Parts Of Speech

• Adverbs : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu
• Articles: Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu
• Conjunctions : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

• Figures Of Speech : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu
• Pronouns : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

Adverbs (క్రియా విశేషణములు)

1. ఒక verb యొక్క గాని adjective యొక్క గాని, మరియొక adverb యొక్క గాని అర్ధమును విస్తరించు లేక మార్చునట్టి (modify) మాటలు Adverbs అనబడును అని ఇదివరలో నేర్చియున్నాము.
2. Adverbs sometimes modify sentences and phrases as: Unfortunately he was not at home. The child was nearly under the wheels of the carriage.

‘Aman is truly happy only when he is in sound health’ J only adverb when Conjunction modify చేయునని కొందరి అభిప్రాయము. కానీ అది, దాని తరువాత వచ్చు ‘when he is in sound health’ e adverbial clause modify చేయుననుట సమంజసము. మరియు ‘He arrived long before the time’ అను వాక్యములో long e adverb, before e preposition modify 30 కొందరి అభిప్రాయము. కాని అది, దాని తరువాత వచ్చు “before the time” అను adverbial phrase ను modify చేయుననుట సమంజసము.

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Adverbs are four kinds:

(1) Simple,
(2) Interrogative,
(3) Conjunctive and,
(4) Relative.

Simple adverbs : ఇవి యే మాటలకు చేర్చబడునో వాని యర్థము విస్తరించుట లేక మార్చుట మాత్రము చేయును. ఉదా : He reads well. He runs very fast.
(2) Interrogative Adverbs: When, Where, Why, How అను Adverbs ను ప్రశ్నలు వేయుట యందుపయోగించునపుడు Interrogative
adverbs అందురు. ఉదా : When did he come? Where is he? Why did you go away? How did you escape?
(3) Conjunctive Adverbs : వాక్యములనుగాని, మాటలనుగాని కలుపుట మాత్రమే, conjunction, యొక్క పని, కాని అపుడపుడు adverbs, conjunction పనియు adverb పనియు కూడ చేయును. అపుడవి Con- junctive adverbs అనబడును.
‘I shall speak to him when he comes (=అతడు వచ్చినపుడు నేను అతనితో మాట్లాడుదును) అను వాక్యములో When రెండు వాక్యములను కలపుచు కేవలము conjunction గా నుపయోగింపబడినది.
‘I do not know when he comes (=అతడు ఎపుడు వచ్చునో నాకు తెలియదు) అను వాక్యములో When రెండు వాక్యములను కలుపుటయేగాక, దాని తరువాత నున్న comes అను క్రియను modify చేయుచున్నది. కాబట్టి ఇచట conjunction పనియు, adverb పనికూడా When చేయుచున్నది. కనుక When ఇక్కడ Conjunctive adverb అందురు.

Conjunctions – He fired the gun after I (had) loaded it. He started before I arrived. I take a walk wherever it is convenient for me.

Conjunctive adverb: Wherever you go, I will go. The magistrate enquired when he came and whither he was going. I do not know how to solve this problem.
Relative adverbs: ఇవి ఐదు .

(1) where (2) why (3) how, (4) when, (5) while

Where ఈ క్రింది రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి ఒకే వాక్యముగా వ్రాయుము. 1. I know an open place 2. We can play on it.

రెండవ వాక్యములోని pronoun it మొదటి వాక్యంలోని noun place కి చెందును. అనగా రెండు వాక్యములు కూడ ఒకే స్థలమును గురించి చెప్పుచున్నవి. కావున వాటిలోని భావములను కలిపి ఒక వాక్యముగా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.

I know an open place where we can play. aes Where అను మాట adverb వలె can play అను verb ను modify చేయుటయేగాక, దాని వెనుకనున్న place అను noun కు చెందుచు రెండు వాక్యములను కలుపుచున్నది. కావున where ఇచ్చట Relative adverb అనబడుచున్నది.

Note: 1. Where we can play-Adj. Cl. qualifying the noun place.

Note: 2. Where – Relative adverb having for its antece- dent, place and modifying verb, can play.

      Why
1. He failed.                                                                                                                I know the reason
2. I know the reason.                                                                                                  why he failed.

    How
1. You did the sum.                                                                                                    I cannot understand the way
2. I cannot understand the way.                                                                                 how you did the sum.
   When
1. He will come here.                                                                                                  I do not know the time
2. I do not know the time.                                                                                          when he will come here.
    While

1. In his speech the pauses were short and few.                                                        In his speech the pauses while he was
2. He was thinking of the right word during those pauses.                                        thinking of the right word were short and few.

Note: 1. Relative adverbs introduce restrictive adjective clauses.

Note: 2. Relative pronoun 58 Relative adverbs s అపుడపుడు లోపించును. ఉదా:

(1) On the day (when) I was born, Kakinada was bombed.
(2) The reason (why) I do this is to make matters clear.
(3) I cannot understand the way (how) you did the su
(4) Grammar is man’s attempt to explain the way (how) he used words.

Note: 3. I will return to my house hence I came out. I know the place whither he is going.

In the above two sentences, hence and whither are now antiquated, being replaced by their equivalent from which and to which.
The same may be said of the Relative adverbs formed by the compounds of where, such; as: whereat, whereby, wherein, wherefrom; whereupon etc. These are gradually getting replaced by which preceded by the prepositions which enter into the composition of these words. Whereat at which; whereby by which; – wherein = in which; etc.
e.g. You may take my life, when you do take the means hereby I live.

Simple adverbs

విధములుగా భావింపబడినవి:
అవి తెలియజేయు అర్థములను బట్టి అరు

(a) ‘Gopal was then very rich’; ‘Rama wants to see him now’ అను వాక్యములలో then, now అను మాటలు ఆయాపనులు జరుగు కాలములను చెప్పుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Adverbs of time అనబడును. now, then when, ago before, after, to-day, to- morrow, yesterday, soon, ever, always. They show when a thing happens and answer to the questions ‘when’?
(b) “The boy sat here’; ‘He stood there for an hour’. వాక్యములలోని here, there, అను మాటలు ఆయాపనులు జరిగిన స్థలములను చెప్పుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Adverbs of place అనబడును.
here, there, where, near, below, hither, thither, down, within, without, inside.
They show where a thing happens and answer to the question ‘where’?
(c) ‘I have told you twice’. ‘He often comes late’ e వాక్యములలో twice, often అను మాటలు ఆయా పనులు ఎన్ని సార్లు చేయబడునో చెప్పుచున్నవి కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Adverbs of number అనబడును.
à once, thrice, again, seldom, sometimes, firstly, secondly, frequently.
They show how often a thing happens and answer to the question ‘How often?
(d) “The boy ran fast’; The girl spoke loudly’ వాక్యములలో fast, loudly అను మాటలు ఆయా పనులు జరిగిన రీతిని చెప్పుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Ad, erbs of manner or quality
అనబడును.
boldly, late, highly, slowly, loudly, fast, easily, bravely, well, ill, quickly, badly, so.
They show how a thing happens and answer to the question ‘How?
(e) ‘He grew terribly angry’; The teacher was very displeased’s terribly, very e adverbs, angry, displeased అను ‘pure Adjective’ యొక్క పరిమితిని చెప్పుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Adverbs of degree or quantity అనబడును.
overy, quite, nearly, almost, greatly, fully, com- pletely, scarcely, partly, enough, much, little, hardly, too.
They show how much or to what extent or in what degree a quantity exists, and answer to the question ‘How much?’
“The teacher was very displeased with you. This sen- tence is wrong. For very a pure adverb of degree cannot modify the verbal force in the participle, displeased. So the correct form of the sentence is “The teacher was much (or very much) displeased with you”.
(f) (a) Adverbs of Affirmation: yes, by all means, certainly, surely.
(b) Adverbs of Negation: no, not, nay, not at all

Adverbial Accusative

The only words whose accusative can be used adverbi- ally are nouns, denoting, (1). Time, (2) Place, (3) Distance, (4) Weight, (5) Measure, (6) Manner, (7) Value, (8) Degree, (9) Direction, (10) Space, (11) Attendant circumstances.
1. (a) They sat an hour in the council (= for an hour): how long.
(a) Last june I went to Madras: when.
(b) He blew his pipe three times: how often.
2. He went home (=to his house): whither.
3. He walked ten miles (=for ten miles): how far.
4. The bus weighs four tons: how much.
5. The river is a mile broad here: how much.
6. He came full speed (=at full speed)
7. (a) This chair costs four rupees.
(b) The watch is worth sixty rupees.
8. (a) The wound was skin deep.
(b) I am ten years your senior (= I am your senior by ten years): how much.
9. The windows of the tower face both ways (= in both ways).
10. It is the same all the world over.
11. (a) He died a ruined man.
(b) He lived and died a Christian.
N.B.: The following notes are for advanced pupils.
Note: 1. A Noun so used is called an adverbial accusative.
Note: 2. In most cases, as shown above, the Adverbial accusative may be replaced by a noun-equivalent with a prepo- sition.
Note: 3. An important difference between adverbial accusatives and object accusatives is that the latter may become the subject of a passive construction (i.e. ‘He killed a tiger’ becomes ‘A tiger was killed by him’) but the adverbial accusa- tive cannot become the subject of a passive construction (i.e. “They sat an hour in the council’ cannot, be turned into ‘An hour was sat by them in the council’)
An accusative governed by a preposition may some- times be turned into the subject of a passive construction, the preposition being retained as an adverb immediately after the verb, as a general rule: ‘Everybody laughed at him ‘becomes’ He was laughed at by everybody’.
Note: 4. (a) The accusative is used with transitive verbs; as:
(1) I struck him dead.
(2) He washed his hands clean.
(b) The accusative is also used with intransitive verbs followed by a predicate adjective or adverb as:
(1) To cry oneself hoarse.
(2) To laugh a man down.
(3) A lover’s eye will gaze an eagle blind.
(c) In ‘To look things in the face’. To look a gift horse in the mouth,’ it is best to regard the italicised words as accusa- tives.
N.B.: That may be used as an adverbial accusative; as: I remember the day that he came .

Ex. 35 D
Name the class to which each Adverb in the following belongs:
(1) The school will open to-morrow.
(2) He comes last in the list.
(3) He was badly hurt.
(4) My brother is now at Madras.
(5) How did he escape from the jail?
(6) The rope was long enough.
(7) Your father seldom goes out for a walk.
(8) The girl sat inside.
(9) He stood there for sometime.
(10) The explanation is quite clear.
(11) Why were you so late?
(12) This is half boiled rice.
(13) I am very glad to hear the news.
(14) He would always sleep in the class.
(15) As you say so, I shall go.
(16) I may be away, but I cannot tell yet.
(17) I left school three years sice.
(18) I have not any money.
(19) You have given me too much.
(20) Perhaps it will rain.
(21) Sometimes you are careless.

