Irregular verbs
అభ్యాసము 53
ఈ క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన జంట వాక్యములను Participle తో జత కలుపుము.
[Examples. The magician took pity on the mouse. He turned it into a cat. = Taking pity on the mouse, the magician turned it into a cat.
The train was ready to leave the station. The people had taken their seats.
= The people having taken their seats, the train was ready to leave the station.]
1. The porter opened the gate. We entered.
2. We started early. We arrived at noon.
3. We met a man. He was carrying a log of wood.
4. The stable door was open. The horse was stolen.
5. He seized his stick. He rushed to the door.
6. The hunter took up his gun. He went out to shoot the lion.
7. A crow stole a piece of cheese. She flew to her nest to enjoy the tasty meal.
8. The wolf wished to pick a quarrel with the lamb. He said, “How dare you make the water muddy?
9. A passenger alighted from the train. He fell over a bag on the platform.
10. Manak met his brother in the street. He asked him where he was going.
11. My sister was charmed with the silk. She bought ten yards.
12. The steamer was delayed by a storm. She came into port a day late.
13. He had resolved on a certain course. He acted with vigour.
14. He staggered back. He sank to the ground.
15. The letter was badly written. I had great difficulty in making out its contents.
16. They had no fodder, They could give the cow nothing to eat.
17. A hungry fox saw some bunches of grapes. They were hanging from a vine.
18. Cinderella hurried away with much haste. She dropped one of her little glass slippers.
273. Participles లో కొన్నిసార్లు అంతర్గర్భితంగా మనస్సుకు స్ఫురించిన భావము ఉంటుంది. Participle phrase, time clause, cause clause mm, concession clause, conditional clause గా గాని మార్చుట ద్వారా participle యొక్క భావాన్ని ఇంకా తేటతెల్లముగా బయటికి By [See § 269.]
(a) Having done his lesson (= after he had done his lesson), he went out to to play cricket. Walking along the street one day (= while I was walking along the street one day) I saw a dead cobra, (b) Being overpowered (= because he was overpowered), he surrendered. Running at top speed (= because he ran at top speed), he got out of breath.
(c) Possessing all the advantages of education and wealth (= although he possessed all the advantages of education and wealth), he never made a name.
(d) Following my advice (= If you follow my advice), you will gain your object. Seven were killed, including the guard (= If the guard is included).
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అభ్యాసము 54
Participle ను Finite Verb గా మార్చుతూ, ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను తిరిగి వ్రాయండి.
1. Going up the stairs, the boy fell down.
2. Having lost my passport, I applied for a new one,
3. I once saw a man walking on a rope.
4. Walking on the roof, he slipped and fell.
5. Having no guide with us, we lost our way.
6. The stable door being open, the horse was stolen.
7. Being paralytic, he could not walk.
8. Hearing the noise, I woke up.
9. Caesar being murdered, the dictatorship came to an end.
10. Working all day, I was fatigued.
11. We met an old Sadhu walking to Benares.
12.Having come of age, his son entered into partnership with him.
13. Having failed in the first attempt, he made no further attempts.
14. Walking up to the front door, I rang the bell.
15. Winter coming on, the grasshopper had no food.
16.Enchanted with the whole scene, I lingered on my voyage.
17.The enemy disputed their ground inch by inch, fighting with the fury of despair.
18. Mounting his horse, the bandit rode off.
19.The policeman, running with all his speed, was scarcely able to overtake the thief.
20.Not knowing my way, I asked a policeman.
అధ్యాయము 30
The Gerund
274. (Gerund అనగా verb ను noun గా వాడుట ) ఈ వాక్యమును చదవండి :
Reading is his favourite pastime.
Reading అను పదము Verb అయిన read నకు – ing చేర్చుట ద్వారా వచ్చింది. ఇచ్చట అది verb నకు subject గా నుండి Noun గా పనిచేయుచున్నది. ఇచ్చట “is” verb అయి ఉన్నది. కావున ఇచ్చట Reading అను పదము Verb – Noun గా మారినది. అందువలన దీనిని Gerund అని అంటారు. Gerund కు సంబంధించిన మరికొన్ని ఉదాహరణలు :-
1. Playing cards is not allowed here.
2. I like reading poetry.
3. He is fond of hoarding money.
మొదటి వాక్యములో Gerund నామవాచకము లాగానే, verb కు subject గా నున్నది. కాని verb లాగా తనకు ఒక object ను తీసుకొనుచున్నది. ఇచ్చట దానికి verb కు ఉండే లక్షణములు ఉన్నవి.
