishna and Satyanarayana.
(2) Strive above all things, in whatever station of life you may be, there is no happiness in life without it. Tennyson says more things are wrought by prayer than this world dreams of. (d) Punctuate the following passage, using capitals where necessary :-
(1) he perceiving my shadow on the wall by his bedside asked who was there sir I am here quoth i if i might see your grace well what is the time said he to me.
(2) how are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle I am distressed for thee my brother jonathan Nonsense how can you talk such rubbish.
(3) They had played together in infancy they had worked together in manhood they were now tottering about and gossiping away the evening of life and in a short time they will                  probably be buried together in the neighbouring church- yard.
(4) The carthagenian army was composed entirely of mercenary troops africa spain and gaul were their recruiting grounds and these countries were an inexhaustible treasury of                    warriors as long as the money lasted which the recruits re- ceived as pay.

Adjectives (విశేషణములు)

Adjectives ఏడు విధములు,
1. Qualitative,
2. Numeral,
3.Quantitative,
4. Demon- strative,
5. Distributive,
6. Interrogative,
7. Relative

1. వస్తువులు (things) ఎట్టి గుణములు గలవియో చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of Quality end. &: a tall tree, a bold man, a dark room, an old house..

Def. Adjectives of quality show of what kind a thing is.

2. వస్తువులు (things) ఎన్ని గలవో, లేక యే orderలో నున్నవో చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of number అనబడును. ఉ: two boys, three cows, ten men, few rupees, many goats, all men, fifth boy, first place.

Def. Adjectives of Number (Numeral Adjectives) show how many of a thing there are or in what order. e.g. Any, some, a, an, certain, no, few, many, all, several 3 ఇన్నియని చెప్పక. వస్తువుల సంఖ్యను సూచించుటచే ఆవి Indefinite Numeral Adjectives అనబడును.

Def: Adjectives which do not denote an exact number are called Indefinite Numeral Adjectives.

Two, three, second, third అనునవి వస్తువుల సంఖ్యను సరిగా యిన్ని అనియో, ఒక వరుసలో ఇన్నవది అనియోసూచించుటచే అవి Definite Numeral Adjectives అనబడును.

Def. Adjectives which denote some exact number or show the serial order in which a thing stands are called Definite Numeral Adjectives.

Note:- – In ‘Both’ (=the two) boys won prizes, ‘both’ is an adjective. In ‘Both’ the boys won prizes, it is best to regard both as a pronoun put in apposition to the subject (the boys); as: The boys, both of them, won prizes 2. All the children ran after the piper-The children, all of them ran after the piper. 3. వస్తువుల (things) యొక్క పరిమితిని చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of Quantity e. &: much rice, some milk, little
money.

Def: Adjectives of Quantity show how much of a thing there is.

4. వస్తువులలో (things) ఫలానా అని చూపునట్టి మాటలు Demon- stative Adjectives eod.& this book, that boy, these trees, those houses, the same book, such conduct.

Def: Demonstrative Adjectives point out which things are meant.
The adjectives these and those do not agree with the nouns kind and sort to which they refer.

Wrong
Correct

1. These kind of things.
2. Those sort of things. 1. This kind of thing.
2. Things of this kind
3. All (or many) sorts of things.
5. వస్తువులు (things) ఒక్కొక్కటిగా తీసికొనినట్లు తెలియజేయు మాటలు

Distributive Adjectives అనబడును. ఉ: each boy, every man, either pen, neither party.

Def: Distributive Adjectives show that things are taken separately.
6. What books do you read? Which boy got the prize? Whose house is this? What, Which and Whose అను మాటలు books, boy and house అను nouns కు ముందుంచబడి ప్రశ్నలు వేయుట కుపయోగపడినవి గాన, అవి Interrogative Adjectives అనబడును.

Def: What, which and whose when used with Nouns to ask questions are called Interrogative Adjectives.

7. Relative Adjectives: Which and what are sometimes used as relative adjectives.

ఈ క్రింది ఎడమవైపు రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి ఒకే వాక్యముగా వ్రాయుము.

(A) (1) Wait for two days.
(b) He will return within that time.

Wait for two days
within which time he will return.
Within which time he will return – Adj. Clause; qualifying the noun, days.
Which-Relative adj. having for its antecedent days and qualifying the noun, time.

(B) (a) He had some money. stood.
(b) That he took with him. What money he had.
He took with him
what money he had.
Adj.