Ex. 35 E (1)
Point out which of the italicised words are Conjunctions, which are Conjunctive Adverbs and which are Relative Ad- verbs:
(1) You will not succeed unless you work hard.
(2) I remember the house where I was born.
(3) I explained why I was absent.
(4) Since you say so. I must believe it.
(5) The train started while we were talking.
(6) Go quickly whence you came.
(7) This is the reason why I failed.
(8) May I know when you can finish this work?
(9) I shall go whether you come or not.
(10) Whither thou goest, I will go.
(11) when you are called, you must come in at once.
(12) I waited till the train arrived.
(13) Where there is a will there is a way.
(14) I take a walk whenever it is fine.
(15) Let him be arrested whenever he may be found.
(16) Do you know the time when the Madras mail arrives? (
17) This is not the way how you should behave.
(18) I do not know how I can please you.
(19) I asked him when he would return.
(20) The book was found where it had been left.

Ans: Conjunctions 1, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 20. Conjunctive adverbs: 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19. Relative adverbs: 2,7,16, 17.

Ex. 35 (E) 2
Fill up the blanks with Adverb ending in ly:
(1) He is improving.
(2) The books is-spoiled.
(3) 1 explained the sum to the boys.
(4) I told him-that he should not talk so.
(5) I am-in need of money.
(6) The sun is-going down.
(7) The boys followed the teacher
(8) He is-forty years old.
(9) The boy has escaped death.
(10) He-pocketed the insult.
(11) The man was-sent to the hospital.
(12) Narayana is related to me.
(13) He was-treated by the doctor.
(14) The soldier fought very-
(15) My grandfather is ill, so start
(16) His failure is due to his negligence.
(17) There are any rains in our parts.
(18) He was dealt with.

Ans: (4) sternly, (5) badly, (7) closely, (8) nearly, (9) narrowly, (10) coolly, (11) immediately, (12) closely, (13) care- fully, (15) immediately, (17) scarcely (or hardly), (18) severely.

Ex. 35F
Point out the adverbial accusatives in:
(1) Bind him hand and foot.
(2) That hat is a great deal too big for me.
(3) Our friend died .ast night.
(4) Have it your own way.
(4) Months ago he told me that very thing.
(6) The shot went to out to sea miles beyond the target.
(7) The Mayor sent East West, North.
(8) They could not move a step.
(9) It happened years ago.
(10) They waited the whole night long.
(11) He weighs hundred and fifty pounds.
(12) The train came full speed.
(13) This house costs twelve thousand rupees.
(14) He died a puritan.
(15) He smote them ‘hip and thigh’.
(16) You are two years my junior.

Ans: (1) hand and foot (2) deal (4) way (5) month (6) miles (10) night (11) pounds (14) puritan.

Comparison Of Adverbs

Many adverbs are compared like Adjectives 1.ly తో అంతమగు Adverbs సాధారణముగా more and most అను మాటలు వాని ముందుచుటచేత compare చేయబడును. Ex: loudly, more loudly, most loudly.
N.B. : Early అను మాటకు మాత్రం చివర ని క్రింద మార్చి er Find est చేర్చుటచేత compare చేయబడును.
Ex: early, earlier, earliest.
2. తక్కినవిerest చివర చేర్చుటచేత compare చేయబడును.
Ex: soon, sooner, soonest; hard, harder, hardest.
3. A few adverbs are compared irregularly:

Adverbial Phrases

రెండు లేక అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ మాటలు చేరి Adverb యొక్క అర్థము కలిగియున్న యెడల అవి Adverbial phrase * అనబడును.
Ex: at last, by and by, now and then.

Position of the Adverb

1. క్రియలను modify చేయునపుడు Adverb సాధారణముగా Intransitive verbs dog, Transitive verbs aus, Object తర్వాత వచ్చును.
Ex: He lived well. He did his work patiently.
For the definition of Phrase; see under ‘Phrases’ N.B.: For adverbs of frequency, see ‘Anomalous verbs’ 2. సహాయ క్రియలున్నపుడు Adverbs సాధారణముగా సహాయక్రియల (Auxiliary verbs) కును ప్రధాన క్రియల (Principal verbs) కును మధ్య వచ్చును.
Ex: 1. Your son will soon return.
2. He has readily consented.
Note: Some common words such as loud, hard, fast, long, high, wide, much, little etc., are either Adjectives or Adverbs

Adjective                                                                   Adverb

1. He spoke in a loud voice.                                    Don’t talk so loud.
2. This is a hard sum.                                              He works hard.
3. The street is wide.                                              Keep the door wide open.
4. This is a fast horse.                                             He runs fast.

Only : వాక్యములో ఈ మాటకు గల స్థానమును బట్టి వాక్యము యొక్క అర్థము మారును.
1. ‘Only he promised to see me’, means ‘he alone and none else promised to see me’.
2. ‘He only promised to see me’, means ‘he only prom ised but did not fulfil the promise
3. ‘He promised only to see me’, means ‘he promised to do nothing more than to see me’.
4. ‘He promised to see only me’, means he promised to see only me and none else.
In the same way the adverbs merely, solely, chiefly require special attenction.
Note 1. The adverbs enough, since and ago always come after the words they modify; as:- He is kind enough to see me. I saw him long since. This took place a month ago
Note 2. Notice the difference between the meaning of: It was a happy thing that
(a) 1. Happily he did not die he did not die.
2. He did not die happily – He did not die a happy
(b) 1. I found the road easy- death.
I found the road not difficult to walk on.
2. I found the road easily- I found the road without difficulty.
Ex. 35 G
(a) Give the meaning of the sentence: ‘He lives for their sake’ – by placing only in different places.
(b) Correct the position of the Adverbs in:
(1) He explained clearly his words.
(2) I have read often that book.
(3) He struck severely the ox with his whip.
(4) He soon will return home.
(5) The stick is enough long.
(6) He went out seldom before sunrise.
(7) He exactly stood in front of me.
(8) The master taught very well the boy.
(9) I wanted never to see him.
(10) He patiently did his work till sunset

Formation Of Advebs

Adverbs are formed from:
1. Adjectives by adding-ly (a corruption of like): as quick, quickly; foolish, foolishly.
Note: 1. When the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, change y and i and add ly: as: happy, happily. 2. When the adjective ends in le, simply change into y; as single, singly; double, doubly.
3. When the adjective already ends in ly, we often make use of a phrase; as Godly, in a godly manner.
II. Nouns : (a) by placing a before them; as sleep, asleep; way, away. (b) by placing a preposition before them; as: to-day. III. Adverbs are formed combining two or more different words; as: (a) along, below (b) within, beneath (c) thereby, henceforth, (d) meantime, midway, (e) forthwith, however without.
Form adverbs from:
Ex. 35 H
(1)glad (2) ample (3) playful (4) here (5) up (6) luck (7) angry (8) one (9) please (10) worthy (11) home (12) hunger (13) down (14) fault (15) foot (16) mean (17) broad (18) deed (19) shore (20) hence (21) side (22) sure (23) times (24) sides (25) way (26) hard (27) long (28) there (29) late (30) need.
Adverb-equivalents
1. A phrase formed with a preposition; as: He hunts in the wood.
2. A noun without a preposition (Accusative to time, distances etc.) as:
(a) He may live many years.
(b) He walked ten miles.
3. A noun or pronoun in the Dative case; as:
(a) I bought my son a cycle. (b) It will last you a year.
4. An Adverbial phrase; as: They walked side by side.
5. An Adverbial clause (in a Complex sentence); as: When you come, I shall tell you.
6. Gerundial infinitive; as:
(a) (a) He came to see me. (b) He is quick to hear.
(b) (a) He wept to hear the news, (b) He was seen to fall. (c) You seem to be ill.
7. An Absolute phrase; as:
(a) The sun having set, we all went home.
(b) To tell you the truth, I was not there,
(c) They were thunderstruck – so to speak on hearing the news.
7. (a) An Adjective; as: He went away sad (-he was sad, when he went away).
Note: Sad describes the state of the agent.
(b) The moons shines bright (=The moon shines, and the effect of the shining is brightness)
Note: Bright describes the effect of the action.
(c) The green trees whispered low and mild (=the kind of whisper was low and mild).
Note: Low and mild describes the manner of doing the action; this occurs only in; as; They praised him soft and low.
9. A participle as: He went away disappointed.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions:
a) మాటలను కలుపును. ఉదా :- Rama and Gopal are close friends. Two and two make four.
b) Phrase లను కలుపును. ఉదా :- Neither the love of money nor desire for power has influenced him.
c) Clause లను కలుపును. ఉదా :- Whether this is finished first or that is finished first does not matter.
d) వాక్యములను కలుపును. ఉదా :- He is great, but he is not good.

1. A went to Pittapur and my brother went to Rajah- mundry I went to Pittapur’ clause ‘my brother went to Rajahmundry’s clause and eo conjunction చే ఒక పెద్ద వాక్యముగా కలుపబడినవి. వీనిలో ప్రతి clause రెండవదానియొక్క సహాయము లేకయే పూర్తియైన అర్ధమిచ్చు చున్నది. కావున ఈ clause లు స్వతంత్రములు, మరియు సమాన సాయా ‘equal rank’ గలవి. అందుచే ఇట్టి clause* Co-ordinate clauses అనబడును. ఇచట and అను conjunction రెండు Co-ordinate clause ఆను కలుపుచున్నది. ఇట్లు Co-ordinate clause 5 Conjunctions Coordinative Conjunctions
అనబడును.
ఉదా : And, but, both, or, not, else, still, yet, for, therefore, so, hence, wherefore, consequently, then, also, too, only, etc.
‘I’ went to Pittapur’ అను వాక్యమున ఒకకర్త ఒక క్రియ గలవు. ఇట్టి వాక్యము simple sentence అనబడును. ఇట్టిది ఒక పెద్ద వాక్యములో భాగముగా నుండిన, దానిని Clause అందురు.
A Clause is a group of words forming part of a sentence and having a subject and a predicate of its own. Co-ordinate = of equal rank.

