English Grammar

Tenses Introduction

210. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను చదవండి:
1. I write this letter to please you.
2. I wrote the letter in his very presence.
3. I shall write another letter tomorrow.
మొదటి వాక్యములోని Verb “write” –  present time. (cht)
రెండవ వాక్యములోని  Verb “wrote” – past time,
మూడవ వాక్యములోని  Verb “shall write” – future time.

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211. ఈ విధముగా Verb తన యొక్క present, past tense మరియు future tense లను తెలియజేస్తుంది. 211. వర్తమానకాలమును అనగా ఇప్పటి కాలమును తెలియజేయు Verb ను Present Tense లో ఉన్నది అంటాము.
I write.                        I love.

భూతకాలమును అనగా గడచిపోయిన కాలమును తెలియజేయు Verb ను Past Tense లో ఉన్నది. అని అంటాము.
I wrote.                        I loved.

భవిష్యత్ కాలములోని రాబోవు పరిస్థితిని తెలుపు Verb ను అది Future Tense లో నున్నది అని
అంటాము.
I shall write.                  I shall love.

212. ఈ విధముగా మూడు ప్రధానమైన Tenses (కాలమానములు) ఉన్నవి. అవి : భూత, భవిష్యత్, Sgar renew. m The Present, the Past, the Future.
గమనిక (Note) : కొన్ని సార్లు సందర్భమును బట్టి past tense వర్తమానకాలం అర్థాన్ని (sense of present tense) Present tense, future tense 55.
I wish I knew the answer. (= I’m sorry I don’t know the answer).
(Past tense – Present time)
Let’s wait till he comes, (Present tense- future tense)

213. ఈ క్రింద “love” అను పదమునకు సంభవించే ముఖ్యమైన Tenses చూపబడినవి :

214. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను చదవండి.
1. I love.                                                  (Simple Present)
2. I am loving.                                         (Present Continuous)
3. I have loved.                                        (Present Perfect)
4. I have been loving.                              (Present Perfect Continuous)
ఈ పై వాక్యములలో Verbs (క్రియలు) అన్నీ కూడా present tense (వర్తమాన కాలములో నున్నవి. మొదటి వాక్యములోని Verb యొక్క action మామూలు ధోరణిలో సామాన్యముగా చెప్పబడినది. ఆ పని పూర్తి అయ్యిందా లేక అసంపూర్తిగా మిగిలి పొయ్యిందా అనే విషయం జోలికి పోలేదు.
రెండవ వాక్యములో, action ఇంకా నడుస్తూనే ఉంది. కాని ఆగిపోలేదు. పూర్తికాలేదు అని అర్ధం. మూడవ వాక్యములో action మాట్లాడు సమయానికి సంపూర్ణముగా అంకితం అయ్యింది అని చెప్పబడినది.
నాలుగవ వాక్యములో action ఇంకా పూర్తిగా నడుస్తూ ఉంది. పూర్తి కాలేదు అనే అర్ధం వస్తుంది. దీనిని present perfect continuous tense అని అంటాము. ఇచ్చట action సమగ్రంగా సడుస్తూంది అనే భావానికి బలం వస్తుంది. ఈ విధముగా tense ఎప్పుడు action సంభవించింది అనే విషయమే కాకుండా, ఆ పని ఏ విధంగా జరుగుతుంది అనే అర్థాన్ని కూడా యిస్తుంది.

215. Present Tense verb కు నాలుగు రూపములు ఉన్నట్లుగా Past Tense కు కూడా నాలుగు రూపాలు (భాగములు) ఈ క్రింద చూపబడిన విధముగా ఉన్నవి :
1. I loved.                                                (Simple Past)
2. I was loving.                                        (Past Continuous)
3. I had loved.                                          (Past Perfect)
4. I had been loving.                                (Past Perfect Continuous)
అదే విధముగా Future Tense కు కూడా నాలుగు భాగములు ఉన్నవి :
1. Ishall/will love.                                        (Simple Future)
2. I shall/will be loving                                (Future Continuous)
3. I shall / will have loved.                          (Future Perfect)
4. I shall have been loving.                        (Future Perfect Continuous)
ఈ విధముగా Verb లోని భాగమైన Tense అనునది time, action యొక్క పరిస్థితిని (ఎంత వరకు పూర్తి అయ్యింది అనే భావము) సూచించునని తెలుస్తుంది.

216. Verb ఎప్పుడు కూడా, Subject (కర్త) యొక్క number (singular, plural) ను మరియు subject యొక్క person (నేను, నీవు, అతడు) అను భావములను అనుసరించి యుండును.

అభ్యాసము 45
(a) ఈ క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన వాక్యములలోని Verbs ను గుర్తించి దాని Moods, Tenses ను తెలుపుము.
1. The river flows under the bridge.
2. I shall answer the letter to-night.
3. I knew he was there, for I had seen him come.
4. It has been raining all night.
5. I hear he has passed all right.
6. I had finished when he came.
7. He takes but little pride in his work.
8. I have been living here for months.
9. Be good, sweet maid.
10. By this time to-morrow I shall have reached my home.
11. It is time we left.
12. He told me that he had finished the work.
13. God forgive you !
14. He is waiting for you in the compound.
15. Piper, pipe that song again.
16. I am hoping to gel a holiday soon.
17. Perhaps it were better to obey him.
18. Do noble deeds, not dream them all the day.
19. I shall have plenty of time tomorrow.
20. Though this be madness, yet there is method in it.
21. The king had never before led his troops in battle.
22. If he was guilty, his punishment was too light.
23. We have heard a strange story.
24. The travellers, all of whom had seen the chameleon, could not agree about its colour.
25. Beware lest something worse should happen, to you.
26. The farmer is cutting the corn which hasripened.
27. I wish my brother were here.
28. She would rather we stayed till tomorrow.

అధ్యాయము 25

The Uses Of The Present And Past Tenses Present Tenses

Simple Present Tense
217. Simple Present ను ఈ విధంగా ఉపయోగిస్తారు :-
(1) ఒక అలవాటును (habit) చిత్రీకరించుటకు :
He drinks tea every morning.
I get up everyday at five o’clock.
My watch keeps good time.

(2) ఒక సత్యాన్ని తెలియజేయుటకు
The sun rises in the east.
Honey is sweet.
Fortune favours the brave.

(3) Here, there అను పదములతో ప్రారంభింపబడి, ఏమి జరుగుచున్నది అనే భావాన్ని తెలియజేయుటకు
Here comes the bus!
There she goes!
(4) ప్రత్యక్ష కథలో Simple Past Verb కు అనుబంధముగా –
Sohrab now rushes forward and deals a heavy blow to Rustam.
Immediately the Sultan hurries to his capital.

(5) ఒక ఖచ్చితమైన programme కు లేక ఒక fixed timetable కు భాగంగా నున్న భవిష్యత్ సంఘటనను తెలియచేయుటకు
The next flight is at 7.00 tomorrow morning.
The match starts at 9 o’clock.
The train leaves at 5.20.
When does the coffee house reopen?
వాడుక భాషలొ ఈ భావాలు బాగా కనిపిస్తాయి.

218. Simple Present Tense verb ను వేరే విధములుగా వాడే విధానములను గూడా ఇచ్చట పరిశీలించండి:
(1) కొటేషన్లు చూపడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
Keats says, ‘A thing of beauty is a joy for ever’.
(2) ఒక condition ను గాని, ఒక time ని గాని తెలియజేయు clauses లో Simple Future Tense కు బదులుగా దీనిని వాడతారు.
I shall wait till you finish your lunch.
If it rains we shall get wet.
(3) Sports ను cover చేసే broadcasting commentaries లో ఒక దాని తరువాత ఇంకొకటిగా సంభవించు సంఘటనలను వివరించుటకు. Present Continuous బదులు, Simple Present ను వాడతారు. ఇచ్చట కాలవ్యవధిపై గాక, ఒక దాని తరువాత ఇంకొకటిగా సంభవించే పరిణామాలపై గ్రామరు భావము కేంద్రీకరింపబడుతుంది.
(4) Present Continuous Tense కు బదులుగా కూడా Simple Present ను వాడతారు.

Present Continuous Tense

219. Present Continuous ఈ విధంగా వాడతారు:
(1) మాట్లాడే సమయంలో జరుగుతున్న సంఘటనను గురించి చెప్పడానికి
She is singing (now).
The boys are playing hockey.
(2) మాట్లాడే సమయంలోని తాత్కాలిక సంఘటనను వివరించడానికి. అది ఆ సమయంలో సంభసించక పోయినను ఈ rule వర్తిస్తుంది.
I am reading ‘David Copperfield’ (but I am not reading at this moment).
(3) ఇంకొంచెం సేపటిలో ప్రారంభింపబోవు programme ను వివరించడానికి:
I am going to the cinema tonight.
My uncle is arriving tomorrow.

220. కొన్నిసార్లు Present Continuous verb ని always, continually, constantly అను పదములతో కలిపి వాడతాము.
My dog is very silly; he is always running out into the road.

221. ఈ క్రింది verb పదములను సాధారణ పరిస్థితులలో continuous form లో వాడము.
(1) Verbs of perception, e.g., see, hear, smell, notice, recognize,
(2) Verbs of appearing, e.g., appear, look, seem.
(3) Verbs of emotion, e.g., want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
(4) Verbs of thinking, e.g., think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know.. understand, imagine, mean, mind.
(5) have (= possess), own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of, be (except when used in the passive).
e.g.

“కాని పైన ఉదహరించిన క్రియా పదములను, చిన్న చిన్న మార్పులకు గాను continuous tense form లో వాడవచ్చును.
She is tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt,
(taste = test the flavour of)
I am thinking of going to Malaysia,
(think of = consider the idea of)
They are having lunch, (have= eat)

Present Perfect Tense

222. Present Perfect ని ఇలా వాడెదము :
(1) ఇప్పుడే పూర్తికాబడిన గతంలోని కార్యక్రమమును తెలియజేయుటకు.
He has just gone out.
It has just struck ten.
(2) కాలనిర్ణయం చూపించకుండా గతంలో జరిగిపోయిన సంఘటనలను తెలియజేయుటకు.
Have you read ‘Gulliver’s Travels”?
I have never known him to be angry.
Mr. Hari has been to Japan.
(3) గతించిన కాలములో సంభవించి, వాని ప్రభావము యిప్పటికీ మనం అనుభవించుచున్నపుడు:- Gopi has eaten all the biscuits (i.e., there aren’t any left for you).
I have cut my finger (and it is bleeding now).
I have finished my work (= now I am free)..
(4) గతంలో సంభవించిన సంఘటన యిప్పటికీ continue అవుచున్నపుడు : (since మరియు for – phrases *)
I have known him for a long time.
He has been ill since last week.
We have lived here for ten years.
We haven’t seen Padma for several months.

223. ప్రశ్నలు వేయునపుడు never, ever అను పదములతోను మరియు negative అర్ధం వచ్చు సందర్భములలోను ఇంకను ప్రశ్నలు వేయునపుడు so far, till now, yet అను పదములతోను, already, today, this week, this month అను యితర పదములతోను కలిపి Present Perfect ను వాడవచ్చును. గమనిక (Note): Present Perfect ను past tense లోనున్న adverbs తో కలిపి వాడరాదు.
‘He has gone to Kolkata yesterday’. Wrong
Say ‘He went to Kolkata yesterday’..

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

224. గతించిన కాలములో ప్రారంభింపబడి, ప్రస్తుతం గూడా Continue అవుచున్న కార్యానికి Present
Perfect Continuous tense ను వాడతాము.
He has been sleeping for five hours (and is still sleeping). They have been building the bridge for several months.
They have been playing since four o’clock.

225. ఇప్పటికిప్పుడే పూర్తిగావించ బడిన action కు గూడా Present Perfect Continuous tense ను వాడతాము. ఇచ్చట ఇంకొక సంబంధిత కార్యక్రమాన్ని వివరించడానికి ఈ tense ఉపయోగపడుతుంది. Why are your clothes so wet ?’ ‘1 have been watering the garden’.

Past Tenses

Simple Past Tense

226. గతించిన కాలములో ప్రారంభింపబడి ఆ గతించిన కాలములో పూర్తిగావింపబడిన action కు Simple Past tense ను వాడతాము. ఈ సందర్భములో adverb ను గాని adverb phrases ను గాని
వాడతాము.
The steamer sailed yesterday.
I received his letter a week ago.
She left school last year.