Cl. qualifying that under-

What. Rel. adj. having for its antecedent that under- stood and qualifying the noun, money.

But the generalizing relative adjectives whichever, which-so- ever; and whatever what-so-ever are much commoner; and the clauses which they introduce are always subordinate (Adv. Cl. of condition) modifying the verbs in the Principal clauses:e.g. (a) Whichever way he goes, we shall be sure to catch him. (b) Whatever step he takes, we shall be prepared.

Ex. 23A

Name the class to which each Adjective in the following belongs:

1. This is a very heavy stone.
2. Each angle is a right angle.
3. Neither party is the right.
4. I saw a lame boy.
5. The tree has several branches.
6. Every man must do his duty.
7. Many persons gathered in the street.
8. Which boy has won the prize?
9. He has much money.
10. He has lost all his wealth.
11. What books are selected?
12. Have you any money?
13. All men are mortal.
14. Most boys like cricket.
15. Either pen will do.
16. Some boys are clever.
17. I ate some bread.

Accusative of Description

This is an adjective-equivalent expressing such properties of objects as: 1. size. 2. colour. 3. age. 4. price. 5. profession of persons. In most cases, Accusative may be replaced by of + noun.

1. This plank is not the right width. (=of the right width)
2. What colour (=of what colour) is the rose?
3. She might be any age (=of any age).
4. What price (=of what price) is that article?
5. (a) What trade (=of what trade) is he?
6. (b) What part (=of what part) of speech are these words?

Use of: Some, any

1. In Negative sentences some is not used, but any is used; as:
I shall buy some mangoes. Wrong: I shall buy any mangoes.
Correct: I shall not buy any mangoes.

Note: But any may be used in Affirmative sentences when it has an emphatic meaning, such as: ‘No matter which or who or whom’ e.g.

1. Give me a book. Any book will do (=it does not matter which book you give me).
2. That is easy! Anybody can do that! (=it does not matter whom you ask; he will be able to do it).
b. In Interrogative sentences:
(a) Any is used: as; –
Have you brought any mangoes?
(b) Some may be used, when the interrogative sentences are quivalent to polite requests or when they happen to be questions to which the answer ‘yes’ is expected.

1. Will you please give me some mangoes?
Will you have some more coffee?
Would you mind giving me some paper?
2. Aren’t there some pens in that drawer?
Polite
requests.
Answer
‘yes’ is
expected
When the answer is
c. In Conditional * sentences:
There are some pens in that drawer, aren’t there?
Note: Are there any
pens in that drawer?
unknown to the speaker.

If I had any money, I should go there.
If there are any apples in the market, please buy some.

(a) I doubt whether he will have any chance.
(b) He wondered whether any of his classmates would be there.
(c) He was not certain whether any good would come of detaining students.
(d) In sentences expressing doubt, wonder and uncertainty.
(e) The rules given above for some and any apply to their compounds, such as: someone, anyone; somebody, anybody; something, anything; somewhere; anywhere.

Affirmative:

1. There is somebody knocking on (or at) the door. Interrogative:
See Appendix D
1. Is there anybody in the next room? 2. Did you go anywhere last week?

Negative:

1. There is not anybody there.
2. I did not go anywhere yesterday.
N.B. The use of, ‘no any’ is a common mistake. It is wrong to say, ‘I have no any money. It should be either ‘I have not any money’. or ‘I have no money’.

Use of few, a few, the few

Few (opposed to many) is negative in sense and means (not many).
eg. (a) His wants are few. (b) He is a man of few words. We had few (=almost no) opportunities.
2. A few (opposed to none) is affirmative and means some at least, (i.e. a small number).
e.g. (a) A few of the boys in the class got the answer for the problem.
(b) We are lucky, he spoke a few words.
3. The few means ‘not many’ but all (that) there are’. e.g. (1) He read the few books he had (=He had not many books, but he read all of them).

Use of : little; a little; the little.

1. Little is negative in sense and means not much. e.g. You will have little trouble in finding out my house.
2. A little is affirmative and means ‘some’ though not much.
e.g. (a) He knows a little of everything.
A conditional sentence consists of two parts:
(b) the condition (if clause) and
(c) the result of its fulfilment (Principal clause)

Degrees Of Comparison

(b) A little learning is a dangerous thing.