Read and Learn more Parts Of Speech

Note: The clause beginning with for is always a Principal clause: for, for introduces a new sentence in proof of or in explanation of (or in accounting for) a statement already made. Sometimes it comes after a full stop in this sense; it even introduces a new paragraph as –
1) Something certainly fell in, for I heard a sound (proof)
2) He will die some day, for all men are mortal (explanation). 3) I am happy, for I passed the examination (accounts for).
B. I cannot attend school, because I am not well వాక్యములో I cannotattend school అను clause నకు నేను బడికి వెళ్ళలేను అని అర్థము కనుక అది రెండవ clause యొక్క సహాయము లేకయే పూర్తియయిన అర్థము నిచ్చుచున్నది. అట్టి దానిని Principal clause * లేక Main clause అందురు. “because I am not well’ eo clauses జబ్బుగా మండుటచేత అని అర్ధము గనుక ఈ clause దానంతటది పూర్తియైన అర్థము నిచ్చుటలేదు. అర్థపూర్తికై నేను బడికి వెళ్ళలేదు’ అను Principal clause యొక్క సహాయము సాపేక్షించుచున్నది. అనగా ఈ clause Principal clause మీద ఆధారపడియున్నది. కాబట్టి because I am not well అను clause స్వతంత్రమైనది కాదు. ఇట్టి clause ను Subordinate clause** అందురు. Je because o conjunction, subordinate clause principal clause తో కలుపుచున్నది. ఇట్టి conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions అనబడును.
As, it, because, lest, since, that, though, although, unless, whether, till, until, before, after, when, while etc.
Note 1. Because introduced either a) physical cause or b) a moral cause or c) a motive acting on the mind; as:
A clause which makes complete sense by itself is called a Principal (Main) Clause, and therefore the principal clause is of the nature of a simple sentence.
A Subordinate Clause is a group of words equivalent to a single part of speech and having a subject and a predicate of its own.
a) 1. The crops failed, because the season was dry.
2. He cannot walk fast because he is a little lame.
b) 1. We admire and love him because he is noble and good
2) I endured his censure, because it was just.
c) 1. He reads, because he has felt himself hungry for knowledge.
2. He writes because, he has read himself full.

Note 2. a) Since literally means something that is past and hence settled, so that the consequence depending on it is expressed in the principal clause; as :-
1) Since you desire it, I will look into the matter.
2) Since we must do it, let us start.
b) It also declares a certain circumstance to have occured and gives that as a reason for the affirmation in the principal clause; as :-
Since he has lost his father, he must give up his college education.

Note 3. As assigns the reason by indicating a sort of similarity between the situations contained in the principal and subordinate clause; it introduces a subordinate clause describing the state of the case in accordance with which action of the principal clause follows as :-
1) As you are not ready, we must go without you.
2) As you know German, I need not translate.
3) As Caesar was abitious, Brutus slew him.
C. Some Conjunctions are used in pairs and are called Correlative Conjunctions; as:- either-or, neither-nor, though-yet, both – and, so-as, as – as etc.

Note-As far as, as though, in as much as, so that, in order that – Phrase Conjunctions.
N.B. That అనే conjunction తరచు లోపించును. ఉ
1. He says he is not well = He says (that) he is not well.
2. I thought he would win = I thought (that) he would win. Either or; mark
a) an unavoidable choice or
b) an exclusive division, between only two alternatives.
e.g.- a) Either come in or go home.
e.g.-b) Either this man sinned or his parents.
Or: marks 1) an alternative between different a) things or b) states or c) action
e.g. a) Wolves or bears are never seen in that part of the country.
b) Sick or well he should not be here.
c) To eat or go hungry is all the same to him.
2. Choice between alternative.
e.g. (a) Will you have tea or coffee?
a) thing (b) states or (c) courses
(b) To be or not to be: that is the question.
(c) Decide to study medicine or law. 3. Approximation: In five or six days.
4. Doubt: Monday or Tuesday.
5. Greater exactness of phrasing or meaning :-
e.g. These essays or rather rough sketches.
6. Otherwise: You must work hard or you will fail.
7. Succession by turns: One or the other will watch over him all night.
8. Synonym: Lessen or abate.
Ex. 39
Fill in the blanks with Conjunctions:-
1. Rama passed-Gopal failed. 2. Rama- Gopal went to school. 3. He is old I. 4. He will not- old-I. 5. He is older-I. 6. He will not succeed–he works hard. 7. I cannot leave school my work is done. 8. You must come in time- –you will be punished. 9. He failed–he worked hard. 10. He will not pass he works hard. 11. He is very poor— he is very lazy. 12. Here is Rama- there is his brother. 13. He told me — he had lost his book. 14. You will be late–you are not quick. 15. You will be late–you are quick. 16. Tell me you broke the slate. 17. The doctor feared his patient would die. 18. You can come to-morrow it is a holiday. 19. Wait–I arrive. 20. Either you I must write the letter— it must be sent with- in one hour. 21. You need not leave your bed — the sun rises. 22. You must get up– the sun rises. 23. The man must do his best-he may not always succeed. 24. Take care–you should fail. 25. You are much more idle — you used to be. 26. He will succeed he tries hard. 27. I feel so tired — I am not able to speak. 28. I can write as fast — anybody. 29. I cannot write so well he. 30. It is long-I met you. 31. You need not come you are very weak.

Ans: 3. as…as 4. so…as 5. than 6. unless 8. or 13. tha! 14. if 16. if 18. as 19. until 20. or, for 23. otherwise 14. lest 27. that 30. since 31. because.

Figures Of Speech

When there is a deviation from the ordinary use of words, for the sake of increased effect, this abnormal mode of expression is called a Figure of Speech.
Figures of speech enrich a language and lend increased energy and significance of words. Particularly poetry, figurative language illustrates a subject or throws light upon it and heightens the emotion.
1. In a Simile (=like) a comparison is made between two objects of different kinds, which have at least one point of resemblance. It is always introduced by some such words as like, as, resemble, so, as-so, just-as.
(a) Verbs: He fought like a lion. He drinks like a fish, eats like a pig, runs like a hare.
(b) Adjectives: As good as gold; as quick as lightning; as firm as a rock; brave as a lion; white as snow.
Note: The things compared should be essentially differ ent; an ordinay comparison of two like things is not a simile; as: ‘He is as tall as his brother’ is a comparison but not a simile; while ‘He is as tall as a palm tree’ is a simile.
B. Metaphor (=a carrying over of an attribute of one object to another on account of some resemblance) is a con- densed simile, the comparison being implied, not expressed; as:

Read and Learn more Parts Of Speech

(a) Nouns
(a) He was a lion in the fight (i.e. He resembled a lion in respect of fighting).
(b) My brother is the star (brightest member) of the family.
(c) He is in the sunset (decline) of his days.
(d) The news was dagger to his heart.

(b) Adjectives:
(a) Golden silence; a stony heart; iron courage; a lame excuse.
(b) A fiery speech; a piercing wind; a crystal stream; a transparent false-hood.

(c) Verbs:
(a) The town was stormed after a long siege.
(b) He bridled his thoughts.
(c) To dog one’s foot-steps. (=to follow like a dog).

(d) Many metaphors have been so often used as to a become idioms and proverbial savings; as:- a fish out of water; a bed of roses; turn over a new leaf; add fuel to flame; all his geese are swans.

(e) Some words and expressions have been so much and so long used in a Metaphorical sense that their literal meaning has been lost, so that they are now used with scarcely any consciousness of their figurative quality; such are dead meta- phors; as:
(a) The head of a family.
(b) A fountain of knowledge.
(c) A mine of information.
(d) Yeoman service
(e) A ray of hope.

Note: A metaphor is more effectiv than a simile as it gives cause for surprise. Many similes can be compressed into metaphors, and most metaphors can be expanded into similes.

1. Metaphor                                      ………………….. The ship ploughs the sea.
Simile                                               ………………….. As a plough furrows the land, so a ship cuts her way through the sea.

2. Simile                                           …………………….He was in the fight as bold as a lion.
Metaphor                                        …………………….. He was a lion in the fight.

3. Synecdoche (=the understanding of one thing by tneans of another)..This consists in suggesting one thing by another, as when you’put:
1. (a) The part for the whole; as: A fleet of fifty sails (=ships); A maiden of eighteen summers (=years). No useless coffin enclosed his breast (-body); All hands (=persons) are at work; Uneasy lies the head (=person) that wears the crown.
(b) The whole for the part; as:- The smiling year (=spring); America (= The tennis team) won the Davis cup last year.

2. (a) The particular for the general; as: Give us this day our daily bread (=food).
(b) The general for the particular; as:- A vessel for a ship.
(c) Preach the gospel to every creature (=human being).

3. (a) The concrete for the abstract; as:-
(a) It was the mother in her that sopke thus yearningly.
(b) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.
(c) It is difficult to tame the savage in him.
(b) The abstract for the concrete; as:
(a) Youth (=young men) is thoughtless.
(b) All the intelligence, wit and beauty gathered in that room.
Note: The same figure appears in such phrases; as: His Majesty for King; His Lordship for ‘lord’. His Excellency for a ‘governor or viceroy’.

4. The material for the thing made of it; as:
(a) The marble (=the statue made of marble) speaks.
(b) Gold and silve (=coins) I have none.
(c) The linen (=linen garments).
(d) The canvas (=picture) glows.
5. The individual for the whole class; as:-
(a) A Daniel (=a very wise judge) come to judgment.
(b) Some village Hampden.
(c) A modern Bhishma.
5. Metonomy (=change of name): In this figure a thing is described by the name of some other closely connected with it. The association between the two is so close that the mention. of the one suggests the other.
(1) The sign or symbol for the thing or person signified (=meant); as:
(a) From the cradle to the grave (=from child- hood to death).
(b) Grey hairs (old age or old men) should be respected.
(c) Sceptre or crown for royalty.
(d) Leather (=shoe- making) pays better than learning.
(e) Red tape for official routine
(f) The chair for president.
(g) Bench for the office of the judge.
(2) The insirument for the agent; as: (1) The pen is mightier than the sword (=Those who use the pen have more influence than those who use the sword).
(b) Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice (=Pay heed to what every man says, but, say little yourself).
(c) They carried fire and sword into the country.
(d) He had a smooth tongue.
(3) The container for the contained; as:
(a) He drank the cup (= the contents of the cup).
(b) The kettle (=the water in the kettle) is boiling.
(c) The conqueror smote the city (=the inhabitants of the city).
(4) (a) The author for the book; as:- I am reading Tennyson (=the works of Tennyson).
(b) The maker for the thing made; as:- The miner’s Davy (Davy’s safety lamp) is missing.
(5) The place for the things; as:-
(a) Morocco (=for Morocco leather)
(b) I use China (=China-ware: cups, saucers, etc.) for my house hold purpose.
(6) A feeling for the object that inspires it; as:
(a) A moon- light walk is my delight (=a thing that gives me delight).
(b) Adieu for evermore, My love! (= the person I love)
(c) A bold peasantry is the pride of the village.
(d) My son is my only hope and joy.
(7) The effect for the cause; as:
(a) They sat under the shade (=tree).
(b) The bright death (=sword) quivered at the victim’s throat.
(c) O for a beaker full of the Warm South (wine)-Keats.
(8) The cause for the effect; as:-
(a) Yet oft a sigh prevails and sorrows (=tears) fall… Goldsmith.
(b) And all his greaves and cuisses dash’d with drops of on-set (=blood)… Tennyson.
6. Transferred Epithet: In this figure an adjective is transferred from its proper word to another. Such transference is most common when some personal quality or experience is attributed to something impersonal and inanimate; as :-
(a) Hence to his idle bed (i.e. It is not the bed that is idle, but the person who lies on it).
(b) He passed sleepless nights (It is he that is sleepless, not the nights).
(c) The ploughman homeward plods his weary way (i.e. It is the plough man that is weary, not the way).