రెండవ ఉదాహరణలో Gerund పదము, noun లాగా verb నకు object (కర్మ) గా నున్నది. కాని Verb లాగా తనకు ఒక object ను తీసుకొనుచున్నది. ఈ విధముగా దానికి verb నకు ఉన్న లక్షణములు వచ్చినవి.
మూడవ వాక్యములో Gerund పదము noun లాగా preposition యొక్క ప్రభావము లోనికి వచ్చినది. ఇచ్చట కూడా అది ఒక object ను తీసుకొని verb యొక్క లక్షణములను సంతరించు కొనుచున్నది.
Noun గా పనిచేయుటలో Infinitive పదము మరియు Gerund పదము ఒకే లక్షణములు కలిగియుండును. Objective case లో నున్నపుడు మాత్రము నామవాచక పదమును govern చేయుచూ verb యొక్క లక్షయములు కలిగియుండును.
Def. (నిర్వచనం): – ఒక పదము – ing form తో అంతమగుచు Noun లక్షణములు మరిము Verb లక్షణములు కలిగి యున్నచో అట్టి దానిని Gerund అంటాము.
275. Gerund మరియు infinitive అను రెండు పదములకు నామవాచక మరియు క్రియా పదములకు ఉన్న బలము ఉన్నది. ఆ రెంటిని ఒకే పంధాలో వాడవచ్చును. కావున చాలా సందర్భములలో ఆ రెంటిని ఏ విధమైన ప్రత్యేక తేడాలు లేకుండా ఉపయోగించవచ్చును.
Teach me to swim.
Teach me swimming.
To give is better than to receive.
Giving is better than receiving.
To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
276. ఇచ్చట చూపబడినవి Compound Gerund forms.
I heard of his having gained a prize.
We were fatigued on account of having walked so far.
They were charged with having sheltered anarchists.
He is desirous of being praised.
Gerunds అయిన have, be అను పదములకు Past Participles కలుపుట ద్వారా పై సమ్మేళనములు ఏర్పడినవి.
277. Transitive verb నుండి పుట్టిన Gerunds కు ఈ క్రింది forms ఉంటవి :
Active
Present: loving
Passive
Present: being loved
Perfect: having loved
Perfect: having been loved
278. Gerund మరియు Present Participle రెండూ కూడా – ing తో పూర్తియగును కావున, వానిని జాగ్రత్తగా గమనించదగును.
Gerund పదమునకు Noun యొక్కయు మరియు Verb యొక్కయు బలము ఉన్నది గావున దానిని Verbal Noun అంటాము.
Present Participle పదమునకు Adjective యొక్కయు Verb యొక్కయు బలము ఉన్నది గావున అట్టి పదమును Verbal Adjective అంటాము.
Gerund యొక్క ఉదాహరణలు :-
He is fond of playing cricket.
The old man was tired of walking.
We were prevented from seeing the prisoner.
Seeing is believing.
Participle యొక్క ఉదాహరణలు:-
Playing cricket, he gained health.
Walking along the road, he noticed a dead cobra.
Seeing, he believed.
279. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యమును చదవండి :
The indiscriminate reading of novels is injurious.
Reading అను పదమును మామూలు Noun లాగా వాడినాము. “The” అను పదమును “reading” నకు ముందుగాను “of” అను పదమును దాని తరువాతను వాడినాయు. ఇది గమనించండి. ఇతర Gerund పదములను మామూలు Nouns గా వాడదగిన examples :
The making of the plan is in hand.
The time of the singing of the birds has come.
Adam consented to the eating of the fruit.
The middle station of life seems to be the most advantageously situated for the gaining of wisdom.
280. Compound nouns
walking-stick
fencing-stick,
frying-pan writing-table,
hunting-whip,
Gerunds.
walking, frying, hunting, fencing, writing 3de
They mean ‘a stick for walking,’ ‘a pan for frying,” a whip for hunting’, ‘a stick for fencing’. and ‘a table for writing’.