227. కొన్ని సందర్భములలో ఈ Simple Past tense ను adverb of time లేకుండా గూడా వాడతాము. కాని అక్కడ ఉన్న సందర్భాన్నిబట్టి కాలము యొక్క గుర్తింపు అచ్చట రావాలి.
I learnt Hindi in Nagpur.
I didn’t sleep well (i.e., last night).
Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha.

228. గతించిన కాలములోని మన పాత అలవాట్లను చెప్పుకోవడానికి కూడా ఈ Simple Past tense ను ప్రయోగిస్తాము. అటువంటప్పుడు, సందర్భమును బట్టి సమయము నిఘూడంగా అర్ధమగును. He studied many hours everyday.
She always carried an umbrella. Past Continuous Tense

229. గతించిన కాలములోనే ప్రారంభింపబడి అలానే ఆ గతించిన కాలములోనే నడుస్తూ ఉన్న action కు Past Continuous tense ను వాడతాము. ఇచ్చట ఎంతకాలం అలా continue అయ్యింది అనే విషయం పేర్కొనవలసిన పని లేదు.
We were listening to the radio all evening.
It was getting darker.
The light went out while I was reading.
When I saw him, he was playing chess.
పైన పేర్కొనబడిన నిర్వచనములో, ఒక సుదీర్ఘ కాలగమనంలో కొనసాగిన ఒక action మధ్యలో ఒక కొత్త action వచ్చినపుడు Past Continuous tense ను మరియు simple past ను వాడడం జరిగింది. ఈ విధంగా మధ్యలో చూపబడిన action కు simple past ను వాడినాము.

230. ఈ tense ను always, continually, etc. అను పదములతో కలిపి దీర్ఘకాలపు అలవాట్లను గురించి చెప్పడానికి కూడా వాడెదము.
He was always grumbling.

Past Perfect Tense
231. గతించిన కాలములో ప్రారంభింపబడి అదే కాలములో పూర్తికాబడిన action కు Past Perfect Tense ను వాడతాము.
I met him in New Delhi in 1996. I had seen him last five years before.

232. గతించిన కాలములో రెండు సంఘటనలు జరిగి ఉంటే, ఏది ముందుది ఏది వెనకది అని ముందు గ్రహించాలి. ఈ పరిస్థితిలో మనకు Past Perfect Tense అందుబాటులోకి వస్తుంది. మొదటి సంఘటనకు Past Perfect Tense ను వాడతాము.
When I reached the station the train had started (so | couldn’t get into the train).
I had done my exercise when Hari came to see me.
I had written the letter before he arrived.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense233. గతించిన కాలములోనే ప్రారంభింపబడి మరియు ఆ గతించిన కాలములోనే కొంత కాలం వరకు అడ్డులేకుండా ముందుకు సాగిపోవుచున్న action ను వివరించడానికి Past Perfect Continuous
Tense ను వాడతాము.
At that time he had been writing a novel for two months.
When Mr. Mukerji came to the school in 1995, Mr. Anand had already been teaching there for five years.

|అభ్యాసము 46
క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన ఖాళీలలో తగిన verb form ను పూరింపుము.

1. The earth________ round the sun. (move, moves, moved)
2.My friends________ the Prime Minister yesterday, (see, have seen, saw)
3. I__ him only one letter up to now. (sent, have sent, send)
4. She__worried about something. (looks, looking, is looking)
5. It started to rain while we____________ tennis. (are playing, were playing, had played)
6. He______________ fast when the accident happened. (is driving, was driving, drove)
7. He______________asleep while ho was driving. (falls, fell, has fallen)
8. I’m sure I him_____ at the party last night. (saw, have seen, had seen).
9. He__________ a mill in this town. (have, has, is having)
10. He___________ here for the last five years. (worked, is working, has been working).
11. He thanked me lor what I ______(have done, had done, have been doing).
12.I_____________a strange noise. (hear, am hearing, have been hearing)
13.I_____________him for a long time. (know, have known, am knowing)
14.I_____________English for five years. (study, am studying, have been studying)
15.Don’t disturb me. I_________ my homework. (do, did, am doing)
16.Abdul_____________ to be a doctor. (wants, wanting, is wanting)
17. The soup____good. (taste, tastes, is tasting).
18.He _____TV most evenings. (watches, is watch, is watching)
19.He______________out five minutes ago. (has gone, had gone, went)
20. When he lived in Hyderabad, he to the cinema once a week. (goes, went, was going)
21. The baby ______all morning. (cries, has been crying)
22.I______Rahim at the zoo. (saw, have seen, had seen)
23.I_______Kumar this week. (haven’t seen, did’t see, am not seeing)
24. This paper______ twice weekly. (is appearing, appearing, appears)
25. Ashok fell off the ladder when he______ the roof. (is mending, was mending, mended)

అభ్యాసము 47
క్రింద brackets లో ఇవ్వబడిన వాటిలో సరియైన పదమును ఎంచుకొనుము.
1. The Headmaster. to speak to you. (wants, is wanting, was wanting)
2. I a new bicycle last week. (bought, have bought, had bought)
3. Here are your shoes; I them. (just clean, just cleaned, have just cleaned)
4. It since early morning. (rained, is raining, has been raining)
5.I___ a lot of work ioday. (did, have done, had done)
6. I____________something burning. (smell, am smelling, have been smelling)
7. Look! The sun over the hills. (rises, is rise, is rising)
8. She__unconscious since four o’clock. (is, was, has been)
9. He used to visit us every week, but he now. (rarely comes, is rarely coming, has rarely come)
10. We for his call since 4.20. (are waiting, have been waiting, were waiting)
11. Everyday last week my aunt a plate, (breaks, broke, was breaking)
12. I know all about that film because I it twice. (saw, have seen, had seen)
13. Our guests: they are sitting in the garden, (arrived, have arrived, had arrived)
14. I him since we met a year ago. (didn’t see, haven’t seen, hadn’t seen)
15. We__our breakfest half an hour ago. (finished, have finished, had finished)
16.She jumped off the bus while it_ (moved, had moved, was moving)
17. When we went to the cinema, the film (already started, had already started, would already start)
18. for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain. (have walked, have been walking, had been walking)
19. Did you think you me somewhere before? (have seen, had seen, were seeing)
20. The town its appearance completely since 1980. (is changing, changed, has changed)
21. Sheila her case, look. (packed, has packed, had packed)
22. When I was in Sri Lanka, I Negombo, Beruwela and Nilaveli. (visited, was visited, have visited)
23.I meant to repair the radio, but __time to do it today. (am not having, haven’t had, hadn’t)
24. When I my dinner I went to bed. (had, have had, had had)
25.Mento  abolish wars up to now, but maybe they will find a way in the future, (never managed, have never managed, will have never managed)

అధ్యాయము 26

The Future

234. భవిష్యత్తు Tense ను గురించి మాట్లాడడానికి English లో చాలా పద్ధతులు ఉన్నవి. Simple Future Tense : “going to” అనే జంట పదములను వాడుట ద్వారా మరియు Simple Present ను Simple Future గా మార్పిడి చేసి వాడుట అను ఈ మూడు పద్ధతులు అవి.
Simple Future Tense

235. మన ఆధీనములోనికి రానట్టి పరిణామాల గురించి మాట్లాడేటప్పుడు Simple Future Tense ను వాడతాము. ఈ సందర్భములో ఇచ్చట భావమును fact గా గమనించదగును.
I shall be twenty next Saturday.
It will be Diwali in a week.
We will know our exam results in May.

236. మనం ఏదైతే ఆలోచిస్తామో, ఏదైతే భవిష్యత్తులో సంభవిస్తుందని ఊహించుతామో అట్టి దానిని గురించి మాట్లాడునపుడు Simple Future Tense అనగా దానికి తగిన క్రియా పదము (verb) ను ఉపయోగిస్తాము.
I think Pakistan will win the match.
I’m sure Helen will get a first class.
As in the above sentences, we often use this tense with / think, and I’m sure. We also say I expect .! believe, Probably. etc.

237. మాట్లాడేటప్పుడు ఏ పని చేస్తామో, ఏ పని జరుగుతుందో ఆ విషయమును తెలియజేయడానికి ఈ tense ను ఉపయోగిస్తాము.
It is raining. I will take an umbrella.
“Mr. Sinha is very busy at the moment.” – “All right. I’ll wait

Going to
238. మనం ఒక పని చెయ్యాలని నిశ్చయించుకొన్నప్పుడు, ఆ పని యొక్క ప్రారంభదశలో “going to” అనే జంట పదాలను ఉపయోగించి వానికి verb యొక్క ధాతు రూపాన్ని జత చేస్తాము. ధాతువు word అనగా root word అనుకోవచ్చును. Be యొక్క భావాన్ని ధాతువుగా తీసుకొనవచ్చును.
“Have you decided what to do?” “Yes. I am going to resign the job” “Why do you want to sell your motorbike?” – “I’m going to buy a car.”
ఇచ్చట ఈ విషయం గుర్తుంచుకోవాలి. మన ఆలోచనలో నున్న భావాన్ని కార్యరూపంలో పెట్టడానికి అన్ని ప్రయత్నాలూ చేసిన దశలో “going to” ను వాడతాము. (I’m going to buy) అప్పటికప్పుడే తీసుకొన్న నిర్ణయానికి మాత్రం Simple Future Tense వాడాలి.

239. మున్ముందు జరగబోయే విషయాన్ని, ఏదైతే నిశ్చయంగా జరుగుతుందని అనుకుంటామో వాటిని గురించి మనం మాట్లాడే సమయంలో కూడా “going to” అనే జంట పదాలను వాడతాము. అదే సమయంలో (అదే present tense time లో) ఆ సంభవించే పరిణామంపై కొంత నమ్మకం గూడా ఉండాలి.
It is going to rain; look at those clouds.
The boat is full of water, It is going to sink.
She is going to have a baby.

240. క్షణంలో ప్రారంభం కానున్న action ను కూడా “going to ” అను జంట పదాలు express చేస్తవి.
Let’s get into the train. It’s going to leave.
Look! The cracker is going to explode. Be about to

241. క్షణంలో ప్రారంభంకానున్న future action గురించి Be about to + (base form of verb) BAUTUR  చెబుతుంది.
Let’s get into the train. It’s about to leave.
Don’t go out now. We are about to have lunch.

Simple Present Tense
242. Official programmes, timetables 30g Simple Present Tense ను వాడతారు.
The college opens on 23rd June.
The film starts at 6.30 and finishes at 9.00.
When does the next train leave for Chennai?

243. If, unless, when, while, as (=while) before, after, until, by the time and as soon as అను పదములతో ప్రారంభించబడిన clauses ను భవిష్యత్తుభావము కావలసినపుడు, Simple Future Tense అవి Future Tense కొరకు ఉద్దేశింపబడినను Simple Future Tense లో రాయబడవు.
I won’t go out if it rains. (not: will rain)
Can I have some milk before I go to bed?
Let’s wait till he finishes his work.
Please ring me up as soon as he comes.

Present Continuous Tense
244. భవిష్యత్తులో మనము ప్రారంభింపబోవు కార్యాన్ని గురించి మనము ప్రస్తుతం మాట్లాడునపుడు గూడా Present Continuous Tense ను వాడతాము.
I am going to Shimla tomorrow.
We are eating out tonight.
Mr. Abdul Rehman is arriving this evening.
నీ వ్యక్తిగత arrangements ను దృష్టిలో పెట్టుకొని Present Continuous Tense verb ను వాడవలసిందిగా ఇచ్చట చెప్పడమైనది.

Future Continuous Tense
245. భవిష్యత్తులో ఒక నిర్దిష్టమైన సమయంలో ప్రారంభింపబడి కొంతకాలం కొనసాగే కార్యక్రమాలకు మనము Future Continuous Tense ను వాడతాము.
I suppose it will be raining when we start.
This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore.
“Can I see you at 5 o’clock?” “Please don’t come then. I will be watching the tennis match on TV.”

26. భవిష్యత్తులో ప్రారంభింపబోవు కార్యక్రమాలకు గూడా general గా ఈ tense ను వాడతాము.
I will be staying here till Sunday.
He will be meeting us next week.
The postman will be coming soon.

Be To
247. Be to+base form of verbe, og official plans 5, arrangements కు వాడతాము.
Be to is used in a formal style, often in News reports.
Be is usually left out in headlines, e.g. “Prime Minister to visit America”.
వార్తలలోని headlines లో వాడినపుడు ‘be’ ని వదిలివేయటం జరుగుతుంది.