7. personification (=making into a person): In per- sonification inanimate objects, abstract ideas or qualities are spoken of as living beings or persons; as:
(a) The Mountains sing together, the hills rejoice and clap hands.
(b) Death lays his icy hand on kings.
(c) Hopes are dupes (deceivers).
Note: The name of the thing or idea personified is usually written with a capital letter.
8. Personal Metaphor: A metaphor is said to be personal when it speaks of inanimate objects as if they were living persons; so it may be otherwise defined as a special form of personification implying comparison; as:-
(a) Personal epithets applied to impersonal nouns :
(a) A frowning mountain (=just as a person’s face looks dark, when he frowns, so the mountain looks gloomy when it is overhang- ing).
(b) A prattling brook (=just as a child makes a ceaseless cheerful noise when it prattles so the brook makes a cheerful noise when it flows).
(c) A sullen sky
(d) Pitiless cold.
(e) A treacherous calm.
(f) The thirsty ground.
(b) Personal nouns in connection with impersonal ones (nouns): -The childhood of the world. The anger of the tempest. (c) Personal verbs used as predicate to impersonal subjects:-
(a) Everything smiled on him.
(b) Weary wave and dying blast.
Sob and moan along the shore; And all is peace at last.
9. Apostrophe: It is a direct address to:
(a) (a) inanimate or (b) some abstract idea as if they were
living persons; as:
(1) Roll on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean, Roll!
(2) (a) O Death, where is thy sting?
(b) O Solitude! Where are thy charms that sages have seen in thy face?
(b) Someone absent as though present; as:
10, Friend! I know not which way I must turn for comfort.
(c) Someone dead as though living; as:
Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour. Note: So Apostrophe is a special form of personification including address.
11. Pathetic Fallacy: In this figure, nature is personified and represented as taking a definite interest in human affairs; as:-
When the poet dies.
Mute nature mourns her worshipper.
And celebrates his obsequies.
12. Hyperbole (=exaggeration for the sake of greater emphasis); as: The sea rose mountains high (=The waves of the sea rose very high).
(a) All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand:- Shakespeare.
(b) It is a century since we met.
13. Euphemism consists in conveying a disagreeable truth by an agreeable name so as not to give offence; as:
(a) He is no more (=He is dead).
(b) He breathed his last (= He died)
(c) You are telling me a fairy tale (=a lie).
14. Oxymoron (=sharp dull) is the combination in one expression of two terms of contradictory meaning referring at once to the same thing; as
(a) Cruel kindness.
(b) Darkness visible.
(c) His honour rooted in dishonour stood.
(d) Bountiful adversity.
(e) Bitter sweet.
(f) Terrific beauty.
15. Irony (=a dissembler in speech): In irony we say the opposite of what we mean, tone and manner showing what is meant; as:
(a) Well done! bravo! (when a thing has been badly done)
(b) A mighty honest fellow indeed! (when we mean him a thief)
(c) Wisdom shall die with you
(d) Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all, all honourable men.
16. Allegory, Fable, Parable:
The three are intended to teach morals.
(a) An Allegory is the presentation of a subject under the guise of another suggestively similar. The characters and incidents are unreal; the former represents human qualities. (i.e. generally, virtues and vices) not human beings; as:
(a) Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress.
(b) Spenser’s Faerie Queen.
(c) Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels and Tale of a Tub.
(d) Addison’s Vision of Mirza.
(b) A Fable is a short Allegory in which birds and beasts and even inanimate objects are made to act and speak like human beings. It is meant to teach lessons of morality or prudence; as: (a) Aesop’s Fables
(b) The Panchatantra and Hito- padesa.
Note: Those fables are so well know that they are used in a Metaphorical sense: as:-
(a) They soon found that in their new president they had only replaced King Lord by King Stork;
(b) He behaves like the Dog in the Manger.
(c) A Parable is a short story which represents some- thing real in life or nature and teaches a moral, or a religious or a spiritual lesson; as: The Good Samaritan (This is intended to give an answer to the question: “Who is my neighbour?”
Thus parables were used by Christ for the pupose of instructing simple people in moral truths.
Note: The parables are often used in a metaphorical sense; as:
(a) See that you avoid the fate of the foolish virgins.
(b) I fear he will prove a prodigal son.
17. Alliteration consists in the repetition of similar sounds or the same sound (generally initial and consonantal) in close’succession; as:-
(a) Round a rugged rock a ragged rascal ran.
(b) By apt Alliteration’s artful aid-Pope.
(c) The man who marries money makes a most miserable mistake.
18. Allusion is a figure of speech by which some word or phrase in a sentence is made to recall some interesting fact, fable, custom, writing or saying; as:- The school was a perfect Bable. He is a Prodigal son.
19. Onomatopoeia: (=word making) is the use of words which by their sounds suggest their meaning; in other words, it is the representation of the sense by the sound of words; as:
(a) hiss; buzz; hum; clang; cuckoo; ia
(b) Rend with tremendous sound your ears asunder.
20. Antithesis (=contrast -i.e. the setting of one thing against another). Just as comparison aids understand- ing, so does contrast. It is a contrast of ideas marked by parallelism of contrasted words or phrases for the sake of emphasis.
In this, contrasts are set and balanced one against an- other in one sentence; as:
(1) Men may come and men may go. But I go on for ever- Tennyson.
(2) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
(3) Man proposes, God disposes.
(4) To err is human, to forgive is divine.
(5) Hechid their wanderings, but relieved their pain.
(6) Speech is silver, but silence is golden.
(7) Wit laughs at things, humour laughs with them.
(8) Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice.
(9) He makes no friend who never made a foe.
(10) It was the letter that he followed, not the spirit of the law.
(11) As civilization advances, poetry declines.
21. Epigram: It is a brief and pointed saying (often in verse) which contains truth or wisdom in terms which appar- ently contradict each other; and it excites surprise and arrests attention; as:
(1) The child is father of the man… Wordsworth.
(2) Failure is the pillar of success.
(3) In the midst of life we are in death.
(4) By indignities men come to dignities.
(5) Art lies in concealing art.
(6) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
(7) Silence is sometimes more eloquent than words.
(8) He is conspicuous by his absence.
(9) Murder, though it have no tongue, will yet speak… Shakespeare.
(10) A favourite has no friend.
N.B. The following phrases can be classed under the heading of ‘epigrammatic’; as:- a white lie; a silent rebuke; an open secret; noble revenge; a pious fraud; expressive silence.
22. Climax (= ladder): It consists in arranging words or statements in the ascending order of their importance; as:- (1) He would cheat, torture and even murder.
(2) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
XXI. Anticlimax (or Bathos): It consists in preparing the reader’s expectation for something remarkable and then suddenly producing a contrast; as:
He is remarkable for intelligence, perfect virtue and above all a snub nose.
23. Periphrasis: It consists in saying something simple, in a round about way; as:-
(1) “The conqueror of the Antarctic” instead of “Captain. Scott”
(2) ” The answer is in the offirmative” instead of ‘Yes’.
24. Paradox: It consists in expressing a truth in a way that seems absurd (at first hearing); as:
(1) It requires much greater talent to fill up a retired life than a life of business.
(2) He who goes against the fashion is himself its slave.
25. Litotes: It is an under-statement for the sake of emphasis; as:—
(1) He is no fool (=a wise man).
(2) I am a citizen of no mean (=distinguished) city.
26. Rhetorical question: It is a question to which no answer is expected. It is an emphatic way of making a state- ment; as:-
Are we to stand by patiently while the enemy destroys our fathers and our very lives?
27. Aposiopesis is a sudden stop in speech for the sake of effect; as:-
(1) I am enstrusted with this work, and if anything went wrong-
(2) H was of great service to our Community; he was-but words will not explain our loss.
28I. Innuendo consists in saying something damag- ing in an indirect manner; as:
(1) He did not consult physicians, for he hoped to die with- out them.
(2) If he knew a little of law, he would know a little of everything.
29. Zeugma: When two nouns are used in the same relation to a verb (or an adjective) that is suited only to the nearer noun, the figure of speech is Zeugma; as:-
(1) Kill the boys and (destroy) the luggage.
(2) With weeping eyes and (broken) hearts.
(3) He left in tears and (was taken in) a bath-chair.
(4) They wear a garment like the Scythians but (speak) a language peculiar to themselves.
(5) See Pan with flocks surrounded with fruits (crowned). Note: The word applicable to the other noun is supplied in brackets.
30. A Pun is a play on words; as:
(a) Is life worth living? It all depends upon the liver. Liver is used in the double sense of
(1) an organ of the body
(2) a person who lives in a certain way.
(b) Anambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
31. Exclamation is a sudden and emotional utterance for emphasis; as:
(1) How beautiful she is!
(2) What a good man he is?
Ex. 56.
Mention the figures of speech in:
(1) What a piece of work is man? How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties!
(2) O Time! the corrector where our judgments err.
(3) They wear a garment like the Scythians, but speak a language peculiar to themselves.
(4) The vision of Mirza.
(5) Prosperity gains friends; adversity tries them.
(6) True freedom is obtained by the limitation of desire.
(7) The parables in the Bible.
(8) I saw their chief tall as a rock of ice.
(9) Wisdom will die with you.
(10) The wish is father to the thought.
(11) They smote the city.
(12) He is become my salvation.
(13) The country was devastated by the sword.
(14) I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers.
(15) Who steals my purse steals trash.
(16) I can swim like a duck. (
17) She had seen sixteen summers.
(18) I came, I saw, I conquerd.
(19) When boys are boys, teachers should be teachers.
(20) Fools who came to scoff, remained to pray.
(21) Hasten slowly.
(22) You are a pretty fellow.
(23) Many are called, but few are chosen.
(24) The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.
(25) O what a fall was there, my countrymen!
26. Errors, like straws, upon the surface flow; He who would search for pearls must dive below.
27. Here thou, great Anna! whom three realms obey, Dost sometimes counsel take and some-times tea.