3. The little means ‘not much’ but all (that) there is.
.e.g. The little money he had was stolen.
Note: Little is also used as an ordinary adjective mean-
ing ‘small’ (=not great or big.)
e.g. (a) Go a little way (short distance).
(b) Work a little while (short time).
(c) A little child (small size or young).
(d) The little Subbaraos (Subbarao’s children)
Note: a) Little is used as an adverb meaning ‘to a small
extent only’ (or ‘not at all’)
e.g. (a) He is little known in our town.
(b) His house is little better than a hotel.

Comparison of Adjectives

Rama, Gopal, Krishna అను ముగ్గురు పిల్లలలో వారికి పొడుగులో గల తేడాలను కనిపెట్టునపుడు రాముని కంటే గోపాలుడును, గోపాలునికంటె కృష్ణుడును పొడుగుగా నున్నట్లు తెలియవచ్చినది. కనుక ముగ్గురిలోను ఎవరు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు? కృష్ణుడు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు.

ఇతరులతో పోల్చనంతవరకు రాముడు కూడ పొడుగు అని మాత్రము చెప్పవచ్చును. కనుక ‘Rama is tall’ అందుము. Gopal రామునికంటె పొడుగు కనుక ‘Gopal is taller than Rama’ అందుము. కృష్ణుడు గోపాలుని కంటె పొడుగు, కావున, ‘Krishna is taller than Gopal అందుము. కాని ముగ్గురిలోను లేక అందరిలోను కృష్ణుడు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు కావున ‘Krishna is
the tallest of the three’ లేక ‘Krishna is the tallest of all’ అందుము.

పైన చెప్పిన tall, taller, tallest అను తేడాలను తెలియజేయు మూడు రూపములు Degrees of Comparision అని పిలువబడును.

1. The Positive Degree :- ఉ: tall, small, Gopal is tall.
His house is small.
2. The Comparative Degree: a Boys Xe
తేడాను చెప్పునపుడు మాత్రమే ఉపయోగింపబడును. ఉ: Taller, smaller. Gopal is taller than Rama.
3. The Superlative Degree: a dodos 50
వస్తువులను పోల్చునపుడు ఉపయోగింపబడును. ఉ: tallest, smallest. Krishna is the tallest of all the boys.
Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative forms

1. ఒకటే syllable గల Adjectives విషయములో:
(a) Positive degree 338 er 33 Comparative degree యును, est చేర్చుటచే Superlative degree యును, ఏర్పడును. : hard, harder, hardest.
(b) Positive కి చివర e ఉన్నయెడల. Comparative ఏర్పడుటకు 7 ను, Superlative ఏర్పడుటకు st యును చేర్చబడును. ఉ: wise, wiser,
wisest.
(c) Positive కి చివరనున్న y వెనుక
(a) హల్లులున్న యెడల ఆ y ని ” క్రింద మార్చి er, est చేర్చవలెను. & dry, driet, driest.
(b) హల్లులు లేనియెడల ‘y’ ” క్రింద మారదు. ఉః gay, gayer, gayest.
(d) Positive కి చివర ఒకటే హల్లుండి ఆ హల్లుకి వెనుక ఒకటే అచ్చున్న యెడల, ఆ చివర హల్లు ద్విత్వమగును. ఉ: red, redder, reddest; thin, thinner, thinnest.
కాని Positive కి చివర రెండు హల్లులున్నయెడల గాని, చివరి హల్లునకు వెనుక రెండచ్చులుండినగాని ఆహల్లులు ద్విత్వము కానేరవు. ఉ: thick, thicker, thickest; weak, weaker, weakest.
2. రెండు syllables గల కొన్ని adjectives కును మూడు syllables Xo adjectives, positive & more and most o Trwa Jaj3 Comparative, Superlative degree e 5. & beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful.
3. కొన్ని adjectives irregular గా compare చేయబడును. ఉ:

1. Comparison 30

Comparative degree

తరువాత than అను మాటయును. Superlative degree తర్వాత of అను మాటయును రావలెను. ఉదా: Rama is taller than Krishna. Gopal is the tallest of all the boys.
Superlative Adjective op the articles 0333. the tallest tree.
Adjective కి ముందు the ఉంచినపుడు ఆ phrase ఒక బహువచన నామవాచకమునకు సమమగును. ఉ the rich అనగాthe rich people; the poor on the poor people.