Future Perfect Tense
248. భవిష్యత్తులో ఒక నిర్దిష్ట కాలానికి పూర్తి కాబడే actions కు Future Perfect Tense ను వాడతారు.
I shall have written my exercise by then.
He will have left before you go to see him.
By the end of this month I will have worked here for five years.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense
249. భవిష్యత్తులో Continue అవుతూ ఒక నిర్దిష్ట కాలానికి పూర్తికాబడే actions కు Future Perfect Continuous tense ను వాడతారు. కాని ఈ పద్ధతి ఇప్పుడు అంతగా వాడుకలో లేదు.
By next March we shall have been living here for four years.
I’ll have been teaching for twenty years next July.

అభ్యాసము 48
సరియైన ఒకే ఒక verb తో గాని, లేక బాగా సరిపడే రెండు verbs తో గాని ఈ క్రింది ఖాళీలను పూరించండి.
1. The plane_____at 3.30. (arrives, will arrive)
2. I will phone you when he______back. (comes, will come)
3. When I get home, my dog._________________at the gate waiting for me. (sits, will be sitting)
4. The Joshis this evening.___(visit, am visiting)
5. Look at those black clouds. It (will rain, is going to rain)
6.The train ____before we reach the station. (arrives, will have arrived)
7. Perhaps we______ Mahabaleshwar next month. (visit, will visit)
8. Unless we____now we can’t be on time. (start, will start)
9.I___________into town later on. Do you want a lift? (drive, will be driving)
10. The next term____________on 16th November. (begins, is beginning)
11. Oh dear! I_____(will sneeze, am going to sneeze)
12. By 2005, computers____many of the jobs that people do today. (will be taking over, will have taken over)
13. I’m sure she_____the exam. (passes, will pass)
14. I_____________home next Sunday. (go, am going)
15. I_________you one of these days, I expect. (see, will be seeing)
16. Help! I__________fall. (will fall, am going to fall)
17. She has bought some cloth; she herself a blouse. (will make, is going to make)
18. I your house this afternoon. It is on my way home from work. (will be passing, am passing)
19. Hurry up! The programme (will start, is about to start)
20. This book is not long. I it by lunch time, (will be reading, will have read)

అధ్యాయము 27

The Verb: Person And Number

250. Personal Pronouns, Verb  Persons. First, Second మరియు Third person. అందువలన ఈ క్రింది విధముగా వాక్యాలను రాసెదము :
1. I speak.
2. You speak. (Old English: Thou speakest.)
3. He speaks.

మొదటి వాక్యములో Subject, First Person లో ఉన్నది. కావున Verb కూడా First Person లో ఉన్నది.
రెండవ వాక్యములో, Subject, Second Person లో ఉన్నది. కావున Verb కూడా Second Person లో నున్నది.
మూడవ వాక్యములో Subject, Third Person అనగా (He, she, they etc.) లో ఉన్నది. కావున Verb కూడా Third Person లో ఉన్నది.
Verb కు Subject కు ఎప్పుడూ ఒకే person formation ఉంటుంది.

251 . Noun, Pronoun కు లాగానే, Verb కు కూడా Singular, Plural (ఏకవచన, బహువచన రూపాలు) ఉంటవి. ఏకవచనములో S వస్తుంది. బహువచనములో రాదు.
1. He speaks.
2. They speak.
ఇచ్చట మొదటి వాక్యములో Subject లోని ఏకవచన బహువచన రూపాలు ఎలా ఉంటవో చూపబడినది. మొదటి వాక్యములో Subject (కర్త) ఏక వచనములో ఉన్నది. కావున verb కూడా ఏకవచనములో ఉన్నది. రెండవ వాక్యములో Subject (కర్త) బహువచన రూపములో నున్నది. కావున verb కూడా బహువచనములో నున్నది.
దీని వలన మనకు Subject మరియు verb పదములు రెండున్నూ ఒకే number కలిగి ఉంటవి అని
అర్ధం అవుతుంది. అనగా verb పదము, number మరియు person విషయములలో Subject తో ఏకీభవించి ఉంటుంది.

252. First Person Second Person, Third Person విషయాలలో కూడా, subject (కర్త) కు verb కు అనుబంధం ఉంటుంది. కావున ఈ క్రింది రూల్సును (నిబంధనలు) గ్రామరు మనకు ప్రతిపాదించింది. Verb పదము, subject తో number విషయంలోను మరియు person విషయములోనూ ఏకరూపం కలిగి యుండవలయును.
(a) Subject singular number 8 first person wood, verb sa singular number మరియు first person అయి ఉండాలి.
I am here.
I was there.
I have a bat.
I play cricket.
(b) Subject 3singular number 8 third person wood, verb sa singular number మరియు third person అయి ఉండాలి.
He is here.
He was there.
He has a bat.
He plays cricket.
(c) Subject పదము plural number మరియు third person అయి ఉంటే, verb పదము కూడా plural number మరియు third person అయి ఉండాలి.
They are here.
They were there.
They have bats.
They play cricket.

గమనిక (Note) :  Modern English లో Verb పదములకు Number (ఏకవచన, బహువచన రూపములు) మరియు Person భేదములు (నీవు, నేను, అతడు మొ.) inflection కు సంబంధించి అంతరించినవి. These are called inflections in English. Third person singular లో ఈ మార్పు రాలేదు.
Inflection అనగా word రూపములో మార్పు రావడం.
I speak.
We speak.
You speak. You speak. (You is both singular and plural in current English.)
He speaks. They speak. (Third person singular లోని verb లో మార్పు వచ్చినది గమనించండి.)
The only exception is the verb to be. We say-
I am.
You are.
He is ..
We are.
You are.
They are.
Subject and verb agreement (సవివరణ) Book ll chapter 17 లో కలదు.

అధ్యాయము 28
THE INFINITIVE
253. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను చదవండి :
I want to go.
They tried to find fault with us. “to go” మరియు “to find” అను జంట పదములను “infinitives” అని అంటారు. Infinitive verb నకు పునాది రాయి వంటిది. చాలాసార్లు దీని వెనువెంటనే “to” అను పదము ఉంటుంది.

254 ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను చదవండి:
1. To err is human,
2. Birds love to sing.
3. To respect our parents is our duty.
4. He refused to obey the orders. MIHTO SU
5. Many men desire to make money quickly.
మొదటి వాక్యములో Infinitive అయిన “To err” అను పదము subject (కర్త) గా act చేయుచున్నది. మరియు అది “is” అను verb ను తన object (కర్మ) గా తీసుకొనుచున్నది.
రెండవ వాక్యములో Infinitive అయిన “to sing” అను పదము “love” అను verb పదమునకు object గా నున్నది.
మూడవ వాక్యములో Infinitive అయిన “to respect” verb అయిన “is” కు subject గా నున్నది. కాని ఒకో సందర్భములో అది verb లాగా ఒక object ను తీసుకుంటుంది కూడా.
నాలుగవ వాక్యములో Infinitive అయిన “to obey” noun మాదిరిగా “Refused” అను verb కు object గా పనిచేయుచున్నది.
ఐదవ వాక్యములో Infinitive అయిన “to make” అను పదము, noun లాగానే, verb అయిన “desire” అను పదమునకు object గా నుండి adverb చేత అజమాయిషీ చెయ్యబడుతుంది.
Infinitive ని verb లక్షణాలున్న noun గా చెప్పవచ్చును. Verb పదము transitive గా ఉండి తనకొక object ను తీసుకొనును, infinitive పదమునకు verb noun లక్షణాలు వచ్చును.

255 “To” అను పదాన్ని Infinitive లో బహుళంగా వాడతాము. కాని అది Infinitive లో మరీ అంత ప్రాముఖ్యమైనట్టిది గాదు. ఈ విధంగా, bid, let, make, ‘need, *dare, see, hear అను పదముల
తరువాత “10” ను వాడము.
Bid him go there.
I bade him go.
Let him sit here.
I will not let you go.
Make him stand.
I made him run.
but phot utilith 38 (abbr)
We need not go to-day.
You need not do it.
You dare not do it.
I saw him do it.
I heard him cry.
Except when they are conjugated with do.

256. Will, would, shall, should, may, might, can, could, must án éré infinitive ను “to” లేకుండా వ్రాయుదుము.
I will pay the bill.
You should work harder.
He can speak live languages.
You must come to the office at nine tomorrow.

Had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than, rather than  infinitive లో “to” ఉండదు.
You had better ask permission.
I had rather play than work.
I would rather die than suffer so.

Use Of The Infinitive

257. Infinitive ను దానికి తోడుగా ఏ పదమైనా ఉన్నా లేకపోయినా, Noun లాగా ఈ క్రింద చూపిన
పద్ధతులలో వాడెదరు.
(1) Verb & Subject m
To find fault is easy.
To err is human.
To reign is worth ambition.
(2) Transitive Verb & Object m
I do not mean to read.
He likes to play cards.
(3) Verbs Complement
Her greatest pleasure is to sing.
His custom is to ride daily.
(4) Preposition & Object m
He had no choice but (= except) to obey.
The speaker is about to begin.
(5) Objective గా నుండి Preposition గా నుండుట :
I saw him go.
Infinitive ను పై విధములగా Noun గా వాడినపుడు, దానిని Simple Infinitive అంటారు.

258. Infinitive ని ఈ క్రింది విధంగా కూడా వాడతాము.
(1) ఒక purpose ను (నిర్దిష్ట విధానము) తెలియజేయు సందర్భములో Verb ను qualify చేయుటకు (వివరించుటకు)
He called to see my brother (- for the purpose of seeing my brother).
We eat to live. (Purpose)
I come to bury Caesar. (Purpose)
He wept to see the desolation caused by the flood. (Cause) (2) Adjective ను (విశేషణమును) qualify చేయుటకు:
Figs are good to eat.
This medicine is pleasant to take.
The boys are anxious to learn.
He is too ill to do any work.
(3) నామవాచకమును (Noun ను) qualify చేయుటకు:
This is not the time to play. You will have cause to repent. He is a man to be admired.
Here is a house to let.
This house is to let.
(4) ఒక వాక్యమును వివరించుటకు:
To tell the truth, I quite forgot my promise.
He was petrified, so to speak.
Infinitive ను పై విధముగా వాడినపుడు దానిని Gerundial లేక Qualifying Infinitive అని అంటారు. మొదటి 1,2 వాక్యములలో Gerundial Infinitive తాను adverb గా పనిచేయుచున్నది. మూడవ వాక్యములో అది Adjective పనిని చేయుచున్నది. నాలుగవ వాక్యములో అది తన స్వభావాన్ని పూర్తిగా చూపుతుంది.

259. Infinitive, active voice ‘m passive voice moto. Active voice m నున్నపుడు అది పూర్తిగా present tense గా గాని, present perfect గా గాని ఉంటుంది. మరియు కేవలం అచ్చట జరిగిన పనిని మాత్రం చెబుతూంది. లేక continue అయ్యే action ను గురించిగూడా చెబుతుంది. ACTIVE
Present:
Perfect :
Present Continuous:
Perfect Continuous:
to love.
to have loved.
to be loving.
to have been loving.
Infinitive passive గా నున్నపుడు present మరియు perfect forms లో మాత్రమే ఉంటుంది.
Present:
Perfect:
to be loved.
PASSIVE
to have been loved.

అభ్యాసము 49
ఈ క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన వాక్యములలో Infinitive ఎలా వాడబడిందో తెలుపుము.