Articles

A, an and the అనునవి మూడును Articles అనబడును.
1. ‘A book’ or any book; ‘an ox’ es any ox; 556 a, an అనురెండు articles ను ఫలాని వస్తువని నిర్దేశించి చెప్పకపోవుటచేత అవి Indefinite Articles అనబడును.
2. “The king’s the king of our country as the king we are speaking about; ఇచట the అను article ఫలాని వస్తువని నిర్దేశించి చెప్పుచున్నది. కాబట్టి అది Definite Article అనబడును.
Uses of Articles
A is used before words beginning with a Consonant Sound as a man, a boy. He is a B.A. Krishna is a Ph.D. An is used before words beginning with a Vowel Sound or a silent has an ant, an hour; Rama is an M.A. Gopal is an N.G.O.
An is also used before a word beginning with an aspira ted h in a syllable that is not accented; as:- an historical novel, but a hotel.
2. సామాన్యముగా ఏకవచనములో నుండు ప్రతి Common noun ముందర ఏదో యొక article తప్పక యుండవలెను; ‘I saw horse’ అనుట తప్పు;’I saw a horse’ అనవలెను.
3. Proper nouns 55, Abstract Nouns 5, Material Nouns ముందు సాధారణముగా ఏ article ను ఉంచకూడదు. ఉదా :- He went to the London p; He went to London 358; ‘We all love the honesty’ op.’We all love honesty’ 55. The cow eats the grass అనుట తప్పు. The cow eats grass అనవలెను.
Note 1. Geographical Names & rivers, oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, straits, groups of islands, mountain ranges 3box పేర్ల ముందును Descriptive (అర్ధవంతమైన) names of countries and provinces ముందును; అవి proper nouns అయినను the అను article తప్పక ఉపయోగించవలెను.

Read and Learn more Parts Of Speech

Geographical Names: The Godavary, the Atlantic ocean, the Red sea, the Persian Gulf, the Bay of Biscay, the Straits of Dover, the Andamans, the Himalayas.
Descriptive names: The United States, the Madhya Pradesh, the Andhra Pradesh. But South Africa, South India.
Note 2: Continents, countries, capes, single islands and single mountains యొక్క పేర్ల ముందు the ఉపయోగించకూడదు. ఉగా Asia, India, Cape Comorin, Ceylon, Visuvius.
But: the cape of Good Hope.
Note 3 : మనుష్య జాతులను తెలియజజేయు మాటలముందు the the English, the French, the Hindus. English, French, Dutch
వుంచినపుడు జాతులను తెలియజేయును. the వుంచనపుడు అవి భాషలను తెలియజేయును. ఉ
English English language (e.g. English is the most widely spoken of all languages of the world:)
The English the English people (e.g. The English defeated the French at Waterloo)
4. A. An అనునవి Singular nouns ముందు మాత్రమే వుపయోగింపబడును. The అనునది Singular nouns ముందును Plural nouns ముందు కూడ ఉపయోగించబడును; ఉదా : a book, an ox, the book, the books, the girl, the girls.
5. Superlativeadjectiveకి ముందు the తప్పక వుపయోగించవలెను. I am the tallest boy.
Selection Comparative adjectives Soothe He is the better of the two.
6. Adjective ముందు the వుపయోగించిన, అపుడది ఒక బహువచన నామవాచకమునకు సమమగును. ఉ the rich అనగా rich people, the poor en poor people.
7. The అనునది Common nouns ముందు ఉపయోగింపబడినపుడు జాతినంతను తెలియజేయును.
The dog is a faithful animal. The horse is an intelligent animal. The lion is a noble animal.
Note: We say, ‘Man’, (not ‘the man’) in the sense of ‘Men collectively’.
8. ఒక కథ చెప్పునపుడు సాధారణముగా ‘Once a little boy was playing with a girl near a well’ అని ప్రారంభించి, తిరిగి ఆ nouns ను ఉదహరించునపుడు వాని ముందుఁ కి బదులుగా The ఉపయోగించవలెను. ఇట్లు -The boy told the girl to stand behind the well.
9. Father, mother, breakfast, dinner, supper, tiffin, school మొదలగు మాటలముందు సాధారణముగా Article ఉపయోగించకూడదు.
The boy went to school. He left school. They open school at 10 o’clock. (They opened a school at Tuni=They started a new school at Tuni). Father will be back soon. Breakfast isn’t ready yet. After supper walk a mile. After dinner sit a while. Mother says I am not to go.
10. Sun, moon, sky, earth 3de single objects othe ఉంచవలెను. ఉదా :
The sun shines by day, and the moon, by night. The sky is blue and the earth is round. The Lord = (God).
11. The adverbial uses of ‘the’:
(a) The more one has the more one wants (=By how much more one has; by so much more one wants);

The First the means:                              The Second the means:
(a) By how much                                    By so much
(b) In what degree.                                In that degree.
(c) To what extent.                                To that extent.

The two the’s denote proportional dependence between the notions expressed by the two clauses; here the first the is relative and the second the is demonstrative in force. The relative clause usually comes first.
The two the’s are adverbs modifying the adverb more after them.
(a) The following are some more examples:
(1) The more the merrier (=The more we are, the merrier we shall be).
(2) The fewer the better (= The fewer the wants, the better it is). (3) The sooner the better (=The sooner the work is finished the better it is).
(4) The more he looked at her, the less he liked her.
(b) The can also be used alone as an adverb; as –
He has had a holiday and looks the better (-he has had a- holiday and looks better on that account).
The means: (a) thereby or on that account (b) by so much or by that amount or in that degree.
Here the better is an adverbial phrase modifying looks. (c) The following are few more examples.
(1) If you sow them now, they will come up the sooner. (2) I took the pills, but I am none the better*
Note (1) Complex: The more you have, the more you
want.-
Simple: Your desire is in proportion to your riches.
Compound: You already have much, but it only makes

you want so much more.
(2) Complex: The more he looked at her, the less he liked her.
Simple: His liking for her was inversely proportional to the duration of his looking at her.
Compound: He already looked at her long, but it only made him like her so much less.

Ex. 39 A
Put Articles where necessary:
(1) Sun rises in east.
(2) I like to sleep in open verandah.
(3) Get pound of coffee from nearest shop.
(4) Where did you buy umbrella?
(5) Have you ever seen elephant?
(6) He wants to buy ox.
(7) Moon shines in sky.
(8) Earth goes round sun.
(9) I saw child in cradle.
(10) Rama is best boy in the class.
(11) Godavari is holy river.
(12) French are more civilised than Hindus.
(13) Cow is useful animal.
(14) Himalayas lie to north of India.
(15) Ganges falls into Bay of Bengal.
Ans: (1) The (sun)… the (east. (2) an (open). (3) a(pound) .the (nearest). (7) The (moon)… the (sky) (11) The Godavari … a(holy)…(12) The (French) The(Hindus) (13) The (cow)… a(useful). (14) The (Himalayas) the (north).

Ex. 39 B
Fill up the blanks with appropriate Articles:
(1) Calcutta is situated on river Hoogly.
(2) Some trees grow to… enormous height.
(3) This is … same horse as I rode yesterday.
(4)… colour of that cloth is faded.
(5) What time does. sun rise?
(6)… tiger is… fiercest of all beasts.
(7) We measure cloth by … meter.
(8)… diligent are sure to succeed.
(9) There are five rivers in Punjab.
(10) You seem to have read…great many books.
(11) Every poet cannot be … Homer.
(12) Calcutta is… London of the east.
(13) There is not… single star to be seen.
(14) I have… uncle called John.
(15) He was wounded in… left hand.
(16) I do not think he is… friend of mine.
(17) The horse is useful animal.
(18) He showed… bravery of … hero.
(19) You are just….kind of man we want.
(20) You are just such … man as we want.
(21) This horse is … stronger of the two, but I have one stronger than either.
(22) Every age does not produce… Thikkana.
(23)… number of seats is limited.
Ans: (3) the (7) the (9) the (10) a (11) a (12) the (18) the a (19) the (20) a (21) the (23) the.

Ex. 39 C
Correct the following sentences by inserting or omitting the Articles :-
(1) I saw dog coming towards me.
(2) The men are mortal.
(3) The envy is an evil passion.
(4) He is Daniel in wisdom.
(5) He ordeered servant to leave room.
(6) The honey is made by bees and they extract it from the flowers.
(7) The fire broke out in our village.
(8) He always practised the justice.
(9) He was justice of peace in Calcutta.
(10) Ganges has over flowed its banks.
(11) The mount Everest is highest peak in the world.
(12) French were defeated at Waterloo.
(13) French is most popular among European languages.
(14) Some men never eat the fish.
(15) Andamans are a group of islands.
(16) God restored sight to blind.
(17) You will never be Newton in the Astronomy.
(18) Bay of Bengal separates India from Burma.
(19) The Ceylon is beautiful island and it is largest of the islands near India.
(20) The gold is heavier than the lead.
(21) He has studied the Arithmetic.
(22) Do not neglect study of English.
(23) The industrious alone deserve the success.
(24) I have read Ramayana number of times.
(25) Number of passes is small.

Ans: (1) a dog. (2) Men are mortal. (3) Envy is … (4) a Daniel. (5) the servant, the room. (7) fire broke (8) Practised justice. (9) a justice of the peace. (10) The Ganges. (11) Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. (12) The French. (13) Among the European languages. (17) a Newton in Astronomy. (19) Ceylon is a beautiful… the largest. (22) Don’t neglect the study of English. (24) the Ramayana… a number. (25) The number…

The Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech.

A: Art-He shot a tiger. Prep: (1) He attends school twice a day (=in). The village Preacher was passing rich with forty pounds a year.
About: Prep: The lesson is about the dog (80) Adv: (1) He is walking about (ox qes) (2) He is about fifty years old (nearly).
Above: Adj: Explain the above passage, Adv. – Look above. Noun. The above is a correct statement. Prep. – He is placed above us.
After: Adv. -(1) I came here at 8 a.m. and he arrived soon after. (2) People look before and after and pine for what is not. Prep.-He came to me after 4 o’clock, (2) He takes after his father. Adj. – (1) He was more careful in after life. (2) The after effects of fever are severe. Conj. – He arrived after th train (had) left.
All: Adj. (1) All boys went away. (2) He ate all the bead. Noun. (1) He lost his all. (2) In all he did four sums. Adv. (1) He fought all alone. (2) He was dressed all in white. Pron. -(1) All passed except Govind. (2) They were all punished.
Any: Adj. 1. Have you any money? 2.Any man may do this. 3. Did you bring any loaves? Pron. Can any of you do this? Adv. 1. I cannot go any further. 4. Is that any better?
As: Rel. Pron. 1. Punish such boys as are wicked. 2. This is not the same man as I saw yesterday. Conj. – 1. He did as he was told. 2. Rewrite as directed. I shall go as the rain has stopped, Adv. – He is as tall as I.
Before: Adv. I have seen you before. Prep. -I got to the station before the appointed time. Conj. – He went away, before
you came.
Both: Adj.-1. Both men came there. 2. You cannot have it both ways. Conj. – 1. He is both a fool and rogue. 2. Both you and I must do this. Pron. – 1. Both of them are dead. 2. They are both dead.
But: Subord. Conj. (a) (but if not) 1. Perdition catch my soul, but I love thee (= If I do not love thee). 2. None but they have a right to rule (=None have a right to rule, if they do not have). 3. Away went Gilpin, who but he? (= who if not he? i.e. Who went away if he did not go away?) 4. The boy stood on the burning deck whence all but he had fled (Whence all had fled even of he did not flee).
(b) (but = unless)… 1. It never rains but it pours(=unless it pours i.e. without pouring). 2. There is nothing good or bad but (-unless) thinking makes it so.
(c) (but = other than) 1. It is anything but right (=other than right). 2.I cannot but think so (=I cannot do anything other than think so).
(d) (but that not) 1. Never doubt but I will go (=that I will not go); 2. Never fear but I will go (-that I will not go). 3. He is not such a fool but he can tell that. (=that he cannot tell that). Note 1. In the sentence ‘But me not buts’ (-Do not raise objections); but is a verb; buts is a noun.
Note: 2. For the other uses of But, (see page 67)
Down: Noun: The ups and downs of life. Adj. – He took the down train. Prep. – He sailed down the river. Ad. -1. The sun went down. 2. He sat down.

