Conjunctions
Conjunctions:
a) మాటలను కలుపును. ఉదా :- Rama and Gopal are close friends. Two and two make four.
b) Phrase లను కలుపును. ఉదా :- Neither the love of money nor desire for power has influenced him.
c) Clause లను కలుపును. ఉదా :- Whether this is finished first or that is finished first does not matter.
d) వాక్యములను కలుపును. ఉదా :- He is great, but he is not good.
1. A went to Pittapur and my brother went to Rajah- mundry I went to Pittapur’ clause ‘my brother went to Rajahmundry’s clause and eo conjunction చే ఒక పెద్ద వాక్యముగా కలుపబడినవి. వీనిలో ప్రతి clause రెండవదానియొక్క సహాయము లేకయే పూర్తియైన అర్ధమిచ్చు చున్నది. కావున ఈ clause లు స్వతంత్రములు, మరియు సమాన సాయా ‘equal rank’ గలవి. అందుచే ఇట్టి clause* Co-ordinate clauses అనబడును. ఇచట and అను conjunction రెండు Co-ordinate clause ఆను కలుపుచున్నది. ఇట్లు Co-ordinate clause 5 Conjunctions Coordinative Conjunctions
అనబడును.
ఉదా : And, but, both, or, not, else, still, yet, for, therefore, so, hence, wherefore, consequently, then, also, too, only, etc.
‘I’ went to Pittapur’ అను వాక్యమున ఒకకర్త ఒక క్రియ గలవు. ఇట్టి వాక్యము simple sentence అనబడును. ఇట్టిది ఒక పెద్ద వాక్యములో భాగముగా నుండిన, దానిని Clause అందురు.
A Clause is a group of words forming part of a sentence and having a subject and a predicate of its own. Co-ordinate = of equal rank.
Read and Learn more Parts Of Speech
Note: The clause beginning with for is always a Principal clause: for, for introduces a new sentence in proof of or in explanation of (or in accounting for) a statement already made. Sometimes it comes after a full stop in this sense; it even introduces a new paragraph as –
1) Something certainly fell in, for I heard a sound (proof)
2) He will die some day, for all men are mortal (explanation). 3) I am happy, for I passed the examination (accounts for).
B. I cannot attend school, because I am not well వాక్యములో I cannotattend school అను clause నకు నేను బడికి వెళ్ళలేను అని అర్థము కనుక అది రెండవ clause యొక్క సహాయము లేకయే పూర్తియయిన అర్థము నిచ్చుచున్నది. అట్టి దానిని Principal clause * లేక Main clause అందురు. “because I am not well’ eo clauses జబ్బుగా మండుటచేత అని అర్ధము గనుక ఈ clause దానంతటది పూర్తియైన అర్థము నిచ్చుటలేదు. అర్థపూర్తికై నేను బడికి వెళ్ళలేదు’ అను Principal clause యొక్క సహాయము సాపేక్షించుచున్నది. అనగా ఈ clause Principal clause మీద ఆధారపడియున్నది. కాబట్టి because I am not well అను clause స్వతంత్రమైనది కాదు. ఇట్టి clause ను Subordinate clause** అందురు. Je because o conjunction, subordinate clause principal clause తో కలుపుచున్నది. ఇట్టి conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions అనబడును.
As, it, because, lest, since, that, though, although, unless, whether, till, until, before, after, when, while etc.
Note 1. Because introduced either a) physical cause or b) a moral cause or c) a motive acting on the mind; as:
A clause which makes complete sense by itself is called a Principal (Main) Clause, and therefore the principal clause is of the nature of a simple sentence.
A Subordinate Clause is a group of words equivalent to a single part of speech and having a subject and a predicate of its own.
a) 1. The crops failed, because the season was dry.
2. He cannot walk fast because he is a little lame.
b) 1. We admire and love him because he is noble and good
2) I endured his censure, because it was just.
c) 1. He reads, because he has felt himself hungry for knowledge.
2. He writes because, he has read himself full.
Note 2. a) Since literally means something that is past and hence settled, so that the consequence depending on it is expressed in the principal clause; as :-
1) Since you desire it, I will look into the matter.
2) Since we must do it, let us start.
b) It also declares a certain circumstance to have occured and gives that as a reason for the affirmation in the principal clause; as :-
Since he has lost his father, he must give up his college education.
Note 3. As assigns the reason by indicating a sort of similarity between the situations contained in the principal and subordinate clause; it introduces a subordinate clause describing the state of the case in accordance with which action of the principal clause follows as :-
1) As you are not ready, we must go without you.
2) As you know German, I need not translate.
3) As Caesar was abitious, Brutus slew him.
C. Some Conjunctions are used in pairs and are called Correlative Conjunctions; as:- either-or, neither-nor, though-yet, both – and, so-as, as – as etc.
Note-As far as, as though, in as much as, so that, in order that – Phrase Conjunctions.
N.B. That అనే conjunction తరచు లోపించును. ఉ
1. He says he is not well = He says (that) he is not well.
2. I thought he would win = I thought (that) he would win. Either or; mark
a) an unavoidable choice or
b) an exclusive division, between only two alternatives.
e.g.- a) Either come in or go home.
e.g.-b) Either this man sinned or his parents.
Or: marks 1) an alternative between different a) things or b) states or c) action
e.g. a) Wolves or bears are never seen in that part of the country.
b) Sick or well he should not be here.
c) To eat or go hungry is all the same to him.
2. Choice between alternative.
e.g. (a) Will you have tea or coffee?
a) thing (b) states or (c) courses
(b) To be or not to be: that is the question.
(c) Decide to study medicine or law. 3. Approximation: In five or six days.
4. Doubt: Monday or Tuesday.
5. Greater exactness of phrasing or meaning :-
e.g. These essays or rather rough sketches.
6. Otherwise: You must work hard or you will fail.
7. Succession by turns: One or the other will watch over him all night.
8. Synonym: Lessen or abate.
Ex. 39
Fill in the blanks with Conjunctions:-
1. Rama passed-Gopal failed. 2. Rama- Gopal went to school. 3. He is old I. 4. He will not- old-I. 5. He is older-I. 6. He will not succeed–he works hard. 7. I cannot leave school my work is done. 8. You must come in time- –you will be punished. 9. He failed–he worked hard. 10. He will not pass he works hard. 11. He is very poor— he is very lazy. 12. Here is Rama- there is his brother. 13. He told me — he had lost his book. 14. You will be late–you are not quick. 15. You will be late–you are quick. 16. Tell me you broke the slate. 17. The doctor feared his patient would die. 18. You can come to-morrow it is a holiday. 19. Wait–I arrive. 20. Either you I must write the letter— it must be sent with- in one hour. 21. You need not leave your bed — the sun rises. 22. You must get up– the sun rises. 23. The man must do his best-he may not always succeed. 24. Take care–you should fail. 25. You are much more idle — you used to be. 26. He will succeed he tries hard. 27. I feel so tired — I am not able to speak. 28. I can write as fast — anybody. 29. I cannot write so well he. 30. It is long-I met you. 31. You need not come you are very weak.
Ans: 3. as…as 4. so…as 5. than 6. unless 8. or 13. tha! 14. if 16. if 18. as 19. until 20. or, for 23. otherwise 14. lest 27. that 30. since 31. because.