1. There was nothing for it to fight.
2. Let us pray.
3. The mango is fit to eat.
4. I heard her sing.
5. I have come to see you.
6. The order to advance was given.
7. Men must work and women must weep.
8. I am sorry to hear this.
9. He is slow to forgive.
10. A man severe he was and stern to view.
11. And fools who came to scoff remained to pray.
12. Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride.
13. Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.
14. Music hath charms to soothe the savage beast.
15. Never seek to tell thy love.
16. To retreat was difficult; to advance was impossible.
17. Everybody wishes to enjoy life.
18. My desire is to see you again.
19. There was not a moment to be lost.
20. The counsel rose to address the court.
21. My right there is none to dispute.
22. The ability to laugh is peculiar to mankind.
23. He has the power to concentrate his thoughts.
24. He was quick to see the point.
25. I am not afraid to speak the truth.
26. Better dwell in the midst of alarms Than reign in this horrible place.
27. Can you hope to count the stars?
28. To toil is the lot of mankind.
29. It is delightful to hear the sound of the sea.
30. It is a penal offence to bribe a public servant

అభ్యాసము 50
Infinitive ను ఉపయోగించి క్రింద ఇచ్చిన జంట వాక్యములను కలుపుము.
[Example. – Napoleon was one of the greatest of generals. He is universally acknowledged so. Napoleon is universally acknowledged to have been one of the greatest of generals. Note – I will be noticed that we have turned one of the sentences into a phrase containing an infinitive.]
1. He did not have even a rupee with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.
2. Every cricket team has a captain. He directs the other players.
3. You must part with your purse. On this condition only you can save your life.
4. He went to Amritsar. He wanted to visit the Golden Temple.
5. The robber took out a knife. He intended to frighten the old man.
6. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
7. The insolvent’s property was sold by the official Assignee. The insolvent’s creditors had to be paid.
8. He wants to earn his livelihood. He works hard for that reason.
9. The strikers held a meeting. They wished to discuss the terms of the employers.
10. He has five children. He must provide for them.
11. The old man has now little energy left. He cannot take his morning constitutional exercises.
12. The Rajah allowed no cows to be slaughtered in his territory. It was his custom.
13. He formed a resolution. It was to the effect that he would not speculate any more.
14. Everyone should do his duty. India expects this of every man.
15. She visits the poor. She is anxious to relieve them of their sufferings.
16. He collects old stamps even at great expense. This is his hobby.
17. He must apologise for his misconduct, it is the only way to escape punishment.
18. I have no aptitude for business. I must speak it out frankly.
19. He was desirous of impressing his host. So he was on his best behaviour in his presence.
20. That young man has squandered away all his patrimony. He must have been very foolish.
21. He has risen to eminence from poverty and obscurity. It is highly creditable.

అధ్యాయము 29
260. ఈ వాక్యాన్ని చదవండి:
Hearing the noise, the boy woke up.
Hearing అనే పదము నామవాచకము అయిన boy అను పదమును వివరిస్తుంది (qualifying). ఎటువంటి బాలుడు? వినుచున్న బాలుడు అని అర్ధం చేసుకోవాలి. ఇది adjective చేసే పని. ఈ hearing అనే పదము Verb అయిన hear అనే పదము నుండి పుట్టినది. తదుపరి తన object ను (కర్మపదము) అజమాయిషీ చేస్తుంది (governs). కావున ఇచ్చట hearing అనే పదము Verb మరియు adjective లక్షణములు కలిగియున్నది. దీనిని Participle అంటాము. ఇచ్చట దీనిని Verbal Adjective అని కూడా
అంటాము.
Def. (నిర్వచనం) : – Participle అనే పదము Verb లో భాగముగా నుండి Verb మరియు adjective ల పనిని చేస్తుంది. లేక Participle కొంత వరకు Verb మరియు adjectiveఅయి ఉన్నది అని కూడా చెప్పవచ్చును.
గమనిక (Note): ‘Hearing the noise’ అనే పదజాలము participle చేత పరిచయము చేయబడి (introduced) participle phrase అని పిలవబడుచున్నది. కాని పై వాక్యములో అది Adjective Phrase. 261. Participle కు సంబంధించిన ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను చూడండి :
1. We met a girl carrying a basket of flowers.
2. Loudly knocking at the gate, he demanded admission.
3.The child, thinking all was safe, attempted to cross the road.
4.He rushed into the field, and foremost fighting fell.

పై examples అన్నీ కూడా Present Participles. ఇవి అన్నీ కూడా – ing తో అంతమగుచున్నవి. ఇవి నడచుచున్న action ను గురించియు, సంపూర్ణముగాచేయని action ను గురించియు వివరించును. ఈ మూలక పదమైన verb, transitive అయి ఉంటే, మొదటి వాక్యములో లాగా అది ఒక object ను (కర్మ పదమును) తీసుకుంటుంది. రెండవ వాక్యములో Participle ను adverb విశ్లేషిస్తుంది (అనగా వివరిస్తుంది). Loudly అనునది adverb కదా.

262. Present Participle కు అనుబంధంగా, Past Participle కూడా ఉన్నది. Past Participle పూర్తి అయిన action ను గురించి గాని ఒక పరిస్థితిని గురించిన వివరణను గాని తెలియజేస్తుంది.
ఉదాహరణలు :-
Blinded by a dust storm, they fell into disorder.
Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope.
Time misspent is time lost.
Driven by hunger, he stole a piece of bread.
We saw a few trees laden with fruit.
Participle సాధారణంగా – ed, d, t, – en, – ౧ లతో end అవుతుంది.
ఈ Present Participle మరియు Past Participle కాక మనకు Perfect Participle అనే ఇంకొకటి కూడా ఉన్నది. ఇది గతించిన కాలములో సంపూర్ణముగా పూర్తి కాబడిన action ను (చర్య) ను గురించి చెబుతూంది.

263. ఈ క్రింది ఉదాహరణలలో Participle ను simple qualifying (వివరించు) adjectives గా noun కు ముందు భాగంలో వాడడం జరిగింది. ఈ విధముగా వాడిన సందర్భములో దానిని Participle Adjectives అని అంటాము.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
We had a drink of the sparkling water.
His tattered coat needs mending. The creaking door awakened the dog. A lying witness ought to be punished. He played a losing game.A burnt child dreads the fire.
His finished manners produced a very favourable impression. He wears a worried look.
Education is the most pressing need of our country.
He was reputed to be the most leamed man of his time.
ఉన్నవి. Most అనునది comparitive degree క్రిందికి వస్తుంది కదా!
A cho bé e Gamevog) dagab Lacr
examples & Participle degrees ol comparison (adjectives & Sг88)

264. Adjective 35 past participle
Passive voice
ఇస్తుంది మరియు Present Participle పదము Active voice భావాన్ని ఇస్తుంది.
a spent swimmer a swimmer who is tired out;
(stoff) beca
a burnt child = a child who is burnt;
botini)
Good
a painted doll = a doll which is painted;
a rolling stone = a stone which rolls.

265. ఇంతవరకు చదివిన Participle భావాలను ఈ క్రింద సంక్షిప్తంగా ఇవ్వడం జరిగింది :
(1) Participle 38 verbal Adjective.
(2) అది Verb మాదిరిగా noun లేక pronoun ను govern చేయును. ఈ విధంగా :-
Hearing the noise, the boy woke up.
[The noun noise is governed by the participle Hearing]. (3) Verb మాదిరిగా adverb చేత అది modify చేయబడును. Loudly knocking at the gate, he demanded admission. [Here the participle knocking is modified by the adverb Loudly.]
(4) Adjective మాదిరిగా noun లేక pronoun ను వర్ణించును. ఈ విధంగా :- Having rested, the men continued their journey.
(5) Adjective మాదిరిగా అది comparative degree కలిగి ఉండును. చూడండి: Education is the most pressing need of our time.
[Here the participle pressing is compared by prefixing most.]

266. Participle vs 225 artev :-
Active
Present: loving
Perfect: having loved
USE OF THE
Passive
Present: being loved. Perfect: having been loved. Past: loved.

267. Continuous Tenses (Active Voice) e tenses o ‘be’ verb కూడిన Present Participle నుండి ఏర్పడును.
I am loving.
I was loving.
I shall be loving.
Perfect Tenses (Active Voice లో) అన్నియూ ఆయా Tenses కు చెందిన ‘have’ verb తో కూడిన Past Participles నుండి ఏర్పడును.
I have loved.
I had loved.
I shall have loved. Passive Voice మాత్రము అయా tenses కు చెందిన ‘be’ verb తో కూడిన Past Participles నుండి
-ఏర్పడును.
I am loved.
I was loved.
I shall be loved.

268. Participles నామవాచక పదములను, సర్వనామపదములను కూడా quality చేయునని చదివి యుంటిమి. వానిని ఈ విధముగా ప్రయోగించవచ్చును.
(1) వివరణ రూపంలో (Attributively)
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
His tattered coat needs mending.
A lost opportunity never returns.
(2) ఊహా రూపకమైన భావములకు (Predicatively)
The man seems worried. (Modifying the Subject)
He kept me waiting. (Modifying the Object.)
(3) Noun ను గాని pronoun ను గాని సంపూర్ణ భావముతో ముందున పెట్టుకొనినపుడు :
The weather being fine, I went out.
Many having arrived, we were freed from anxiety.
Weather permitting, there will be a garden party at Government House tomorrow.
God willing, we shall have another good monsoon.
The sea being smooth, we went for sail.
The wind having failed, the crew set to work with a will.
His master being absent, the business was neglected.
The wind being favourable, they embarked.
పై వాక్యములలో Participle మరియు దానికి ముందున నున్న noun తో గాని pronoun తో గాని కలిసి ఒక independent phrase గానగుచున్నది. మిగతా వాక్యముతో సంబంధము ఉండదు. దానిని Absolute Phrase అంటారు. ఆ Absolute Phrase లో నున్న noun ను గాని pronoun ను గాని Nominative Absolute అంటారు.

269. పైన ఉదహరించిన Absolute phrase ను subordinate clause గా తేలికగా మార్చవచ్చు. Spring advancing, the swallows appear. When spring advances. – Clause of Time.] The sea being smooth, we went for a sail. (Because the sea was smooth. God willing, we shall meet again. (If God is willing. – Clause of Condition.).
– Clause of Reason.]

270. Participle ను verb-adjective అని అంటాము. కావున, అది ఎప్పుడూ noun కు గాని pronoun కు గాని అంటిపెట్టుకొని ఉండవలయును. అనగా అది reference కొరకు తన subject తో కలిసి
ఉండవలయును.
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములు లోపభూయిష్ట మైనవి. ఎందుకంటే Participle కు సరియైన subject పదము తోడుగా లేదు.
1. Standing at the gate, a scorpion stung him.
(As it is, the sentence reads as if the scorpion was standing at the gate.)
2. Going up the hill, an old temple was seen.
3. Entering the room, the light was quite dazzling.
కావున, పై వాక్యములను ఈ క్రింది విధంగా రాయాలి.

1. Standing at the gate, he was stung by a scorpion.
Or: While he was standing at the gate, a scorpion stung him.
2. When we went up the hill, we saw an old temple.
3. Entering the room, I found the light quite dazzling.
Or: When I entered the room, the light was quite dazzling.

271. Usage (వాడుక సరళి) కొన్ని సార్లు subject యొక్క తోడు లేకుండా participle ను వాడడానికి
ఒప్పుకుంటుంది. అటువంటి participle ను Impersonal Absolute అని అంటారు.
Taking everything into consideration, the Magistrate was perfectly justified in issuing those orders.
Considering his abilities, he should have done better.
Roughly speaking, the distance from here to the nearest railway station is two miles.
పై వాక్యములలో పైకి కనిపించని subject యిదమిద్దము అని చెప్పడానికి వీలుకానట్టిది. కావున “Roughly speaking” అనగా ‘generally అని అర్ధము.

272. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Participle భావము ఉన్నదని అర్ధం చేసుకొనవచ్చును. Sword (being) in hand, he rushed on the jailor.
Breakfast (having been) over, we went out for a walk.

అభ్యాసము 51
ఈ క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన వాక్యములలో Present Participle ఏదో Past Participle ఏవో కనుగొని అవి ఏ రకముగా ఉపయోగించబడినవో తెలుపుము.
1. Generally speaking, we receive what we deserve.
2. Having gained truth, keep truth.
3. I saw the storm approaching.
4. Hearing a noise, I turned round.
5. Considering the facts, he received scant justice.
6. The enemy, beaten at every point, fled from the field.
7. Being dissatisfied, he resigned his position.
8. The rain came pouring down in torrents.
9. Having elected him President, the people gave him their loyal support.
10.The traveller, being weary, sat by the woodside to rest.

అభ్యాసము 52
ఈ క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన వాక్యములలో Present Participle ఏవో Past Participle ఏవో కనుగొని అవి ఏ రకంగా ఉపయోగించబడినవో తెలుపును. но вги ан
1. The fat of the body is fuel laid away for use.
2. Being occupied with important matters, he had no leisure to see us.
3. The children coming home from school look in at the open door.
4. Michael, bereft of his son Luke, died of a broken heart.
5. Books read in childhood seem like old friends.
6. Lessons learned easily are soon forgotten.
7. A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures (baskets) of silver.
8. mSeeing the sunshine, I threw open the window.
9. Seizing him by the arm, his friend led him away.
10. Encouraged by his wife, he persevered.
11. Overcome by remorse, he determined to atone for his crime by liberality to the church.