Each: Adj. Each boy has a slate. Prop. 1. Each of the boys has a slate. 2. I gave them each a pencil. 3. I gave them a pencil each. 4. The sides of two triangles are equal each to each.
Enough: Noun: 1. Enough has been said on the matter. 2. He has enough and to spare. 3. Enough is as good as a feast. Adj.-1. There is enough work for you. 2. He has money enough. Adv. He is not rich enough.
In: Adv.-1.Come in. 2. The doctor is in-Prep. He came in time; Noun. He came to know of the ins and outs of the case.
Lss: Prep: I paid him the price less the usual discount (deducting). Noun – I cannot take less. Adj. You should eat less meat. Adv. He is less known than his brother.
Like: Adj. (a) (Similar, resembling). (1) They are like things. (2) There is nothing like. it (3) Critics like him are rare. (4) They are like terms (or figures). (5) The earth is round like a ball.
(b) (=Equal): 1. He granted me also a land of like extent.
(c) (= Nearly equal): We are men of like natures.
(d) (= About (that): You may expect something like Rs.
(e) (=Show signs of doing): He looks like winning.
(f) (=Inclined) – I don’t fell like working.
(g) What is he like? (What sort of man is he?)

Adv. (a) (=In the same manner as): (1) He behaved like a lunatic. (2) He drinks like a fish and eats like a pig. (b) (=In a manner becoming): Acquit yourselves like men

Prep: (=In the manner of, to the same degree as): (1) I cannot do it like you. (2) Do not talk like that.
Prep: (a) (in the manner of), I cannot sing that song like you. There is no place like home.
(b) (=to the same degree as): It sold like hot Cakes (Adj.) Adv. (a) (=in the same manner as): (a) She sings like an angel. He drinks like fish and swims like a duck.
(b) (-in a manner becoming of): Rama behaved like a beautiful son. It sold like hot Cakes.
Note: Like is an adverb modifying the Verb signs and governing the noun angel like a preposition.
Noun: (a) (=Equal; counter-part): (1) I have not the like of it. (2) We shall not see his like again.
(b) (=Likings; feelings of attachment and aversion) He has his own likes and dislikes.
Verb: (a) (=take pleasure in): (1) I like cricket or the cinema). (2) He proceeded from looking to liking and from liking to loving.
(b) (=relish; enjoy): I like chocolates.
(c) (=to desire): I should like to come here again. (d) (= to have a regard for): I like him very much. (e) (= to choose): You may do as you like.
(f) (=to prefer): I like my tea hot.

More: Adj He has more friends than I. Noun More has been said on the subject. Adv. (1) He will come once more. (2) He is no more (dead).
Much: Adj. I wasted much time. Adv. (1) I am much pleased with you. (2) He talked too much. Noun – You cannot expect much from me.
Near: Adv. Come near Adj.: He is a near relation of mine. prep.: There is a nice tree near our house. Verb. The ship neared the shore.
Next: Adj. (1) Next week you shall have a slip test. (2) He lives next door. Adv. (1) He sopke next. (2) What next? Prep: The boy next me answered the question. Noun: I will tell you more about it in my next (i.e. letter).
None: Pron. (=not any of persons or things- singular or plural according to sense). (1) Of all the names of Hindu Gods, there is perhaps none that is so dear as Rama’s (Singular). (2) None of this concerns me (S) (3) None of the competitors were present till 9 a.m. (PI). (4) None but fools have ever believed it (PI). (5) None are genuine without the trade mark.
Adj.: (Rarely with nouns; usually elliptical- no, with reference defined by earlier or later nouns) (1) You have money and I have none (=no money). (2) He is none of my friends (=not any). (3) If a musician is wanted, I am none (not to be counted in that specified class). Adv. (1) I am none the better for it (=not at all). (2) He distrusts me, yet I will trust him none the less (=neverthe less).
One: Noun: (1) Bring your little ones (children) (2) Any one may do. pron. (1) One cannot see one’s fault. (2) This is one of his whims. Adj. Do one thing at a time.
Only: Adj. He is my only son. Adv. (1) He came only yesterday. (2) I am only joking. Conj.: Do anything you choose, only keep silence.
Past: Noun: We cannot undo the past. Adj. (1) His prime is past. (2) Past tense. (3) Past ages. Prep (1) Half past three. (2) He is an old man past seventy. (3) The thief ran past my door. Adv. The regiment is marching past.
Right: Noun: (1) Might is right, (2) I have no right to ask you. (3) Consider my rights. Adj. (1) Show me your right hand. (2) The sum is right. Verb. Every wrong will be righted. Adv. H drove right into the garden.
Round: Adj. (1) The earth is round. (2) The book is on the round table. prep.: (1) They sat round the fire. (2) The earth goes round the sun. Adv. (1) The wheel turns round. (2) He was brought round. (3) Snow fall all the year round. Noun. (1) He finished his morning round of inspection. (2) We have our daily rounds. Verb. (1) The carpenter rounded the plank. (2) Vasco De Gama was the first to round the Cape of Good Hope.
Since: Prep. (1) I have not seen him since last Monday. Conj. Since You have spoken the truth, I will not punish you (because). Adj. (1) He left school long since (ago). 2. I met him last Monday and I have not seen him since (from that time). 3. It is long since we met (from the time when).
Some: Adj. (1) Some men are wise, (2) Bring some water. Pron. Some stood boldly, others ran away. Adv. I saw him some twenty years ago (nearly or about).
Still: Adv. He is still at school. (2) You are still writing. Conj. He was ill, still he sat for the examination.
Adj. (1) The still hours of the night. (2) Still waters run deep. (3) It is a still lake verb. When the tempest stills, the ship will resume her journey.
That: See page 60.
While:Noun. Sit here for a while (time). Verb. Don’t while away your time (idle away or waste). Conj. (1) Strike while the iron is hot. (2) Make hay while the sun shines.
Worth: Adj. (1) It is worth nothing. (2) it is not worth our while to do it. Verb. Woe worth the day (befall).
N.B: Nothing and while are adverbial accussatives to ‘is worth’.

Pronouns (సర్వనామములు)

Pronouns తొమ్మిది విధములు :
1. Personal 2. Demonstrative 3. Relative 4. Interroga- tive 5. Reflexive 6. Indefinite 7. Distributive 8. Possessive 9. Reciprocal.
1. Personal Pronouns
I, we, thou, you, he 3ubox pronouns ges (persons) చెందును. గాన అవి Personal pronouns అనబడును.
Def: Personal pronouns are those which stand for the persons speaking, spoken to, or spoken of.
Personal Pronouns మూడు విధములు.
1. తన్ను గురించి చెప్పునవి; Pronouns of the First person (a) I, we, my, me, etc.
2. ఎదుటివానిని గురించి చెప్పునవి; Pronouns of the Second person() thou, you, your.
3. ఎక్కడో యున్న వానిని గురించి చెప్పునవి ; Pronouns of the Thrid person (38): he, she, it, they.
పై మూడింటి అభిప్రాయమును సూత్రరూపమున నిట్లు చెప్పవచ్చును. తానుత్తమ, ఎదుట మధ్యమ, ఎక్కడో ప్రథమ సూ

Note : Nouns అన్నియు third person లో నుండును.

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2. Demonstative Pronouns
Rama’s pencils is good and I want that.
ఈ వాక్యములో that అనునది ఫలానా (Rama’s pencil) పెన్సిల్ అని చెప్పుచున్నది. గాన అది Demonstrative Pronoun అనబడును. ఉ: that, those, this, these, such etc.
Def: A Demonstrative Pronoun is one that points to some person or thing, or stands for some noun already referred to.

Note: This, that, these, those, such, other earwor ఇదివరలో Demonstrative adjectives అని చెప్పబడినవి. అట్లయిన వానికి వీనికి గల భేదమేమి ; ఈ మాటల తర్వాత nouns ఉండినవిగాని లేక లోపించినగాని, అవి Demonstrative adjectives అగును. ఉ: Iwant that book. That horse is mine. This book is better than that (book). When the words, this, that etc., qualify some noun expressed or understood, they are Demonstrative adjectives.

ఈ మాటల తర్వాత nouns లేకపోయి, ఆ మాటలతో వస్తువులను ప్రత్యక్షముగా కనబరచినగాని, ఆ మాటలు nouns కు బదులు వచ్చిన గాని, అవి Demonstrative Pronouns అనబడును. ఉ:
‘I want that’. ‘That is my horse’. “The air of the hills is cooler than that (the air) of the plain’.
When the words this, that etc. are not followed by nouns and point to some person or thing, or stand for some noun, they are Demonstrative Pronouns.
This, these సమీపమందున్న వస్తువులను కనపరుచుటకును that, those దూరమందున్న వస్తువులను కనపరచుటకును ఉపయోగపడును. 3. Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns ఎనిమిది గలవు.
1. who 2. whom 3. whose 4. which 5. that 6. what 7. as 8. but

Note: Who, Whom, Whose
2. Which సాధారణముగా వస్తువులకును, జంతువులకును చెందును. (a) I broungt the book which you wanted. (b) This is the horse which won the race. 3. That మనుష్యులకును, వస్తువులకును కూడ చెందును. 4. What (=that which) 30 30.
5. As, but: ఇవి మనుష్యులకును, వస్తువులకును చెందును ఉ:-
He is not such a fool as I took him for. Read such books as are useful 330 Relative Pronouns 5 Adjective clause లను పరిశీలింతము.
Who
(a) ఈ క్రింది రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి ఒక వాక్యముగా వ్రాయుము. (a) Once there lived a king.
(b) He had an only son.
రెండవ వాక్యములోని pronoun he మొదటి వాక్యములోని noun king నకు చెందియున్నది. అనగా రెండు వాక్యములు ఒక్కరిని గురించియే చెప్పుచున్నవి. రెండవ వాక్యములోని pronoun he, subjective case లో నుండుటచే, relative pronounకూడ subjective case లో నుండవలెను. అందుచే who అను రూపము వాడవలసియున్నది. కావున వానిలోని రెండు భావములను కలిపి ఒక వాక్యముగా నిట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.