2. Comparative degree

Comparison than అను మాటయు, selection సూచించునపుడు of అను మాటయు రావలయును. ఉదాః

(1) Rama is stronger than Gopal.
(2) This pen is the better of the two (Selection) N. B. Selection ro
కి ముందు the తప్పక రావలెను.

Comparative Adjective

3. A few English Comparative Adjectives (latter, elder, former, hinder, inner, outer, upper etc.,) do not take than after them.

Wrong – He is elder than I..
Correct He is older than I.

These are used as ordinary adjectives as :- elder brother; inner compartment, latter part, hinder legs; upper storey.

4. Latin Comparatives (superior, inferior, senior, junior pior, anterior, posterior, ulterior take to after them; as: This rice is far superior to that. He is junior to me.

5. Much and Little 3 (quantity) 30. Many and few Song (number) 30. much money, but many rupees, little bread, but few loaves.

6. (a) Older and oldest are used both of persons and things; as: Rama is older than Gopal (of greater age). This is the oldest tree in the forest (of the greatest age).
(b) Elder and eldest are used of persons only, and chiefly with reference to the members of the same family; as – Krishna is my elder brother (born prior). He is my eldest son (first born).7. (a) Later and latest refer to time and are opposed to earlier and earliest; as:- This is a later Publication. Tell me the latest news. He came later than I.
(b) Latter and last refer to order or position; as: The latter part of his life was happy. He is the last boy in the class. (c) Latter is opposed to former. Latter means the second mentioned of two things; former means the first mentioned of two things; as Rama and Gopal are brothers; the latter (=gopal) is more intelligent than the fomer (=Rama).

1. Fill up the blanks with than or of :-

1. Rama is taller….. Gopal. 2. Seetha is younger….. Savitri. 3. Hari is the best…… all the boys in the class. 4. Gold is heavier….. Iron. 5. Iron is the most useful….. all the metals. 6. Krishna runs faster….. I. 7. He loves me better….. you. 8. He is a better boy….. Kesava. 9. I am worse….. Rama in History. 10. London is the largest ….. all the towns in the world. 11. Iron is the cheapest….. all the metals. 12. My pencil is larger….. yours. 13. Kings are not the happiest ….. men. 14. Your hat is smaller….. mine. 15. The rose is the loveliest….. all the flowers. 16. Gopal is the cleverer….. the two. 17. Krishna is the wiser….. the two. 18. This boy is the more intelligent….. the two.
Ans: 2. than 3. of 7. than 10. of 13. of 16. of 18. of 2. Correct the following:-

1. He is short than you. 2. He is the cleverest than all the boys. 3. This book is easiest to that. 4. Gopal is young than all. 5. My son is clever than yours. 6. Rama is an active boy than Sunder. 7. John is more taller than James. 8. To-day is very cold than Yesterday. 9. My pay is little than yours. 10. John is the baddest boy in the class. 11. This man is senior than that. 12. This paper is inferior than that. 13. Rama is junior than Gopal. 14. His strength is superior than mine. 15. Rama is elder than Krishna. 16. He is my elder brother. 17. Thissummer hotter than the latest. 18. The later of the two reasons is sound. 19. Tell me the last news.
Ans: 1. Shorter 2. of 3. easier than 4. the youngest of 6. a more active. 7. taller than 9. less 10. the worst 11. to 12. to 13. to 14. to 15. older 16. elder 17. last 18. latter 19. latest.

Formation of Adjectives

Adjectives are formed from:
(a) Nouns – Fool, foolish; Care, careful; king, kingly; gift, gifted; fame, famous.
(b) Verbs Move, movable; talk, talkative.
(c) Adjetives Black, blackish; (=somewhat black); Sick (=unhealthy) sickly (= somewhat sick, habitually ailing) Ex. 24 A

Form Adjectives from :-

Man, tire, boy, white, fury, ease, eat, sense, gold, whole, play, silk, dirt, pardon, courag, glory, health.