Alphabet – Vowels and Consonants

1. ప్రతి భాషయు వాక్యములతో నేర్పబడును. వాక్యములు మాటలతో నేర్పబడును. మాటలు శబ్దముల (Sounds) తో నేర్పడును; శబ్దములకు వ్రాత గుర్తులు అక్షరములు.
2.  ఇంగ్లీషు భాషకు అక్షరములు 26, వీనికి Alphabet అని పేరు. ఇవి Capitals అని Small letters అని రెండు విధములుగా వ్రాయబడును; వానిలో అచ్చు అక్షరములని, వ్రాత అక్షరములని రెండేసి రకము లుండును. 

• CAPITALS (పెద్దవి) :
  (a) అచ్చు అక్షరములు
  ABCDEFGHIJKLM
  NOPQRSTU V W X Y Z
  (b) వ్రాత అక్షరములు :
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M
  NO P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
•  Small letters (చిన్నవి)
  (ఎ) అచ్చు అక్షరములు :-
  abcdefghijklm
  nopqrstuvwxyz
  (b) వ్రాత అక్షరములు
  a b c d e f g h i j k l m
  n o p q r s t u v w x y z

ప్రతి వాక్యపు మొదటి మాటలోని మొదటి అక్షరము, మనుష్యుల పేర్లు. పట్టణముల పేర్లు, దేశముల పేర్లలోని మొదటి అక్షరములు ‘Capitals’ నారంభించవలెను.
3. అక్షరములు రెండు విధములు :
(a) అచ్చులు (Vowels)
(b) హల్లులు (Consonants)

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

• (a) a, e, i, o, ur అను అక్షరములు గాని, వానిచే సూచించబడి వానియంతబ అవే ఉచ్చరింపబడు శబ్దములుగాని Vowels అనబడును.
  Definition:- Any of the lettersa, e, i, o, uor of the sounds (represented by them) that can be uttered without any other letters are called Vowels.
  (b) y – Usually in the middle or at the end of a Syllable * of a word, it is a vowel (as in myth, happy, my)
  (c) w: It is a vowel at the end of syllable as in new.
•  అచ్చుల సహాయము లేనిదే తమంతట తాము ఉచ్చరింపబడనేరని తక్కిన యక్షరములు Consonants అనబడును.
  Def:- Anon-vowel letter (of the alphabet) which cannot
  be sounded without the aid of a vowel is called a Consonant.

a,e,i,o, u లు కాక తక్కన అక్షరములును, ఒక మాటకుగాని Syllable కు గాని ఆరంభమందువచ్చు w, y లుసు (e.g. Water, walk, went a way, sho-wer, అను మాటలలోని w ను; you, yard, beyond, lo-yal అను మాటలలోని yను హల్లులు (Consonants).
(Syllable) ఒక అచ్చుగా గాని ఒకే అచ్చుధ్వని నిచ్చు అచ్చుల సము దాయముగా గాని యుండవచ్చును. ఉదా: away (a-way) లో a అనునది ఒక syllable, way అనునది మరియొక Syllable, either (ei-ther) లో e, i అను రెండును కలిసి ఒక అచ్చువలె పలుకుటనే ఒక syllable అగును. their మరియొక syllable.
ఒక్క మారుగా నుచ్చరింపదగిన మాటగాని, మాటయొక్క భాగముగాని syllable అనబడును.

ఒకప్పుడు syllableలో, ఒక అచ్చుగాని ఒక అచ్చు యొక్క ధ్వని నిచ్చు అచ్చుల సముదాయముగాని, హల్లులతో కలిసి యుండవచ్చును. ఉదా:- heavy (hea-vy) లో hea ఒక syllable, vy మరియొక syllable.

Parts of Speech (భాషాభాగములు)

English భాషలోని మాటలన్నియు, వాక్యములో నవి చేయు పనులను బట్టి ఎనిమిది విధములుగా భాగింపబడినది. ఆ విధములకే Parts of Speech (భాషాభాగములు) అని పేరు.
Def:- Words are divided into eight kinds according to their use and these kinds are called Parts of Speech.
అవి ఏవన :-
1. Noun (నామవాచకము)
2. Verb (క్రియ)
3. Pronoun (సర్వనామము)
4.Adjective (విశేషణము)
5. Adverb (క్రియావిశేషణము)
6. Preposition (విభక్త్యర్ధ పదము)
7. Conjuction(సముచ్చయము)
8. Interjection (భావోద్రేక ప్రకటనార్ధకము)

1. The Noun (నామవాచకము)

Gopal, Krishna, John అను మాటలు ఎవరి పేర్లు ? మనుష్యుల పేర్లు. Calcutta, Madra, Bombay అను మాటలు వేని పేర్లు? పట్టణముల పేర్లు. Cow, Dog, Cat అనునవి వేని పేర్లు? జంతువుల పేర్లు. Book, Pen, Slate అను మాటలు వేని పేర్లు ? వస్తువుల పేర్లు. Crowd, rice, courage -ఇని కూడ పేర్లు అని గ్రహించనగును. ఇట్టి పేర్లు Nouns ( నామవాచకములు)అనబడును.

మనుష్యులు, జంతువులు, స్థలములు, వస్తువులు (అనగా పర్వతములు, నెలలు, వారములు, నదులు, సముద్రములు, కుర్చీలు) మొదలగువేని పేర్లయినను Nouns ( నామవాచకములు) అనబడును. ఉదా:- Gopal, Mary, Calcutta, India, Dog, Cat, Chair, Book, The Godavary, The Red Sea, The Vindhyas, January, Sunday, Flock, Milk, P
Def:- A Noun is th: name of a person, place or thing.

Ex. 1
Pick out the Nouns in the following:
ఈ క్రింది వానిలో Nouns చెప్పుము.
(a) 1. The book is on the desk.
2. The chair is in the room.
3. The pencil is on the table.
4. The bench is near the wall.
5. The boys are sitting on the bench.
6. The man has a cap on his head.
7. The duster is on the floor.
8. The bird has two wings.
9. The child has two hands.
10. There is water in the cup.
11. The lamb is eating grass.

(b) 1. Children play.
2. Birds sing.
3. The goat fell into the well.
4. Mangoes are sweet.
5. Gopal sat on the bench.
6. The peon posted the letter.
7. Calcutta is a big city.
8. The Godavari is a holy river.
9. Cats kill rats.
10. Flowers grow in the garden.
11. He put the money into his pocket.
12 Monkeys climb trees.
13. Children love their parents.
14. The tank is full of water.
15. The cow gives milk.
16. Boys and girls go to school.
17. Give me a long stick.

Ex. 2
Fill-up the blanks with Nouns
ఈ క్రింది వానిలో ఖాళీస్థలములను Nouns తో పూర్తి చేయుము :

(a) 1. The room has two- 2. The boy is in the 3.  man walks with his 4. The boy has a —- in his 5. The sits on the chair. 6. The girl is writing on the —- -7. The  –is in the box. 8. The map is on the — 9. What colour is the—-? 10. There are no —-on the tree. 11.The—– is drinking 12.—– go to school. 13. I see two birds on the —

b) 1. I hear with my —2. I see with my—-3. He thinks with his—–4. The —–shines at night. 5. The sun rises in the—-6. Fishes live in ——7.—-grow in the gardens. 8.— made all things. 9.Birds fly with their—–10. All rivers at last run into the—-11. We cross a river by a——12. The—–crows. 13.Fruits grow on ——14. The farmer ploughs his——-.

THE VERB

The Verb (క్రియ)
“The cow eats grass” “The man saw the dog” అను వాక్యములలోని eats, saw అను మాటలు ఏమి తెలియజేయును? Cow, man చేయు పనులను తెలియజేయును. ఇట్టి పనులను తెలియజేయు మాటలు Verbs (క్రియలు) అనబడును.
2. ‘This book is on the table’ అను వాక్యములో is ఏమి తెలియజేయును ? పుస్తకము యొక్క స్థితిని చెప్పును. ఇట్టి స్థితులను
తెలిజేయు మాటలు కూడ Verbs అనబడును.
3. ‘ I have a pen’ అను వాక్యములోని have ఏమి తెలియజేయును? ఒకదానిని కలిగియుండుటను తెలియజేయును. ఇట్టి మాటలు కూడ Verbs
అనబడును.
పనులను, స్థితులను కలిగియుండుటను తెలియజేయు మాటలు Verbs అనబడును. ఉదా : walk, run, is, own, belongs..
Def:- A Verb is a word which expresses “doing, being, or possessing”; as Rama walks. The penis black. Iown a house in this town.
Ex. 3. Point out the Verbs in the following :-
ఈ క్రింది వానిలోని Verbs చెప్పుము .

(a)
1. I see a ball.
2. Birds fly.
3. The boy runs.
4. Krishna brings water.
5. The sky is blue.
6. He has a pen.
7. Dogs bark.
8. Boys go to school.
9. Where are your books?
10. How many hands have you?
11. The boy is writing.
12. The girl shuts the door.
13. Weeat food.
14. Itis raining.
15. Who sits on the chair?
16. The boy comes.
17. The child plays.

(b)
1. A tiger killed the goat.
2. Stones are very heavy.
3. He went home.
4. The boys are playing.
5. We sleep at night.
6. Cows eat grass.
7. Bring some water.
8. Sit on the bench.
9. Bullocks draw carts.
10. She reads well.
11. The old man tells stories.
12. The boy is talking to his father.
13. I gave him a book.
14. The cat is very pretty.
15. He drinks water.
16. The horse runs fast..

Ex-4. Fill up the blanks with Verbs :-
ఈ క్రింది ఖాళీస్థలములను Verbs తో పూర్తి చేయుము (a) 1. The sun—–2. The dog—-3. Fire —4. Birds—– 5. The bird—–6. Children – —-7. The child—–8. Fishes——9. Dogs——–10.——the door. 11. The horse—-12.Boys——13. on the bench. 14. The cock — –15.———your books down.

(b) 1. This——- my pen. 2. He——–at the map.3. The girl—– on the slate. 4. The cow——two horns. 5. You—–a teacher. 6. The calves.—–the milk. 7. They——- writing copies. 8. They—-no caps.
9. Ia scout. 10.——-he a teacher? 11.——-they school boys?

(c) 1. I——with apen. 2. Krishna— — on the mat.3. The boy—–water.4. – —- me your book. 5. What —–your father?  6 . —–me your nose.7. Where — — your books? 8.—– your book with you. 9. How many eyes ——-you? 10. The teacher —– on the blackboard. 11. Whose books —- these ?12.—–a rupee from him. 13.—-him a rupee.

(d) 1. We must ——–every promise that we —–2. The watch —–good time . 3. The teacher ——my request. 4. We should never —–our promises. 5. I——- in an application for leave . 6. He —-for ten days leave. 7. He —— hold of a rope . 8 . They —— a trap for catching mice. 9. The bird ——-some eggs in the nest .10. I have to ——- an urgent demand this month . 11. He —–prayers to god . 12. He ——his heart to his friends. 13 Every Hindhu ——his prayers at dawn to the sun God .

Ans:- 1. keep, make 2. keeps. 3. granted 4. break 5. put 6. applied 7. caught 8. set 9. laid 10. meet 11. offers 12. opened 13. says

3. The Pronoun (సర్వనామములు)

‘Gopal bought a mango’ ‘Gopal gave the mango to Gopal’s brother’s aden’Gopal bought a mango’; ‘He gave it to his brother’ అని చెప్పుదుము. ఈ వాక్యములో he, it, his అను మాటలు వేనికి ador dat hoe? Gopal, mango, Gopal’s e-Nouns కు, బదులుగా క్రమముగా ఉపయోగింపబడినవి. ఇట్టి మాటలు pronouns , సర్వనామములు) అనబడును.
Nouns (నామవాచకములు) కు బదులుగా ఉపయోగించు మాటలు Pronouns (సర్వనామములు) అనబడును. ఉదా :-
he, they, I, may, thou, you, yours, she, it etc.
Def: A Pronoun is a word used in the place of a noun.
N.B. Pronouns help us to avoid repetition of nouns.
Ex. 5.
Name the Pronouns in:-
ఈ క్రింది వానిలోని Pronouns చెప్పుము.
1. I love my mother.
2. Your sister is very kind to me.
3. We have placed our books here and we don’t find them.
4. Rama asked his father to give him a ball.
5. Our parents told us to do their bidding.
6. My aunt took her children for a walk.
7. She is fond of them and they are fond of her.
8. My kitten is running after its mother.
9. Gopal says this slate is his, but I know it is mine.
10. He will not lend me his pen.
11. He cried out “Jesus, Thou art our Lord”.