Once there lived a king who had an only son.
who అను pronoun దాని వెనుకనున్న king అను noun కు చెందుటయే గాక, పై రెండు వాక్యములను కలుపుచున్నది.. కావున who అను మాటను Relative Pronoun అందురు.
ఈవాక్యములో who దాని వెనుకనున్న king అను noun కు చెందును. అందుచే who అను మాటకు king అను మాట antecedent (=anything going before)
Antecedent తర్వాత వెంటనే relative pronoun వచ్చును. Who-Rel. pronoun having for its antecedent the noun king and subject to the verb, had.
Def: A Relative” Pronoun is one which not only refers to the same noun or pronoun going before it, but joins two
sentences.
The noun or pronoun for which the Relative pronoun stands is called the Antecedent: so the Relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number, gender and person; but it need not agree in case; e.g., It is I whom the teacher wanted to punish.
(b) (a) That is the boy.
(b) He stole my pen.
That is the boy who stole my pen.
Note: That is the boy who stole my pen.
(“నా కలము నపహరించిన బాలుడు అతడే) ఇంగ్లీషులో Adj. clause antecedent అయిన boy కు తరువాతను, తెలుగులో ఆ క్లాజు యొక్క అర్ధము బాలుడు అను పదమునకు వెనుకను వచ్చును. ఈ రెండు భాషల రచనలలో ఈ భేదము కలదు.

(c) (a) Some live in glass houses. Those who live in glass (b) Those should not throw houses should not throw stones.

Whom
A.(a) (a) I shall appoint the man. (1) I shall appoint the man (b) You recommended him. whom you recommended. రెండవ వాక్యములో pronoun him Objective case నుండుటచే Objective case లో నుండు Relative pronoun రూపమగు whom వాడవలయును.
(b) (a) You recommended a
man.
(b) He will be appointed.
(2) The man whom you recommended will be appointed.
Note: (1), (2) so whom Rel. pronoun having for its antecedent man and object of the verb recommended.
B. (a) (a) This is the candidate.
(b) I was talking about him.
(1) This is the candidate abount whom I was talking. or
(2) This is the candidate whom I was talking about.
Note (1), (2) whom Rel. pronoun having for its antecedent candidate, and object (or governed by) the preposi- tion about.
(b) (a) Napoleon is a general. (b) The world has not pro- duced a better general.
Napoleon is a general. than whom the world has not produced a better.
Note: Whom Rel. Pronoun having for its antecedent
general and object of the preposition than.
Whose
A. (a) (a) This is the gentleman.
(b) We borrowed his car.
This is the gentleman whose car we borowed.
రెండవ వాక్యములోని his అను pronoun, possessive case లో నుండుటచే, possessive case లో నుండు relative pronoun రూపమగు whose వాడవలెను Whose Relative pronoun having for its A triangle whose three sides are equal is called equilateral. antecedent gentleman; and qualifying the noun car. (b) (a) The three sides of a triangle are equal. (b) It is called equilateral. (c) (a) I bought a horse.
(b) One of its legs was hurt.
A. (a) (a) This is the horse. (b) It won the race.
won.
(a) The horse is his.
(b) It won the race.
That
I bought a horse one of whose legs was hurt.
(1) This is the horse that won the race.
(2) The horse that won the race is his (or) (3) It is his horse that won the race.
Note: (1), (2), (3) we That Rel. pron. subject of
B. (a) Here is the book.
(b) I bought it yesterday.
Here is the book that I
bought yesterday.
Note: (1) That Rel. pron. – object of bought.
Note:- (2) Here is the book that I bought it yesterday అనుట తప్పు. ఏలన bought కి object that ఉండనే ఉంది ; అందుచే it అనవసరము.
Note:- (3) Objective case
33 Rel. pronoun that లోపింపజేసి వాక్యమును ఇట్లుగూడ వ్రాయవచ్చును : Here is the book I bought yesterday. oues that so supply 3 construction చెప్పవలయును.
C. (a) This is the boy.
(1) This is the boy that I spoke of.
(b) I spoke of him.
(2) This is the boy I spoke of. Which
A. (a) Rama gave me a book.
(b) It is very good.
1) Rama gave me a book which is very good.
Note:- Book అను మాటతో ప్రారంభించి Complex sentences ఈ క్రింది మూడు విధములుగ గూడ వ్రాయవచ్చును. :
(1) This book which is very good was given by Rama. (2) The book which was given by Rama is very good. (3) The book which Rama gave me is very good.
Note:-(1), (2)
which Rel. pronoun subject of the
verbs (is, was, given),5 (3) 6 which Relative pronoun object
of gave.
B. (a) He bought four pens. (b) Two of them were
broken.
C. (a) The house is mine.
(b) I live in it.
He bought four pens two
of which (Or of which
two) were broken.
(1) The house in which
I live is mine.
or (2) The house that I live in is mine.
or (3) The house I live in is mine.
Note 1 :- సాధారణముగా which తో preposition వచ్చిన ఎడల ((i) లో వలె) మొదట preposition. తరువాత which పచ్చును.
Note 2:- That Preposition
es preposition, Adjective clause
What
A. (a) What have you written Show me what you have on the slate?
(b) Show me that. written on the slate.
Note: What – Rel. Pron. having for its antecedent that understood-object of have written. But for purposes of understanding the meaning of the sentence, we may replace what by that which, when the sen- tence reads-Show me that which you have written on the slate. B. (a) You tell him anything. He believes whatever you tell him.
(b) He believes it.
There is no rose but has a thorn (=
There is no rose that
But
(a) This is a rose.
(b) Every rose has a thorn.
has not a thorn).
ఇచట but = that not అని అర్ధము.
Note: But – Rel. Pron. having for its antecedent rose –
subject of has.
As
Read such books as are useful.
A. (a) Some books are useful.
(b) Read such books. and subject of are.
Note: As – Rel. Pron. having for its antecedent books,
B. (a) (a) This is the news.
(b) I did not expect such news.
The news is not such.
as I expected.
Note:- As-Rel. Pron. having for its antecedent such and object of expected.
(b) (a) I took him for a fool.
(b) He is not such a fool.
(c) (a) Great mountain ranges cannot block the electric signals.
(b) Such are the Alps.
He is not such a fool. as I took him for.
Great mountain ranges such as the Alps cannot block the electric signals.
Note: 1. Such great mountain ranges cannot block the electric signals-Principal Cl.
As the Alps (are) – Adj. Cl. qualifying ranges.

Note:- 2. As-Rel. Pron. having for its antecedent ranges and subjective complement of are (understood).
(D) (a) He will not believe that.
(b) He is not such a fool.
He is not such a fool as to believe that.
Note: 1. As (he would be) to believe that – Adj. Cl. qualifying fool.
Note :- 2. Such తరువాత as తప్ప మరే Rel. Pron. రాకూడదు.
E (a) I collected many flowers.
(b) I could not collect more.
I collected as many flowers as I could.
Note: 1. As Rel. Pron. object of could (collect)
Note : 2. As తరువాత 45 తప్ప మరే Rel. Pron రాకూడదు.
1. (a) (a) I told him a story last month.
(b) This story also is the same.
This is the same story as
(or that) I told him last month.
Note: Same as, that 33 Rel. Prons. రాకూడదు.
(b) (a) Circumstances changed.
The circumstances are not
(b) They are not the same now. the same now as (they were) before.
Note: As Rel. Pron. having for its antecedent same and a subjective complement of were (understood). 4. Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns అయిదు గలవు.
1. who 2. whom 3. whose 4. which 5. what

Who
Sub. case –                                                         Who broke the slate?
Whom do you punish?

Obj. case –                                                         To whom do you give the prize?

Whom are you talking about?
Poss. case-                                                         Whose is this house?

Which  
Sub. case-                                                          Which is your brother?

Which of these is your sister?
Which do you want?
Obj. case-                                                            Which of them do you like best?
In which of these houses do you live?
Sub. case-                                                             What is your name?
What do you want?
Obj. case –                                                           What is it made of?

Name :- ఈ క్రింది మూడు వాక్యముల అర్థభేదమును గుర్తించవలెను.
1. Who is he? What is his name?
2. Which is he?= Point out the man.
3. What is he? What is his employment?
5. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns తొమ్మిది గలవు.
1. Myself 2. Ourselves 3. Thyself 4. Yourself 5. Your- selves 6. Himself 7. Herself 8. Itself 9. Themselves.
a Ist and 2nd personal pronouns as possessive case 35, 3rd personal pronouns as Objective case రూపములకును, ఏకవచనములో self ను, బహువచనములో selves లను చెప్పుటచేత ఏర్పడును.
ఈ pronouns ఒక పని యొక్క ఫలమును, ఆ పని చేయువాడే పొందినపుడు ఉపయోగింపబడును కాబట్టి అవి Reflexive Pronouns e. I hurt myself. He shut himself up in the room. Def. Reflexive Pronouns show that the action done by the subject turns back upon it.
N.B. A Reflexive pronoun so used is the object of a verb
and it is called the Reflexive Object.
Note-1. The verb avail must always be followed by a reflexive pronoun of as:-
Correct :-                                      I must avail myself of your kind offer.
I must avail of your kind offer.
Wrong:-                                        I must avail your kind offer.
Your kind offer must be availed of.

Note: 2. The verb enjoyed must be followed by an object or a reflexive pronoun.
Correct :-                                    (a) I enjoyed my last visit to Delhi.
(b) I enjoyed myself very much.
Wrong:-                                        I enjoyed very much.

Note: 3. To pose as means ‘to pretend to be’. So no
Correct                                        He is trying to pose as a millionaire.