Adjective – equivalents

1. Verb-adjectives (Participles): Like other adjectives
they are used in two ways:-
(a) As epithets:
(a) Living creatures.
Creatures living beneath the sun.
(b) A printed book.
A table made of wood.
(a) As predicative adjectives:
(A) Said of the subject:
(a) The people came running. They are playing.
Active Participles. Passive
Participles.
Active Participles.
(b) I became assured that my
would be cured.
foot
They were changed into blocks of wood.
(B) Said of the object :
(C) time.
(a) I found the thief running away. They heard the people ringing the bells.
(b) I saw a rat caught in a trap.
I got my leg broken.
Passive Participles..
Active Participles
Passive Participles.
In the Nominative Absolute construction :
God willing, (=if God wills) we hope to succeed this
Everything having been prepared. (=after everything had been prepated) he dropped a bomb.
This done (=when this had been done) he retired.
He having the start (=as he had – the start) the enemy was at a disadvantage.
2. A Noun in apposition:
(a)We, Andhras (b) Asoka, the Emperor of India. (c) Delhi, the capital of India.
3. A Noun in the Possessive case:
(a) Rama’s house (b) The King’s palace.
4. ANoun in the Accusative case (acccusative of description): (a) The earth is the shape of an orange (-orangeshaped). (b) The towers were exactly the same height (=of the same height). (c) What colour (=of what colour, is the rose?)
5. Epithet nouns :
(a) Nouns may be used like epithet-adjectives;A Gold ring (a ring made of gold); gipsy coat; the river Ganges; the village watchman (=a watchman for the village); cannon balls (=ballls for cannon); the sick room (=room for the sick).
(b) A noun forming part of a compound noun
(a) Fruit – trees; market – place; honey – bee.
(b) Playmates; timepiece; milkmaid.
(c) A verb noun (=gerund forming part of a compound noun: Dancing – lesson (= a lesson in dacing) walking – stick; drawing-room.
(d) A compound noun: Drawing room furniture.
6. Proper noun:
Nellore rice; Kashmere shawls, Sunday hats.
7. (A) A phrase:
Walking on the road, I saw a snake.
(B) A lump of lead (-leaden lump) (b) Ten years of age (=Ten years old). (c) The day after to-morrow. (d) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
8. An Adverb:
(a) The then king.
(b) The off side.
(c) The houses there.
(d) The trees yonder.
(e) The classes below.
(f) The above remarks.
(g) Life abroad.
(h) The far-off isles.
(i) In after years.
9. A clause (in complex sentence) :
This is the house that my father built.
10. Gerundial infinitive:
(a) Give me water to drink.
(b) This house is to let.
11. A quotation: Always follow the ‘live and let live’ policy.

Ellipses

1. (a) Rama is as tall as I = Rama is as tall as I (am tall). (b) Gopal is taller than he = Gopal is taller than he (is tall). N.B. పై వాక్యములలో వలె verb, intransitive అయినప్పుడు 45, than తర్వాత వచ్చు pronouns (I, he) subjective case లో నుండవలెను. ‘Rama is as tall as me అనుట తప్పు; ఎందుచేతననగా me తర్వాత clause ను supply చేయలేము.
2.  (a) He loves you better than I = He loves you better than I (love you).
   (b) He loves you better than me = he loves you better than (he loves) me.
   N.B: 1. పై వాక్యములలో వలె verb, transitive అయినప్పుడు as, than sos pronouns, subjective case (1) *. Objective case (me) లో గాని, యుండవచ్చును.
   2. కావున as, than తర్వాత noun ఉన్న యెడల ఆ noun కి subjective రూపము, objctive రూపము గూడ ఒకటే గాన, transitive verb subjective a 25 clause 3, objective
   రూపముతో ఒక clause ను రెండు విధములుగా supply చేయవచ్చును. He knows you better than Krishna = He knows you better than krishna (knows you) or He knows you better than (he knows) Krishna.
3.  He regarded me as his enemy = He regarded me as (he sould regard) his enemy.
   Note 1. ‘As if or ‘As though’ should ordinarily be followed by the past tense and not by the present tense as in IV, below:
4.  (a) He treated me as if (= as though) I were a slave = He treated me as (he would treat me) if I were a slave.
5. (b) She looks frightened as if she had seen a ghost. = She looks frightened as (she would look frightened) ij she had seen a ghost.
6. (c) Relate the story briefly as if told by Alexander to a friend Relate the story briefly as (it would be) (related) if (it were) told by Alexander to a friend. (d) He turned away as if to conceal his face… He turned away as (he would turn away) if (he wished) to conceal his face.
   Note: 2. If ‘as if, or ‘as though’ is preceded by ‘it seems’ or ‘it looks, the tense following should be present as in V below:
7. Ravana said to Vibhishana, “It looks as if you have joined my enemies.”
8. I am not so healthy as when you saw me last = I am not so healthy as (I was healthy) when you saw me last.
9. He is as industrious as ever He is as industrious as (he was industrious) ever (before).
10. He spoke as usual = He spoke as (is) usual (with him).
11. (a) He did more than he could (do) = He did more than(what) he could do.
12. (b) To express an idea some authors use more words than are necessary = To express an idea some authors use more words than (what) are necessary.
13. Rewrite as directed directed.= (You) rewrite as (you are)
14. While performing a feat, he lost his leg = While (he was) performing a feat, he lost his leg.
15. I was not in town when your letter was received, hence the delay = I was not in town when your letter was received hence (was) the delay.
16. He is more intelligent than honest = He is more intelligent than (he is) honest.
17. I am not such fool as to believe that I am not such a fool, as (I should be a fool, if I were) to believe that. What if he should refuse? What (would happen) if he should refuse?
18. To tell you the truth, I have not saved anything. = (If I were) to tell you the truth, (I should say) I have not saved anything.
19. I cannot but go = I cannot (do anything) but go = I cannot do anything other than going.
20. The sooner you do it, the better = The sooner you do it, the better (it is for you).
21. The vines more than repaid their (the sons’) labour = The vines (did) more than (they) repaid the son’s labour.
22. He spoke as it were in jest… He spoke as (if) it were in jest. He spoke as (he would speak) if it were in jest. Ex. 47 B.