Ex. 6. Name the Pronouns in these and the Nouns for which they are used:
ఈ క్రిందివానిలోని Pronouns చెప్పి అవి ఏ Nouns కు బదులుగా వచ్చెనో చెప్పుము.
1. Gopal told his brother to come to him.
2. Rama’s watch has stopped; he cannot tell the time by it.
3. School boys must obey their teacher.
4. Rama took his book and placed it on the table.
5. The boy brought some mangoes and they were very sweet.
6. The boys took their kites and went out to fly them.
7. John asked Mary to give him her pen.
8. The cow loves its calf.
9. The girl lives in her father’s house, because she is blind.
10. The father and his son went to catch the train, but they missed it. 11. When the monkey saw the woodman, it climbed a tree to get out of his way.
12. Gopal’s aunt is very fond of him, and so he goes out to see her every day.
13. Rama asked his father to give him a ball.

Ex. 7. Fill up the blanks with Pronouns :-
ఈ క్రింది ఖాళీస్థలములను Pronouns తో పూర్తి చేయుము.
a) 1.—– is a good book. 2. —- am your student. 3. is my brother. 4. are my pens. 5.– -am not a schoolboy. 6. —- –is standing. 7.- ——-have no caps on our.  heads. 8. Take the book and put– on the table. 9. Where is—— going? 10. Why are——talking to? 11. Does
—- love her mother? 12. Is this book? 13. Write— – name on the book. 14. Are —- your friends? 15. Is—- your slate?

Ans: 10. you, him 12. yours 14. they 15. this

b) 1. Seeta loved———-husband. 2. Rama loved —-  wife. 3. Gopal did not do—work and —- master punished—-
4. I have lost——pen, will you give me —-? 5. Your book is red–is green. 6. My sister took the ——-book and went to school. 7. I told —-sister to keep-books in—-box.8. The gardener plucked the flowers and put —- in a basket. 9. All sons should be obedient to—- parents. 10. The queen loves people. 11. Rama lost —- book and found in-1 –brother’s box. 12. The dog broke —- leg.

Ans:-5. mine 7. my, her, my 9. their 11. his, it, his.

Ex. 7 A.
(a) “This is my box” అను వాక్యములో my అను మాటకు బదులు mine అనుమాట నుపయోగించి “The box is mine” అని వ్రాయవచ్చును.
So my, our, your, her, their అను మాటల నుపయోగించి వాక్యములను తిరిగి వ్రాయుము.
1. That is your pen.
2. That is her box. 3. Is this my book?
4. This is their house.
5. Those are our shoes.
6. Are these your books?
7. This is her doll.
8. Is this your cap? 9. That is your slate?
10. This is my coat.
11. These are her books.
12. Those are our pencils.
(b) “That coat is yours’ అను వాక్యములోని yours అను మాటకు బదులు your అను మాటను ఉపయోగించి ‘That is your cont’ అని వ్రాయవచ్చును.
Soda mine, ours, hers, yours, theirs
ఆను వానికి బదులుగా my, our, her, your, their అనునవి ఉపయోగించి వ్రాయుము.
1. This cap is mine.
2. That pen is yours.
3. Those slates are theirs.
4. Is this book hers?
5. These pencils are yours.
6. Are these shoes yours?
7. Is this doll mine?
8. This gown is hers.
9. The garden is theirs.
10. Are those books yours?
11. This house is not ours.
12. These caps are not theirs.

4. The Adjective (విశేషణము)

Rama is a good boy’ ‘He saw a white horse’ అను వాక్యములలోని good, white అనుమాటలు ఏమి తెలియజేయును? రాముడెట్టి గుణముగలవాడో, గుఱ్ఱమెట్టి రంగుగలదో చెప్పుచున్నవి. ‘He gave me six mangoes,’ ‘I saw two men’ అను వాక్యములలోని six, two అనుమాటలు ఏమి తెలియజేయును? పండ్ల సంఖ్యను, మనుష్యుల సంఖ్యను చెప్పుచున్నవి. “There is much water in the pond”; “Give me some bread” అనువాక్యములలో much, some అనునవి నీరు ఎక్కువ యనియు, రొట్టె కొంత అనియు, అయా వస్తువులు పరిమితిని చెప్పుచున్నవి. ఇట్టి మాటలు Adjectives (విశేషణములు) అనబడును.
2. వస్తువుల గుణములనుగాని, పరిమితినిగాని, సంఖ్యనుగాని తెలియజేయు మాటలు Adjectives (విశేషణములు) అనబడును. ఉదా: black, small, big, short, four, little, all etc.
Def:-  An Adjective is a word which tells the kind or quantity.
Ex: a black horse, little money, two boys.
Ex8
Point out the Adjectives and the Nouns they qualify :- ఈ క్రిందివానిలోని Adjectives చెప్పి అవి ఏ nounsను qualify చేయునో చెప్పుము కా
(a) 1. This is a black pen.
2. Gopal is a good boy.
3. The sky is blue.
4. It is a red flower.
5. He has a short pencil.
6. It is a small book.
7. He has a big house.
8. The wall is white.
9. A green leaf is on the table.
10. The milk is sweet.
11. Rama is lazy.
12. I have three pencils and two pens.
13. He is the tallest boy in the class.
14. The earth is round.
15. There are twelve houses in this street.
16. This is a fat cat.

(b) 1. I saw a tall tree.
2. This bad boy struck that little girl.
3. A strong man rode on a large horse.
4. A white dog ran after a black goat.
5. He is a young man.
6. All the boys left the class.
7. The old man spoke very kindly.
8. Tell those men to go away.
9. The bat has very soft wings.
10. He carries a thin stick.
11. Rama is a clever boy.
12. This room contains ten boys.
13. There are two books in the box.
14. Give me some rice.
15. Many men do like that.

Ex. 8 A. Fill up the blanks with Adjectives :-
ఈ క్రింది వానిలోని ఖాళీస్థలములను Adjectives తో పూర్తి చేయుముః 1. Rama has a — –pen. 2. The boy wears a——coat. 3. There are
——– clouds in the sky. 4. The mangoes are —5. He has — hands. 6. The night is—– 7. There are——flowers in the basket 8. The chair has –legs. 9. He sleeps on a — bed.  10. The stone is—— 11The elephant is a –. –animal. 12. His book has a —-cover. 13. I saw an —-man.14. A  —–boy is playing in the street. 15. It is a——-house. 16. His cap is——17.I see—-flowers in the——grass. 18.
Govind is an —- — boy.

Ans: 1. costly
2. winter
3. white
4. ripe
5. long
6. dark
7. many
8. four
9. soft
10. heavy
11. huge
12. thick
13. old
14. little
15. big
16. pretty
17. yellow, green
18. idle.

Ex. 8 B

ఈ క్రింది జాబితాలలో (2) వ జాబితాలో నిNounsకు తగిన Adjectives ను (1)వ జాబితాలో నుండి ఏరి చెప్పుము.

(1) స జాబితా                      (2) వ జాబితా                          (1) స జాబితా                                             (2) ప జాబితా
1. Cold                                 Soil                                        1. Tall                                                         Walk
2. Cool                                 Street                                     2. Full                                                        Girl
3. Soft                                  Drink                                      3. Pleasant                                               dog
4. Hard                                Building                                  4. Warm                                                    lane
5. Day                                  Mind                                      5. Strong                                                   Moon
6. Narrow                             House                                   6.Hungry                                                   Clothing
7.Broad                                Breeze                                   7. kind                                                       Copy
8. Dirty                               Child                                       8. long                                                        Child
9. Large                              Weather                                 9. True                                                       Treatment
10. Little                              Bed                                      10. Sharp                                                     Constitution
11. Spacious                       Limps                                   11. Pretty                                                     Knife
12. Swift                             Water                                   12. Truthful                                                 Boy

Ex. 8. C
(a) Model Sentences: Milk is white. Life is short.
ఈ క్రింది (a) జాబితాలో Nouns కు తగిన Adjectives ను (b) జాబితాలో నుండి ఎంచి పై చూపిన వాక్యములవంటి వాక్యములను వ్రాయుము.
(a)                                                                              (b)
1. Iron                                    7. Cotton                              Green                   Cold
2. Gold                                   8. Air                                    Sweet                   Bright
3. God                                   9. Blood                                Red                      Hot
4. sugar                                 10. Silver                               Soft                      Great
5.Bread                                  11. Marble.                           Heavy                   Light
6. Grass                                   12.Silk                                 Useful                   White

1. Table 2. Dog 3. Sky 4. Ball 5. Well 6. Coat 7. Road 8. Moon 9. Pencil 10. Sun 11. Benches 12. Stones 13. Knives 14. Roses 15. Clouds.

Add suitable Adjectives to the following Nouns:- ఈ క్రింది నామవాచకములకు తగిన విశేషణములు చేర్చుము

1. Boxes 2.lions 3. day 4. house 5. fields 6. hill 7. flower 8. wheels 9. town 10. school 11. knives 12. book 13. grass 14. sky 15. room 16. street 17. sea 18. soldier 19. boy 20. friend 21. fox 22. milk 23. horse 24. mountains 25. wall 26. mistakes 27. stick 28. skin 29. stone.

Add suitable Nouns to these Adjectives :- ఈ క్రింది విశేషణములకు తగిన నామవాచకములు చేర్చుము :-
1. Hard 2. pretty 3. new 4. yellow 5. great 6. learned 7. brave 8. big 9. clever 10. good 11. large 12. red 13. blue. 14. green 15. white 16.black 17. dear 18. these 19. round 20. sweet 21. sharp 22. heavy 23. high 24. bright 25. cunning 26. five 27.some 28. young 29. bold 30.idle 31. old 32. short 33. small. 34. many 35. bad 36. true 37. kind 38. dark 39. deep 40. long 41.broad 42.second 43. fourth.

5. The Adverb(క్రియావిశేషణము)

“The boy spoke loudly” అను వాక్యములోని loudly అను మాట ఏమి తెలియజేయుచున్నది? పిల్లవాడు ఎట్లు మాట్లాడెనో చెప్పుచున్నది; కనుక !oudly అనుమాట spoke అను Verb యొక్క అర్ధమును విశేషించుచున్నది.
2. “Rama is a very good boy” అను వాక్యములోని very అను మాట ఏమి తెలియజేయుచున్నది? రాముడు ఎంతమంచివాడో చెప్పుచున్నది. కాబట్టి very అను మాట good అను adjective యొక్క అర్ధమును విశేషించుచున్నది. “The man walks very slowly” అను వాక్యములోని very అను మాట ఏమి తెలియజేయుచున్నది ? ఆ మనుష్యుడు ఎంత నెమ్మదిగా నడుచుచున్నాడో తెలియజేయుచున్నది. కాబట్టి very అను మాట slowly అను adverb యొక్క అర్ధమును విశేషించుచున్నది. ఇట్టి మాటలు
Adverbs అనబడును.
క్రియలు తెలియజేయుపనులు ఏ విధంగా జరుగునో, ఎక్కడ జరుగునో, ఎప్పుడు జరుగునో, ఎంతవరకు జరుగునో, మొదలగు విషయములను తెలియజేయు మాటలు విశేషణముల పరిమితిని, ఇతర క్రియావిశేషణముల పరిమితిని, (degree) తెలియజేయు మాటలు, Adverbs (క్రియా విశేషణములు) అనబడును. ఉ: loudly, fast, quickly, here, there, now, then, to- day, to-morrow, yesterday, quite, very, not etc.

Def:- An Adverb is a word which qualifies (or adds to the meaning of) a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Point out the Adverbs and the words they modify in:-

1. He sat down quickly.
2. You sat there.
3. He is sleeping now.
4. He writes quickly.
5. The horse runs fast.
6. This horse is very black.
7. They came to see me yesterday.
8. I told him then.
9. The girl sings sweetly.
10. The boy writes well.
11. He will come tomorrow.
12. He is coming here to-day.
13. He never speaks to me.
14. The fox jumped again.
15. He always tells lies.
16. They will walk back tomorrow.
17: Once there was a king.
18. The boy went away to his house.
19. The boy walks slowly up.
20. He tried once.
21. He is quite right.
22. He will always try to be good.