Wrong                                        He is trying to pose himself as a millionaire.

reflexive object is necessary: as:

Note:- 4. Reflexive pronouns Emphasis 30 కూడా ఉపయోగించబడును. ఉదా – I myself did it. It was written by the teacher himself.
In ‘I myself did it’, myself is in the subj. case. put in apposition to I. In ‘It was written by the teacher himself, ‘himself’ is in the Obj. case, put in apposition ‘to teacher’
Thus when a reflexive pronoun is used for emphasis it may be either in the Subj. or Obj. case, and it is called an Emphatic pronoun.
6. Indefinite Pronouns
1. All were punished. 2. Some say he was drowned. 3. Nobody knows what happened. 4. Somebody has taken my book.
3o all, some, nobody, somebody e pronouns ఫలానిది యని సూచించకుండ ఏదో యొక మనుష్యుని గాని, వస్తులనుగాని. తెలియజేయుచున్నవి గాన, Indefinite pronouns అనబడును. ఉ any- one, someone, anybody, somebody, nobody, all, one, none, some, many.
Def:- Indefinite Pronouns refer to persons or things in a general way, but do not refer to any person or thing in particular.
7. Distributive Pronouns
Give one fruit to each of the boys. Give boys each one fruit. Give the boys one fruit each. Either of the boys must help him. Neither of the boys could do the sum. Je each, either, neither pronouns వస్తువులనుగాని, మనుష్యులను గాని ఒక్కొక్కటిగా తీసికొనబడునట్లు తెలియజేయుచున్నవి. అవి Distributive Pronouns అనబడును.
Def: A Distributive pronoun shows that things are taken one at a time.
N.B.- ఈ pronouns తర్వాత వచ్చు క్రియలును, సర్వనామములును ఏకవచనములో నుండవలెను. ఉదా : ‘Each of the boys have taken their books’ p. ‘Each of the boys has taken his book’ యుండవలెను.
8. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive case లో నుండు pronouns objectives కి సమానము. 55 356 mine, thine, hers, ours, yours, theirs o adjectives
వలె వాని తరువాత nouns ను తీసికొనజాలవు. కనుక యవి Possessive Pronouns యనబడును.
ఈ pronouns ఒక adjective కును ఒక noun కును సమానము. ఉదా: This book is mine యని యనవలెను. కాని This book is my book ; This is mine book యనకూడదు.
9. Reciprocal Pronouns
Rama and Krishna loved each other.
Boys should help one another. Jo each other, one another

pronouns
ఒకరికొకరు పరస్పరము ఒక పనిని చేయునట్లు తెలియజేయు చున్నవి. కావున అవి Reciprocal pronouns అనబడును.
Def-Reciprocal Pronouns denote mutual action.
Note: Each other ఇద్దరిని గురించి చెప్పునపుడును, one another ఇద్దరికంటే హెచ్చుమందిని గురించి చెప్పునప్పుడును, ఉపయోగింపబడును. The two men hated each other. The girls helped one another, కాని ఇపుడి భేదమునంతగా పాటించుటలేదు.
Ex. 24 B. Name the class to which each Pronoun in the following belongs :-
1. He loves his mother.
2. Either of the answers is correct.
3. Those who teach others teach themselves.
4. What is your name?
5. Whose is this pen?
6. This turn is yours.
7. Some of my friends were present, but I could not meet any of them.
8. If such is your behaviour, I shall have to send you away from the school.
9. Only a few of the boys attended the private class and so the others had to be punished.
10. Which of these is your brother?
11. They had each an umbrella.
12. I am satisfied with neither of the servants.
13. Many failed only a few worked the sum correctly.
14. They killed each other.
15. Classmates must help one another.
16. One must take care of one’s health.
17. This horse is mine.
18. Each of these has got an umbrella.
19. Where is the horse that I bought?
20. Anybody may compete for the prize.
21. Whom do you select?
Uses of that
That:- 1. ‘e’
demonstrative adjective;
That book is mine’ 2. ‘e’ a
Demonstra- tive pronoun; Conjunction;
“That is my book. 3.
‘I know that you are a good boy’. 4.
‘అటువంటి’ అని యర్థమిచ్చినపుడు Relative pronoun; ఉ: ‘The book that you lent is lost’ 5. ‘On which or in which’ or ‘at which’ e adverbial accusative; I remember the day that (=on which) he came.
But (1)’s’
Uses of But
eg
Co-ordinating Conjunction:-:- He is clever, but very lazy. (2) not(only) ‘Adverb &:-“There is but one god’. (3) ‘except’e Preposition & ‘I saw nobody but him’. (4) ‘that Negative Relative Pronouns :-‘There is
no rose but has a thorn’
N.B: For uses of But as (1) Subordinating Conjunction, (2) Noun and (3) Verb, see ‘Same word used as different Parts of Speech’ (Chapter X)
Ex. 25
(a) Point out the relative and Interrogative Pronouns in and give the construction of Relative Pronouns and Adjec- tival Clauses:
1. The boy, who came here yesterday, is gone.
2. Where is the horse that I bought?
3. Here comes the man whose foot was hurt.
4. Who has taken my pen?
5. This is the boy that beat the dog.
6. Who is the best boy in the class?
7. This is the book which I lost.
8. This is the boy whom I punished yesterday.
9. Do you understand what I say?
10. What do you see in the picture?
11. Here is the man whom you wanted to meet.
12. I shall give you what you want.
13. The news is not such as I expected.
14. I shall give you as much as you require.
15. Pens will be given to those who want them.
16. Whose umbrella is this? 1
7. Whom are the people talking about?
18. Thre goes the thief that stole my book.
19. I have found the knife that I lost.
20. Monkeys are animals which are mischievous.

(b) Correct the following:-

1. The bird who sings, is on the tree. 2. The man which I saw, was blind. 3. This is the house whom I bought. 4. The dog, who bit the child, is a mad dog. 6. It was my nephew which brouhgt him. 7. I have met the boy which spoke to you yesterday.
Ans- 1. which 2. whom 3. that 4. which 6. who.
Ex. 26
Fill in the blanks with Relative Pronouns:-
1. This is the girl…. read the book. 2. Bring me the horse Here is the man….. house was burnt. 4. …. I showed you. 3. Is this the umbrella? book is punished. 6. you brought. 5. The boy….. stole the Do you know the man….. foot was hurt. 7. I cannot hear you say. 8. The man….. you sent was a clever fellow. 9. Is this the girl ….. you wanted to marry? 10. Listen to…… ..I say. 11. Do you know….. he said? 12. This is the same boy….. I saw yesterday. 13. The fruit is not such….. you wanted. 14. John has as many dogs…. his father. 15. Punish such boys….. are wicked. 16. There is no man….. dies. 17. Trials such my son made cannot….. secure success for him. 18. Such tales he told us….. I had never heard before. 19. I owe no penny….. I cannot pay. 20. He saw a small hole in the dyke through… water was flowing. 21. Presently you see a house ….. walls are being built.
Ans: 1. who 2. which 3. whose 6. whose 7. what 8. whom 12. that 13. as 14. as 15. as 16. but 18. as 19. that 20. which 21. whose.
Ex. 27
Put suitable Relative Pronouns where understood:-
1. The man, I saw, is gone. 2. Have you seen the house we live in? 3. You are the man we want. 4. That is the very thing I was looking for. 5. He spent the little money he had. 6. This is the garden we had played in. 7. The gems he gave her are costly. 8. I am the monarch of all I survey. 9. This is the cook I spoke about. 10. Few and short were the prayers we said. 11. He told them the same story I have just told you. 12. There is no Hindu knows the story of Ramayana. 13. This is a usage construction defied Grammarians.
Ans: 1. whom 2. that 4. that 5. that 7. which 8. that 9. whom 11. as 12. but 13. whose.
Ex. 27 A
Complete the following sentences as shown below:-
e.g-I taught those boys who came to me.
1. I know the man who – 2. The cat drank the milk which– 3. He said this to the friend whom 4. This is 5. The boy who —- will the horse that—- the prize. 6. get The first thing that–is to clean the place. 7. The man whose —- cannot play tennis well. 8. Is the man (of)—-your uncle? 9. The house(in) —- is a very old one. 10. The house that — -in was built twenty years ago. 11. Is this the boy whose –? 12. Is that the man for—-? 13. The gentleman- of my teachers. 14. These fruits are not such as15. Where —- are the flowers—-? 16. I bought a house (for)—-. 17. He gave me a pen(with) —- 18. I have no such information —- 19.I do not believe stories such — 20. A polygon — is said to be equilateral.

Ans. 1. deceived me. 3. he trusted 5. stands first. 6. you should do. 7. sight is bad. 8. whom you spoke 9. which I reside. 11. purse was stolen. 12. whom you are waiting 13. that I talk to. 14. I wanted 15. the fragrance of which is very nice 16. which I paid twenty thousand rupees. 18. as you require. 19. as you tell. 20. whose sides are equal.

Ex. 27 B.
Combine the following sets by using relative pronouns :-

1. I like the book. It has many pictures.
2. This is the passenger. The policeman helped him.
3. The man came to our house. He is our Hindi teacher.
4. The girl is Sita. We saw her.
5. You said something. I could not understand it.
6. This is the boy. He helped me.
7. Rama’s mother is ill. He has applied for leave.
8. This is the choultry. Jack built it.
9. Certain things can- not be mended. They must be ended.
10. This is the boy. I want to talk to him.
11. This is the boy. His house was burnt.
12. This is the man. I spoke to you about him.
13. Last year this country exported more than five million yards of cloth. More than half of this went to Pakistan.
14. They are playing a game? What is the game?
15. Last week they were given an examination. They were not prepared for it.
16. She is to marry a Frenchman? Is that the Frenchman?
17. I sold my house to a man. That is the man.
18. The nineteenth century was called the age of machin- ery. Machinery came into use during that century.
19. The sun is far away. Our light comes from it.
20. He returned home or a certain day. I do not remember it.
21. These are plucked by labourers. Most of the labourers are women.
22. Something fell from my pocket. I do not know that.
23. The sun is regarded as a god. His rays give life to the earth.

Ans.- 5. I could not understand what you said. 7. Rama whose mother is ill, has applied for leave. 9. Things which can not be mended, must be ended. 12. This is the man about whom I spoke to you. 15. Last week they were given an examination for which they were not prepared. 16. Is that the Frenchman whom she is to marry. 20. I do not remember the day on which he returned home. 21. These are plucked by labourers most of whom are women. 23. The sun whose rays give life to the earth is regarded as a god.
Ex. 27 C.
Break up each of the following sentences in two sentences:
1. He believes whatever you tell him.
2. Did you eve hear such a story as he has told us?
3. Where are the joys that once the sages saw?
4. That is a nice hotel you have got yourself into.
5. I will do what I can to help you.
6. He is my teacher to whom I owe a great deal.
7. He is a friend who may be depended upon.
8. The man I trusted has disappointed me.
9. It is distance that lends beauty to the view.
10. Whoever comes is welcome.
11. Whom the Gods love die young.
12. Leaders such as Gandhi can always be trusted.
13. They have an interval of one hour after which they will continue the play.
14. The cave inside which Ali Baba found himself was large and well lighted.
15. The stories which are told about her may not be true.
16. Kalidas wrote many beautiful plays, of which the most famous is “Shakuntala”.

Ans.- 1. You tell him anything.
2. He believes it.
3.. He has told us a story.
4. . Did you ever hear such a story?
5. Once the sages saw joys.
6. Where are those joys?
7. He is my teacher.
8. To him I owe a great deal.
9. Some friends may be depended upon.
10. He is one such.
11. Distance lends beauty to the view.
12. Nothing. else does it.
13. Anybody may come. He is welcome.
14. Some die young.
15. Gods love those.
16. Kalidas wrote beautiful plays. “Shakuntala” is the most famous of them.