Supply the Ellipses (words understood) in:

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1.  Do you like Rama better than I?
2. Do you like Rama better than him?
3.  Do you like Rama better than he?
4.  I am as tall as he.
5.  I am taller than you.
6.  I saw you as soon as him.
7. I saw you as soon as he.
8. You know your lessons better than I.
9. Either you are to blame or he.
10.  The girls are much cleverer than the boys.
11. You have known these boys much longer than I.
12. Whether they are to go or stay is doubtful.
13.  He can neither eat nor sleep.
14. The man is poor but contented.
15. They bowed to us and we to them.
16. I will allow you to go with them, but not to stay long.
17. You may give the beggar some food but not any money.
18.  I would sooner go than stay.
19.  Nothing could be better than the way he did it.
20. He shed tears as if to display his grief.
21.  He laughed as if he was much amused.
22.  He is as idle as ever.
23.  He is rash as usual.
24. While going to school he met his friend.
25.  He walked there as on thorns.
26.  He went to school as usual.
27.  He treats me as his own brother.
28.  I shall do so, if desired.
29.  I shall come if convenient.
30. He fell as quickly as a stone.
31.  I cannot but start now.
32.  He is more industrious than intelligent.
33. The sooner you start, the better.
34.  His cycle went out of order on the way, hence the delay in his arrival.
35. To speak the truth, I have not yet taken my food.
36.  What if my brother should fail to turn up now?
37. He is not such a stupid as to waste so much money.
38.  I shall do so, if required.
39.  He retraced his steps as if to avoid us.
40. He is not so healthy as when he was with you.
41.  He stood silent as though he were a stone.
42. Carry out as bidden.

Parsing

1. To Parse a noun: Tell the kind, number, gender, case and syntax (i.e. subject to a verb, object to a verb, complement to a verb, put in apposition to noun, object to a preposition, nominative absolute, or nominative of address).
2. To Parse a Pronoun: Tell the kind, person, number, gender, case and syntax (i.e. subject to a verb, object to a verb, complement to a verb, put in apposition to some noun or object to a preposition). N.B In the case of a Relative Pronoun, the antecedent also should be given.
3. To Parse an Adjective: Tell the kind, the degree and the noun it qualifies or the verb to which it is the complement
4. To Parse a verb: Tell the kind (transitive or intransitive): voice, mood, tense, number, person and its subject. If transitive tell the object.
5. To Parse a participle: Tell:
(1) The Verb from which it is derived.
(2) Its Form whether: (a) Present (e.g. – eating, being eaten): (b) Past (e.g. – eaten)
(c) Perfect (e.g. having eaten, having been eaten).
(3) Its Voice: Whether Active or Passive.
(4) Syntax. Since all Nouns are in the third person, the person of the noun need not be given in parsing.