Fill up the blanks with Adverbs:-
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములోని ఖాళీస్థలములను Adverbs తో పూర్తిచేయుము :-
1. The horse runs ————–2. I want to sit ——-3. I am —
——weak. 4. He sat down— 5. The boy is crying  —-6. The man speaks ——loudly. 7. Will you come —-? 8. He will – — come back. 9. The teacher spoke to me very—– 10. He wrote the letter – 11. He will go to Madras— 12. The cow walks—–13. Rama loves his son—14. The boy went—— 15. I met him —-16. He gets up—-17.——–tell lies. 18. There was—– a king. 19. The sun shines—–

Ans: 1. fast 2. down 3. very 4. suddenly 5. aloud 6. very 7. soon 8. surely 9. kindly 10. yesterday 11. to-morrow 12. slowly 13. deeply 14. home 15. unexpectedly 16. early 17. never 18. once 19. brightly.

Ex. 11 B.
Fill up the blanks with suitable Adjectives or Adverbs :-

—
1. He broke — –the door. 2. The horse broke —- and ran away.   3. He kept to his studies. 4. A post has fallen —-in your office. 5. I felt at the time of the examination. 6. I was taken—soon after I came home. 7. The lion was set —–8. He made —the loss. 9. We ran —- of funds. 10. Your argument does not hold —-. 11. He was tried and found 12. He struck the man—-

Ans: 1. open 2. loose 3. close 4. vacant 5. tired 6. ill 7. free 8. good 9. short 10. water 11. guilty or wanting 12. dead or down.

6. The Preposition(విభక్త్యర్థపదములు)

“The book is on the table” అను వాక్యములో on అను మాట యేయే వస్తువులకు గల సంబంధమును (అనగా పైన క్రింద, ప్రక్కన, etc.)
తెలియజేయును? table అను noun నకు book అను noun నకు గల సంబంధమును తెలియజేయును.
“He is kind to me” అను వాక్యములో to అను మాట me అను pronoun నకు kind అను adjective నకు గల సంబంధమును తెలియజేయును. I swim in the river అను వాక్యములో in అను మాట, river అను noun నకు swim అను verb నకు గల సంబంధమును తెలియజేయును.
ఒక noun నకు లేక pronoun నకు మరియొక మాటకును గల సంబంధమును తెలియజేయు మాటలు Prepositions (విభక్త్యర్థపదములు) a. with, by, for, from, of, in, on, at, upon, to etc. Def:- A Preposition is a word which shows the relation between a noun or pronoun, and some other word.
A preposition is said to govern the noun or pronoun that comes after it. The noun or pronoun is said to be the object of the prepostion.

తెలుగు భాషలో విభక్తి ప్రత్యయములు చాలా భాగము Prepositions వలె పనిచేయును.
“In the book”=’5”
ఇంగ్లీషు భాషలో preposition (in) నామవాచకమునకు గాని సర్వనామమునకుగాని పూర్వము వచ్చును. తెలుగు భాషలో విభక్తి ప్రత్యయము వానికి తరువాత వచ్చును.
Point out Preposition in :-
Ex. 12
ఈ క్రింది వానిలో Prepositions చెప్పుము.
1. He rides on a horse. 2. The book is on the desk. 3. The box is in the room. 4. I am going from Bombay to Madras. 5. He fell into the well. 6. I saw him at the gate. 7. He beat the dog with a stick. 8. The lesson is about the tiger. 9. Here is a present for you. 10. The sun gives us light during the day. 11. He spoke to the elephant. 12. The elephant is between the two horses. 13. He stood by the door. 14. I am loved by him. 15. He went through the wood. 16. The box is under the table. 17. The leg of the dog is broken. 18. The boys go home after school. 19. The bench is near the wall. 20. The boy stood before the teacher. 21. There is a horse behind the elephant. 22. There are many pupils in the school. 23. The children played with him. 24. I saw him during the battle. 25. Look at the sky. Ex. 12 A
Fill in the blanks with Prepositions :-
ఈ క్రింది వానిలో ఖాళీస్థలములను Prepositions తో పూరిరేయుము :-
3. The boy is the class. 4. The mat is
see
1. The map is— the wall. 2. There is water —- the tank. the floor. 5. We our eyes. 6. The chair is -the wall. 7. Chairs are wood. 8. The girl goes–school. 9. The child plays — a ball. 10. The boy came—the room. 11. He took a pen—the box. 12. I sold the book-sixty paise. 13. He has a cap his head. 14. He smells —- his nose. 15. He put the piece of bread —- his mouth. 16. He has a cap—- his hand. 17. The teacher sat —- the two boys. 18. There is water — the bridge.

1. The Conjunction (adj)

‘Ram and Gopal are brothers’ and అనుమాట వేనిని కలుపుచున్నది? Ram, Gopal అను నామవాచకములను కలుపుచున్నది. ‘Hecan readand write’ అను వాక్యములో and అను మాట వేనిని కలుపుచున్నది? ‘He can read; He can write’ అను వాక్యములను కలుపుచున్నది. ‘I want penor pencil’ అను వాక్యములో or అనునది వేనిని So? ‘I want a pen, I want a pencil’ e కలుపుచున్నది. ఇట్టి మాటలు Conjunctions (సముచ్చయములు) అనబడును. వాక్యములను గాని, మాటలనుగాని కలుపు మాటలు Conjunctions (5v5jobáva) ca.: and, but, or, because, therefore, as, until, unless, although etc.
Def: A Conjunction is a word used merely to join together words or sentences.
Ex. 13. Point out the Conjunctions in:
ఈ క్రింది వానిలోని Conjunctions చెప్పుము.
(a) 1. Govind and Krishna are good boys. 2. He is very clever but lazy. 3. The boy is good and clever. 4. Give me a pen or a pencil. 5. The boy can only read but cannot write. 6. The cow and the calf will be sold. 7. You must stay there or go. 8. The man is poor but very honest. 10. He or his brother has done it. 11. The boy is lazy or dull. The following exercise and Ex. 13.B. may be taken up after Chapter IX is finished.
9. The horse is lost or stolen.
(b) 1. Rama and Gopal are brothers. 2. The man is tall and handsome. 3. The man is happy, though he is poor. 4. I think that you must go. 5. Do not go out, unless it is finished. 6. Be silent, while I am talking. 7. I will wait, till you are ready. 8. You cannot go out, as it is raining. 9. His father believed him, because he always speaks the truth. 10. The man is rich, but very mean. 11. Neither Ram nor Gopal came to school to-day. 12. He struck both me and my brother. 13. Tell me if you broke the window. 14. Do not throw stones, lest you should hurt someone. 15. He is either deaf or dumb.
Ex. 13 A. Split up each of the sentences in Ex. 13 (a) into separate
sentences.
Ex. 13 (a)లోని ప్రతివాక్యమును రెండేసి వాక్యముల క్రింద విడదీయుము. Ex. 13. B. (a) Fill in the blanks with suitable Conjuctions:
—
ఈ క్రింది వానిలో ఖాళీస్థలములను తగిన Conjunctions తో పూర్తి చేయుము. 1. He sang —-she danced. 2. Rama is strong — -he is a coward. 3. Krishna —- I were in Tuni then. 4. I like sugar – my sister does not. 5. the sun is hot now, I shall not go out. 6. the teacher entered the class, the pupils got up. 7. You can have coffee tea. 8. Portia is—beautiful— -good. 9. You will pass —- you work hard. 10. You cannot pass you work hard. 11. You must help me —- I cannot join the college. 12. Two-Two make four. 13. Govind has stolen-Rama has stolen. 14. The crops failed —- there were no rains. 15. They went on playing —-it became dark. 16. The train had left —- I went to the station. 17. He was not only clever humble. 18. The train started – I reached the station. 19. come in–go home.
Ans: 2.but 5. as 6. when 7. or 8. both 9. if 10. unless 11. otherwise 13. or 14. because 15. till 16. when 17. but 18. before 19. either, or.

b) Rewrite the following as correct sentences supplying suitable Conjunctions wherever necessary

అవసరమైనచోట తగిన Conjunctions ఉపయోగించుచు ఈ క్రింది వానిని సరియైన వాక్యములుగా తిరిగి వ్రాయుము.
1. I want paper pen.
2. Give me a pen a pencil.
3. Take your book read.
4. Govind Krishna are good friends.
5. I know him I do not like him.
6. The cow the calf are in the field.
7. The boy is good dull.
8. The cow the calf is in the field.
9. The boy may stay here go home.
10. Go see where he is.
11. You may go home sleep.
12. Govind, Krishna has done this.
13. He is rich happy.
14. He will come telephone?
15. You lied your parent.
16. Asleep awake, night day he is worried.

Ans:- 1. and 2.or 5. but 7.but 8. or 9. or 12. or 14. either, or 15. Either you lied or your parent. 16. or, or
Ex. 13 C.
Combine the following with suitable Conjunctions:- ఈ క్రింది వానిని తగిన Conjunctions తో కలుపుము.
1. The boy can read. The boy can write.
2. The book is on the desk. The slate is on the desk.
3. Sita is a good girl. Savithri is a good girl.
4. The man is deaf. The man is dumb.
5. The boy is clever. The boy is careless.
6. I met Rama. I met Krishna.
7. He did the work quickly. He did the work neatly.
8. He has stolen the letter. His brother has stolen the letter.
9. I cannot lift the stone. It is very heavy.
10. I will give you the book. I will give you its price.
11. The boy is young. The boy is very strong.
12. Will you have tea? Will you have coffee?
13. The boy is clever. The boy is industrious.
14. I must find the book. I must buy another.
15. The boy is going to school. The girl is going to school.
16. The boy is in the room. His father is in the room.
17. I must sleep. I am tired.
18. To risk a battle is the problem. Not to risk a battle is the problem.

Ans:- 1. The boy can read and write. 2. The book and the slate are on the desk. 3. Sita and Savithri are good girls. 4. The man is deaf and dumb. 5. The boy is clever, but careless. 8. He or his brother has stolen the letter. 9. because 10. the book
or its price. 12. tea or coffee. 14. or 16. The boy or his father is in the room. (The boy and his father are in the room) 18.or.

8. The Interjection, భావోద్రేక ప్రకటనార్ధకము)

హఠాత్తుగా మనసులో కలుగు సంతోషమునుగాని, ఆశ్చర్యమునుగాని, విచారమునుగాని, భీతినిగాని తెలియజేయు మాటలు Interjections (భావోద్రేక ప్రకటనార్థములు) అనబడును. ఉ: Ah! Oh! Alas! Hurrah! Ho! etc. Def: An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden and strong feeling such as joy, surprise, sorrow, fear etc..
The Article
A, an, the : ఈ మూడు మాటలు Adjectives లో చేరినవయినను వీనికి Articles అని ప్రత్యేకముగా పేరు ఈయబడినది.
Use of the Articles-a and an
వీనిని one లేక army అను అర్ధమునందు ఉపయోగింతురు. There is a book on the table. (=one). How many sides has a triangle ? (=any).
(2) అచ్చు యొక్క ధ్వనితో ప్రారంభించు మాటల ముందు an ఉపయోగింపబడును. ఉ: an ox, an ant, an hour, an heir. An is used before words beginning with a vowel sound.
(3) హల్లులు యొక్క ధ్వనితో నారంభించు మాటలముందు a వచ్చును. ఉ: a boy, a cat, a house, a year, a young man. A is used before words beginning with a consonant
sound.

Note : 1 మాటకు మొదట వచ్చిన
(a) U అనుదానికి “యు” కారోచ్చారణ ఉన్నపుడును
(b) O అనుదానికి “ప” కారోచ్చారణ ఉన్నపుడును అవి హల్లులగును. ఉ:
(c) a unit, a useful book, a European, a University,
(d) a one rupee note, such a one. Jesh alimum of Note: 2. Silent ‘h’ 35s an 403383. &: an hour, an honour, an heir.
Ex. 14. Put a or an before the following.

