అధ్యాయము 39
Expansion Of Passages
ఈ exercise, Precis-writing exercise కు పూర్తిగా భిన్నమైనట్టిది. Precis writing లో passage ని క్లుప్తం చెయ్యాలి. ఇచ్చట పెంపుచెయ్యాలి. ఒక వాక్యమునుగాని, passage ని గాని తీసుకొని దానిలో ఇమిడివున్న అంతర్గత భావాన్ని వెలికి తీసి, దానికి మరికొన్ని వివరణలు, ఉదాహరణలు కలుపుకుంటూపోవాలి. ఇలా ఇచట ఒక చిన్న passage ను (వ్యాసాన్ని) తయారుచేసినట్లవుతుంది. ఈ పెంచే ప్రక్రియకు ప్రత్యేకమైన rules అంటూ ఏమీలేవు. పెంచి తయారుచేసిన passage మరీ చిన్నదిగా ఉండరాదు. మరీ essay (వ్యాసము) తరహాలో పెంచరాదు. రమారమీగా ఎనభై గాని వందగాని పదములు ఉండవచ్చును.
Method Of Procedure
1. మాతృకగానున్న (original passage) ని గాని sentence ని గాని బాగుగా చదువవలయును. దాని అర్థం పూర్తిగా అవగాహన కావలయును. ప్రధానమైన భావమును ఒక్క మాటలోగాని ఒక్క phrase లోగాని యిమిడ్చి ముచ్చటగా చెప్పడం మంచిది.
2. ఈ విధంగా passage యొక్క సందేశము పూర్తిగా అర్థమైన తరువాత, దానిని పెంచడానికి ప్రయత్నం ప్రారంభించవలయును. ఈ దశలో వివరాలు (details) illustrations, proofs, examples మొదలైన వానిని సమకూర్చవలయును. ఇప్పుడు paragraph సైజులో ఒక నమూనా తయారవుతుంది.
3. మొదటి passage లో ఉన్న వివరణలు అన్ని రెండవ passage లో తప్పని సరిగా ఉండును. ఇంకను కూడా వివరణలు కలుపవచ్చును. కాని అవి మొదటి passage లోని ప్రధాన సందేశమునకు అనుకూలముగా ఉండవలయును. (Specimen no. 3 చూడండి)
4. విపులీకరించి రాయుటకు ఎంచుకొనిన వాక్యములో సంపూర్ణభావము ఉండవలయును. దీనిని నిరూపించవలసినది రచయిత బాధ్యత.
5. ఆ వాక్యము metaphor (ఉపమానాలంకారము) అయి ఉన్నచో, దాని భావమును simple భాషలో వివరించి, కారణములను వివరించవలయును.
6. పెంచి రాసిన passage ఒక పూర్తి composition లాగు ఉండవలయును. Good english లో రాయవలయును. Original passage కంటె బాగుగా అర్థమయ్యేరీతిలో ఉండవలయును. రాసిన తరువాత మరల ఆ copy ని తిరిగి పరిశీలించవలయును. ఏ భావమును, పదమును వదిలి వేయరాదు.
7. Spelling తప్పులు, grammar తప్పులు, punctuation తప్పులు ఏవైనా ఉంటే సరిదిద్దుకోవలయును.
Read and Learn more Written Composition
Species (కొన్ని నమూనాలు )
-1-
A great deal of talent is lost in the world for the want of a little courage.
Expansion
Self-Confidence
Timidity and self-distrust are almost as great faults as conceit and over-confidence. There are many people who have real talent in different lines, and yet who never accomplish anything, because they are afraid to make the first venture; and in this way good and useful things are lost to the world. A reasonable amount of confidence in one’s own powers is necessary for success.
If I were a cobbler, it would be my pride
-2-
The best of all cobblers to be:
If I were a tinker, no tinker beside
Should mend an old kettle like me.
Expansion
Pride In One’s Work
It is a great thing to take a pride in our work. Anything that is worth doing at all, is worth doing well. Even in the humblest task we should be ambitious to do it as well as we can, if possible better than anyone else. For example, a cobbler should not think that because his job is a humble one, it can be scamped and done anyhow he should be determined to make better shoes than any other cobbler; and a tinker should take pride in mending even an old kettle better than any other tinker can.
-3-
Let thy secret, unseen acts,
Be such as if the men thou prizest most
Were witnesses around thee.
Expansion
Toward Goodness
A Greek sculptor, when he was asked why he carved the backs of his statues, which no man would ever see, as carefully as he carved the front, said: “The gods will see them !” So it is not enough for us to live outwardly good lives while in secret we allow evil in our hearts, for God knows even if men do not! We should never do in secret what we should be ashamed of doing in the presence of our most valued friends.
-4-
However mean your life is, meet it and live in it; do not shun it and call it hard names.
Expansion
Making The Best Of Life
Men who are always grumbling about their poverty, complaining of their difficulties, whining over their troubles, and thinking that their lot in this world is mean and poor, will never get any happiness out of life or achieve any success. However mean our life may be, if we face it bravely and honestly and try to make the best of it, we shall find that after all it is not so bad as we thought: and we may have our times of happiness and the joys of success. There is nothing common or unclean, until we make it so by the wrong attitude we adopt towards
Peace hath her victories.
No less renowned than war.
-5-
Expansion Of Passages
The Victories Of Peace
The word victory is generally associated in our minds with war, and calls up visions of battles, bloodshed, and conquest by force and we think of war as a glorious thing because of its famous victories and splendid triumphs. But when we think of the achievements of great men statesmen, scholars, social reformers, scien- tists, philanthropists, .explorers, discoverers and honest workers-for the betterment of the human race and the progress and civilization of the world, we realize that the victories of peace are even more glorious than the victories of war.
అభ్యాసము 149
క్రింద ఇచ్చిన ప్రతి భావాన్ని విశదీకరింపుము.
1. It is a great loss to a man when he cannot laugh.
2. Charity is a universal duty, which it is in every man’s power sometimes to practise.
3. Slow and steady wins the race.
4. He who follows two hares catches neither.
5. A great city is, to be sure, the school for studying life.
6 Mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam, Be it ever so humble, there’s no place like home.
7. The noblest men that live on earth, Are men whose hands are brown with toil.
8. Where there’s a will there’s a way.
9. Perseverance is the very hinge of all virtues.
10. Honour and shame from no condition rise: Act well your part; there all the honour lies.
11. They are slaves who dare not be in the right with two or three.
12. Great talkers are never great doers.
13. The crown and glory of life is Character,
14. Life indeed would be dull, if there were no difficulties.
15. Only the actions of the just smell sweet, and blossom in their dust.
16. Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream.
17. The real dignity of a man lies, not in what he has, but in what he is.
18. He that is humble, ever shall Have God to be his guide.
19. What is this life, it lull of care, We have no time to stand and stare?
20. Home-keeping youths have ever homely wits.
21. To anyone who wishes to amend his life there is no time like the present.
22. Whatever is worth doing it all, is worth doing well.
23. Train up a child in the way he should go.
24. Custom reconciles us to everything. Nothing was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
26. Houses are built to live in and not to look on.
25. Do the work that’s nearest, Though it’s dull at whiles, Helping when we meet them, Lame dogs over stiles.
27. The good are always the merry, save by an evil chance.
28. Each man’s belief is right in his own eyes.
29. The heights by great men reached and kept, Were not attained by sudden flight; But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upwards in the night.
30. One crowded hour of glorious life. Is worth an age without a name. Breathes there the man with soul so dead Who never to himself hath said, This is my own, my native land?
31. Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear;
32. Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air.