281. ఈ క్రింది రెండు వాక్యములను పోల్చి చూడండి :
1. I hope you will excuse my leaving early.
2. I hope you will excuse me leaving early.
మొదటి వాక్యములో Gerund నకు ముందున్న మాట possessive case (ఆస్తి ఉన్నది అని చెప్పే విభక్తి ప్రత్యయము). రెండవ వాక్యములో Gerund పదమునకు ముందున్న మాట objective case (కర్మ పదమునకు సంబంధించినవిభక్తి ప్రత్యయము) రెండు వాక్యములు కూడా ఏ దోషమూ లేకుండా ఉన్నవి. Possessive ను వాడడం Modern English లో అంత వాడుకలో లేదు. ఇతర ఉదాహరణలు :
We rejoiced at his/him being promoted.
I insist on your/you being present.
Do you mind my/me sitting here?
Ail depends on Karim’s/Karim passing the exam.
I disliked the manager’s/manager asking me personal questions.
The accident was due to the engine-driver’s/ engine-driver disregarding the signals.
Use Of The Gerund
282. Gerund, verb-noun అనగా verbal noun అని అర్ధము. కావున దానిని ఈ క్రింద చూపిన వివిధ
పద్ధతులలో వాడవచ్చును.
(1) Verb so Subject :
Seeing is believing.
Hunting deer is not allowed in this country.
(2) Transitive verb so Object :
Stop playing.
Children love making mud castles.
I like reading poetry.
He contemplated marrying his cousin.
(3) Preposition & Object m
I am tired of waiting.
He is fond of swimming.
He was punished for telling a lie.
We were prevented from seeing the prisoner..
I have an aversion to fishing.
(4) Verb
Seeing is believing.
What I most detest is smoking.
(5) సంపూర్ణ స్వేచ్ఛతో
combine su sigipina Joho privath
ood benleg s
Bob’s hoog doly
nuolo che ce gribsa
ebbe manue
Playing cards being his aversion, we did not play bridge.
అభ్యాసము 55
క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన వాక్యములలో Participle ను కనుగొనుము. Participle అయిన ఎడల అది వర్ణించు noun ను లేక pronoun ను తెలుపుము. Gerund అయిన ఎడల అది subject లేక object లేక complement లేక preposition తర్వాత వాడబడినది అనే విషయం కూడా తెలుపును.
1. He was found fighting desperately for his life..
2. He has ruined his sight by reading small print.
3. Hearing the noise, he ran to the window.
4. We saw a clown standing on his head.
5. Asking questions is easier than answering them.
6. Waving their hats and handkerchiefs, the people cheered the king.
7. Walking on the grass is forbidden.
8. Jumping over the fence, the thief escaped.
9. The miser spends his time in hoarding money.
10. Much depends on Rama’s returning before noon.
11. Amassing wealth often ruins health.
12. I was surprised at Hari’s being absent.
13. We spent the afternoon in playing cards.
14. The miser hated spending money.
15. She was angry at Saroja trying to lie to her.
16. Praising all alike is praising none.
17. Are you afraid of his hearing you?
18. I determined to increase my salary by managing a little farm.
19. Success is not merely winning applause.
20. The year was spent in visiting our rich neighbours.
21. Singing to herself was her chief delight.
22. He preferred playing tootball to studying his lessons.
23. I thank thee, Jew, for teaching me that word.
24. I cannot go on doing nothing.
అధ్యాయము 31
Irregular Verbs
283. Verbs regular గానూ irregular గానూ ఉంటవి. (సక్రమ పద్ధతిలోనూ అపక్రమ పద్ధతిలోనూ)
284. Regular participle గా మారును.
verb 5 – ed చేర్చుట ద్వారా అవి past tense మరియు past
Past Participle
walked
laughed
painted
ed చేర్చి యింకొక పద్ధతిలో past tense ను past participle ను
Base Form
walk
laugh
paint
Past Tense
walked
laughed
painted
285. Irregular verbs పొందవచ్చును.
noo!
Base Form
Past Tense
sit
sat
ring
come
cut
rang came cut
Past Participle
sat
rung
come
cut
Irregular verbs లోని మూడు రకాల వైవిధ్యాన్ని మనం ఇచ్చట చూడవచ్చును :
(1) Verbs forms 23 360m od (e.g. cut – cut-cut)
(2) Verbs యొక్క మూడు forms లలోని రెండు ఒకే విధంగా నుండుట (eg. sit sat sat)
(3) Verbs forms or 65 (e.g. ring ran g – rung)
286. పైన వివరించిన మూడు విధములైన irregular verbs యొక్క పట్టీ ఈ క్రింద చూపబడినది. regular forms కూడా చూపబడినవి.