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6. To Parse a Gerund:
Tell: (1) Form what Verb it is derived.
(2) Its From whether: (a) Present (e.g. – loving, being loved), (b) Perfect (e.g. – having loved, having been loved).
(3) Its Voice: Active or Passive.
(4) Its case Subjective or objective.
(5) Syntax
7. To Parse an adverb:
Tell the kind, the degree (if it has) and the verb, adjective or preposition or another adverb which it modifies or the verb to which it is the Complement.
8. To Parse a Preposition :
Tell the noun or pronoun it governs.
9. To Parse a Conjunction:
Tell the kind and the sentences, caluses, phrase or words it joins.
10. To Parse an Article :
Tell the kind (definite or indefinite) and the noun before which it is put.

A(Examples Of Parsing)

We saw the very tall person whom you often named in your letters.
We:- Pronoun, Ist person, plural number, common gender, subjective case, subject to the verb, saw.
Saw: Verb irregular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, past tense, plural number, Ist person agreeing with its subject We.
The:- Definite article put before the noun, person.
Very:- An adverb of degree, modifying the adjective tall.
Tall: – An adjective of quality, positive degree, qualify- ing the noun, person.
Person:- Common noun, singular number, common gender, objective case, object to the verb saw, or governed by the verb, saw.
Whom: – Relative pronoun having for its antecedent person, singular number, common gender, 3rd person objective case, governed by the verb, named.
You:- pronoun, second person, common gender, plural number, subjective case, subject to the verb named.
Often:- Adverb of number, positive degree modifying the verb, named.
Named:- Verb regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, past tense, plural number, second person, agreeing with its subject, you.
In:-Preposition; governing the noun, letters in the objective case.
Your: Pronoun, 2nd person, common gender, singular number, possessive case, qualifying the noun letters.
Letters:- Common noun, plural number, neuter gender, objective case, governed by the preposition, in.

B(Participles)

1. A barking dog never bites.
Barking: Participle (derived from the Intr. Verb, bark), present, active voice, qualifying the noun, dog.
2. The boy sitting by my side is my brother’s son.
Sitting :-Participle (derived from the Intr. Vrb, sit ), present, active voice, qualifying the noun, boy.
3. I saw a man carrying a load.
Carrying :-Participle (derived from the Trans, – Verb carry), present, active voice, qualifying the noun, man.
4. I saw a ruined tower.
Ruined :- Participle (derived from the Trans Verb. ruin), past, passive voice, qualifying the noun, tower.
5. I saw a girl dressed in blue clothes.
Dressed:- Participle (derived from the Trans. Verb, dress), past, passive voice, qualifying (or referring to) the noun, girl.
ney.
6. Having rested for sometime, we continued our jour-
Having rested: Participle (drived from tì. Intr. Verb; rest), perfect, active voice, qualifying the noun we.
7. He came running.
Running: Participle, (derived from the Intr. Verb, run), present, active voice, used as an adjective qualifying the pro- noun, he.
Note:- When a participle forms part of a Finite Verb it is not passed separately: as :-
In ‘He is running’ the words is and running should not be parsed separately, but parsed together as a finite verb.

C (Gerunds)

1. Walking is a good exercise.
Walking: Gerund (derived from the Intr. Verb, walk), present, active voice, subjective case, subject to the verb, is.
2. He is fond of swimming.
Swimming: Gerund (derived from the Intr. Verb, (swim), present, active voice, objective case, governed by the preposition of.
3. He was not sorry for having been deceived.
Having been deceived: Gerund (derived from the Trans. Verb deceive). perfect, passive voice, objective case, governed by the preposition, for.
4. Get me some drinking water.
Drinking: Gerund (drived from the Trans. Verb, drink), present, active voice, used as an adjective qualifying the noun, water.

(a) Parse every word in:
Ex. 40 A
1. The man saw the boy.
2. My father broke his stick.
3. I put my pen on the desk.
4. Bring me ten books.
5. What do you want?
6. Two women are eating food from a leaf.
7. The brave boy protected his sister from the mad dog.
8. The little girl waited patiently for the loaf.
9. There was once a king who had many daughters.
10. I have seen the horse that you bought.
11. This is the man who spoke to me.
12. The boy that came here this morning has gone.
(b) Parse the Nouns in Ex. 20.
(c) Parse the participles and Gerunds in Ex. 35 (b)
(d) Parse the Adverbs in Ex. (11) (a) and (b)
(e) Parse the Conjunctions in Ex. 13 (a) and (b).
(f) Parse the Preposition in Ex. 12.
(g) Parse the Adjectives in Ex. 45 B.