Type (1) మూడు forms ఒకే విధంగా ఉంటవి.
| Base Form | Past Tense | Past Participle |
| bet | bet | bet |
| burst | burst | burst |
| cost | cost | cost |
| cut | cut | cut |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| let | let | let |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| set | set | set |
| shut | shut | shut |
| split | split | split |
| spread | spread | spread |
Type (2) మూడింటిలో రెండు ఒకే రకంగా ఉంటవి.
| Base Form | Past Tense | Past Participle |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| become | became | become |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| breed | bred | bred |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| come | came | come |
| creep | crept | crept |
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| dream | dreamt/dreamed | dreamt/dreamed |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| get | got | got |
| hang | hung | hung |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hold | held | held |
| keep | kept | kept |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | ted | led |
| lean | lent/leaned | lent/leaned |
| learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned |
| leap | leapt/leaped | leapt/leaped |
| leave | leftock | left mel co |
| lend | lent | tent |
| light | lit | lit |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| shine | shone | shone |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| smell | smelt/smelled. | smelt/smelled |
| spell | spelt | speit |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spill | spilt/spilled | spilt/spilled |
| speed | sped | sped |
| spell | spelt/spelled | spelt/spelled |
| spit | spat | spat |
| spoil | spoilt/spoiled | spoilt/spoiled |
| stand | stood | stood |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| strike | struck | struck |
| sweep | swept | swept |
| swing | swung | swung |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| understand | understood | understood |
| win | won | won |
| wind | wound | wound |
Type (3) మూడు రకాల verbs మూడు రకాలుగా ఉంటవి.
| Base Form | Past Tense | Past Participle |
| be | was/were | been |
| begin | began | begun |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| know | knew | known |
| lie | lay | lain |
| mistake | mistook | mistaken |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| see | saw | seen |
| sew | sewed | sewn/sewed |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| show | showed | shown |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spring | sprang | sprung |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stink | stank | stunk |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| swim | swam | swum |
| take | took | taken |
| tear | tore | torn |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| write | written | written |
287. ఈ క్రింది verb పదములకు ప్రత్యామ్నాయంగా ఒక past participle form en తో ముగుస్తూ ఉంటుంది. దీనిని adjective గానే వాడతారు.
| Verb | Usual Past Participle | Adjectival Past Participle |
| drink | drunk | drunken |
| melt | melted | molten |
| prove | proved | proven |
| shave | shaved | shaven |
| shear | sheared | shorn |
| shrink | shrunk | shrunken |
| sink | sunk | sunken |
| strike | struck | stricken |
ఈ క్రింది వానిని పోల్చి చూడండి:
(a)
He has drunk liquor.
The iron has melted.
He has proved it.
He has shaved off his beard.
They have sheared the sheep.
The cloth has shrunk.
The ship has sunk.
The clock has struck five.
(b)
a drunken soldier molten iron
a proven fact
a clean-shaven lace
a shorn sheep
a shrunken head
a sunken ship
a grief-stricken widow
అభ్యాసము 56
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలోని verb ను past tense గా మార్చుము.
1. Rama writes to his mother every week.
2. The wind blows furiously.
3. The boy stands on the burning deck.
4. The door flies open.
5. She sings sweetly.
6. The old woman sits in the sun.
7. Abdul swims very well indeed.
8. His voice shakes with emotion.
9. He drives a roaring trade.
10. He bears a grudge against his old uncle.
11. He spends his time in idleness.
12. He feels sorry for his faults.
13. A portrait of Mahatma Gandhi hangs on the wall.
14. The kite flies gaily into the air.
15. He wears away his youth in trifles.
16. What strikes me is the generosity of the offer.
17. He sows the seeds of dissension..
18. They all tell the same story.
19. He lies in order to escape punishment.
20. He comes of a good line.
21. The boy runs down the road at top speed.
22. I do it of my own free will.
23. His parents withhold their consent to the marriage.
24. I forget his name.
25. He gets along fairly well.
26. They choose Mr. Malik to be their chairman.
27. He throws cold water on my plan.
28. The child clings to her mother.
29. Judas, overwhelmed with remorse, goes and hangs himself.
30. I know him for an American.
31. He swears a solemn oath that he is innocent.
32. In a fit of rage she tears up the letter.
33. Her head sinks on her shoulder.
34. She hides her face for shame.
35. My master bids me work hard.
36. The books lie in a heap on the floor.
37. She lays her handbag on the table.