1. house 2. ox 3. man 4. cow 5. egg 6. tree 7. ass 8. fox 9. elephant 10. orange 11. mango 12. axe 13. box 14. old man 15. island 16. goat 17. one 18. unit 19. hour 20. honour 21. history 22. historical 23. owl 24. eagle 25. horse 26. ant 27.boy 28. eye 29. order 30. iron 31. frog 32. owner 33. goose 34. umpire 35. book 36. uproar 37. urgent business 38. uneven ground 39. European 40. Umbrella 41. useful servant 42. hotel.

Ans: an for 15, 19, 20, 23, 32, 34, 36 to 38, 40
a for 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 39, 41, 42.

Use of Capitals: 1. Jars, 2. Poetry 6 ప్రతి line మొదటిమాట, 3. మనుష్యుల పేర్లు. 4. దేశముల పేర్లు, 5. పట్టణముల పేర్లు, 6. వారముల పేర్లు, 7. నెలల పేర్లు, 8. నదుల పేర్లు, 10. పర్వతముల పేర్లు, 11. I, God అను మాటలు, 12. God ను సూచించు (a) rouns (Almighty, Lord), (b) pronouns (Thou, He), 13. 5
వాక్యపు మొదటి మాట Capitals తో నారంభింపవలెను.
Ex 15. Put Capitals where they are required:
(a) Once i went to calcutta, there i bathed in the river ganges. one sunday in the month of february i went to see a friend. he was not at home he went to the church to offer his prayers to god. my friend asked me,” why did you not come to the station?” i said “my father stopped me to look to some urgent business.” gopal and krishna are very close friends. they will leave madras for bombay next monday. rama re- turned last week from england. the indian ocean lies to the south of india the himalayas are the highest mountains in the
world.
(b)a hungry spider made a web of threads so very fine

your tiny fingers scare could feel the slender little line. Subject and Predicate

Subject                                  Predicate
He                                          laughed
Cats                                        catch mice
I                                              ask you this question
Rama                                      was rich
The table                                 is made of wood.

పైవిధముగా వాక్యములను రెండు భాగముల క్రింద విభజింప వచ్చును. ఒక భాగము Noun గాని Pronounగాని అయియుండును. దానిని గురించియే – ఆ వాక్యము చెప్పును. దానినే Subject అందురు.
రెండవ భాగము ఆ Subject ను గురించి చెప్పును. దానినే Predicate అందురు. కాబట్టి Subject గురించి చెప్పునది అంతయు Predicate
అనబడును.
Def: The Subject of a sentence is noun or noun equiva- lent about which something is said.
Def: The Predicate is all that tells about the subject. Predicate లో ముఖ్య భాగమును Verb అందురు. ఉ: laughed, catch, was, ask, is made.
Def: The essential part of the predicate is the verb. Subject, Verb, and Object కర్త. క్రియ, కర్మ,
“Rama killed a tiger” ఈ వాక్యములో చంపుటయను పని జరిగినది. ఈ పనిని ఎవరు చేసిరి? రాముడు చేసెను. ఏమి చేసెను? చంపుట యను పనిని చేసెను. దీని ఫలమేది పొందినది? పులి పొందినది. కాబట్టి వాక్యమందు సాధారణముగా మూడు భాగములుండును.
1. ఒక పనిని చేయువాడు 2. వాడు చేయు పని 3. ఆ పనియొక్క ఫలమనుభవించువాడు.
1. పనిని చేయువానిని తెలుపుమాట Subject(కర్త).
(“కర్త” అను పదమునకు సరియైన ఇంగ్లీషు మాట “Doer or Agent” కాని ‘కర్త’ “Subject” అనునవి పర్యాయపదములుగా వాడబడుచున్నవి. మనుష్యులను మాత్రమే గాక సమస్త ప్రాణికోటిని, ప్రాణములేని వానిని తెలిపెడు మాటలు కూడ Subject గా నుండవచ్చును.)
2. వాడు చేయుపనిని తెలుపుమాట Verb ( క్రియ).
3. వాడు చేసిన పని యొక్క ఫలమును పొందు వానిని తెలియజేయు మాట Object(కర్మ).
Subject(కర్త) యును Verb (క్రియ) యును లేకుండ వాక్యమేర్పడదు. Object (కర్మ) ఒకప్పుడుండును, ఒకప్పుడుండదు. ఇది (క్రియ)ను బట్టి
యుండును.
ఉ :1. “Rama came” అను వాక్యములో Rama అనునది Subject(కర్త). camme అనునది Verb (క్రియ), ఇచట Object (కర్మ) లేదు. 2. “The cow gives milk” అను వాక్యములో cow అనునది Subject(కర్త), gives అనునది Verb (క్రియ), milk అనునది Object (కర్మ).
N.B. – యీ దిగువ మాదిరి వాక్యములలో subject లోపించును. ఉ
‘ sit down’; ‘come here’; అనగా (you) sit down; (You) come here గనుక యీ రెండు వాక్యములలో you అను Subject లోపించినది.

How to find out Subject, Verb and Object

కర్మను కనిపెట్టు విధము
మొదట వాక్యములోని Verb (క్రియ)ను కనిపెట్టవలెను. ఇది సులభము. ఏలన Verb(క్రియ) ఎల్లప్పుడు ఒక పనిని తెలియజేయుమాట అయియుండును. Verb నకు వెనుక ఎవడు, ఎవరు, ఏది, ఏవి అనుమాటలలో నొకదానిని ఉంచి ప్రశ్నవేయగా వచ్చుజవాబే Subject (కర్త) అగును. ఆ Verb నకు వెనుక ఎవనిని, ఎవరిని, దేనిని, వేనిని, అను మాటలలో నేదో యొకదానిని ఉంచి ప్రశ్నవేయగా వచ్చు జవాబు Object(కర్మ) అగును. ఒకప్పుడు Verb నకు twoobjects రెండు కర్మలు) ఉండును. ఉ:- ‘Rama gave me a book’ ఇక్కడ me, book అను Objects (50)
N.B :- వాక్యరచనలో ఇంగ్లీషు భాషకును, తెలుగు భాషకును గల భేదము: ఇంగ్లీషు భాషలో సాధారణముగా మొదట Subject, తర్వాత Verb, తర్వాత Object (S.V.O.) వచ్చును. తెలుగుభాషలో సాధారణముగా మొదట Sub- ject, తరువాతObject, తరువాత Verb వచ్చును. (S.O.V.)
ఉ: Rama killed the tiger రాముడు పులిని చంపెను.
Ex. 16: Break up the following sentences into Subject and Predicate.
1. Gopal had a friend. 2. He met his friend in the hotel. 3. We gave him five rupees. 4. Once there lived a king. 5. Wl.cre were you last year? 6. After six months he came back. 7. He asked Krishna for his book. 8. Why did you fail in the exami- nation? 9. Give me back my pen. 10. Have you any money with you? 11. How many legs have you? 12. How many boys are there in this class? 13. When did he die? 14. Whom do you punish?
Ex. 16. A. Pick out the Verbs in Ex. 16.
Ex. 17. Pick out the Subjects in:-
1. The pen is black. 2. They have books in their hands. 3. Why did you fail in the examination? 4. Where do you go now? 5. Here are two boys. 6. Whose help do you take? 7. The cow is eating grass. 8. There are two pencils on the desk. 9. Give me your book. 10. Where is your book? 11. Show me your hand. 12 Where is your book? 13. Are these your pens? 14. Have you a cap? 15. Who broke the slate? 16. Whose book is
this?
(b) 1. Good boys do not lose their books. 2. Are there many boys in your school? 3. Have they seen a tiger? 4. How many books have they? 5. Whom did you see? 6. What does the man want?

Ex. 18. Pick out the Objects in:-

1.  The boy learns his lesson.
2.  I saw the tiger.
3.  I put my pen on the desk.
4.  My father broke his stick.
5.  You did not bring many books.
6.  He often caught a lot of fish.
7. He threw his net into the water.
8.  He found no fish in it.
9. What do you want?
10. Whom do you appoint?
11.  Whose book did you buy?

Ex. 19. Pick out the Subject, Verb, and Object in:-

1. I heard a loud noise.
2.  The boys showed him their copybooks.
3.  Do not punish him.
4.  Show me your book.
5.  I will tell you a story tomorrow.
6.  Sometimes we lose our books.
7.  There are four men in the room.
8.  Why did you leave the class?
9.  Please give me your pen.
10.  Did you not see him?
11.  Take up your books.
12.  Have you seen a camel?
13.  Where do you get salt water?
14.  Can you get some water?
15.  Do you see my hand?
16.  Get me some sugar.
17.  Here are five pencils.
18.  What are you doing?
19.  Which of these fruits do you not like?
20.  What do you want?
21.  How does he do the work?
22.  Has nothing been done?
23.  Do not run away.
24.  What did he do?
25.  My father sent me a watch.
26.  Gopal told me a story.
27.  What is your name?

Analysis

Def: A Sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense.
Analysis అనగా వాక్యములను (sentence) అవి యే యే భాగములు గూడి అయినవో వానిని అట్టి భాగముల క్రింద విడదీయుట.

The chief parts of a sentence are the subject and the Predicate. If the Verb is transitive, there is also an object. A sentence may contain only one subject and one predi- cate; or more subjects than one and more predicates than one.

Def: A sentense which contains only one subject and one predicate is called a Simple sentence as :

1. Birds fly.
2. I brought a book.

Def: A Clause is a group of words, forming part of a sentence and having a subject and a predicate of its own as: In ‘I cannot sya whenhe went away’ there are two clauses: 1. 1 cannot say. 2. When he went away.
A sentence which contains more than one subject and more than one predicate may be either Complex or compound.

Def: A sentence which contains one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses is called a Complex sentence as : 1. It is not known who has done this. 2. I think he destroyed the letter which you sent him.

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

N.B: For ‘Principal and Subordinate’ clauses; see Chapter IX.

Def: A sentence which contains at least, two principal clauses is called a Compound sentence; as: Birds fly and fishes swim.

N.B: A compound sentence may also contain subordinate clauses depending upon the principal clause; as:- The teacher asked the boy why he was crying, but he gave no answer.

Simple Sentences are of five kinds :

1. An Asser. sentence simply affirms or denies some- thing (a) An Affirmative sentence states a fact: God made the world. (b) A Negative sentence denies or says ‘no’ : He did not go.
2. An Interrogative sentence asks a question: Did God make the world?
3. An Imperative sentence gives an order: Come here. Go there.
4. An Optative sentence states a wish or prayer : God save the king.
5. An Exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling (as an interjection does: How great God is!

The chief parts of a Simple sentence are the subject, the verb and the object. The subject or the object is always a noun or a noun equivalent. We may add the meaning of a noun (i.e. we may enlarge its meaning) by an Adjective (or an Adjective equivalent.) In analysis we call this, Enlargement of the subject or of the Object. This is also called an Adjectival adjunct or Attribute.

The essential part of the predicate is the verb. We may add to the meaning of a verb by an adverb (oranadverb equivalent) which extends its meaning. This in analysis, we call the extension of the verb; this is also called anAdverbial adjunct. Note: A verb of incomplete predication requires a complement.

Thus we have Seven parts in a sentence:
The subject and its enlargements (Attributes)
The object and its enlargements (attributes)
The verb, its complement and its extensions (adjuncts)

Let us analyse the sentence:

The good king loved his country dearly.

(1) Subject king
(2) Enlargements of the subject – the good
(3) Verb: loved
(4) Extension of the verb: dearly.
(5) Object: country
(6) Enlargement of the object : his

Examples of Analysis

(Answers are given in a tabular form on page 210)

1. Once a hungry fox saw some fine grapes hanging upon a wall.
2. A man employed for the purpose found the thief stealing awatch.
3. One hot summer day a small boy aged eight was bringing water from a river.
4. Rama, the son of Dasaratha, killed many cruel demons in the forest with the greatest ease.
5. Rama, the exile, made Vibhishana, King of Lanka after Ravana’s death, amidst great rejoicings.
6. Lear, King of Britain, became mad at the ingratitude of his daughters.
7. My father taught all his sons Physical Science with much success.
8. Alexander, the King of Macedonia, was surnamed the Great, after his conquest of the Persian Empire.

Ex. 40 B

Analyse the following Simple Sentences:

1. A tall fisherman once caught a small fish.
2. The people of Arabia often cross the sandy deserts.
3. The last straw breaks the camel’s back.
4. Your tiny fingers scarce could feel the slender little line.
5. The hungry spider carefully watched the happy little flies.
6. The little flies saw there the pretty shining web.
7. All the flies flapped their little wings.
8. Theold teacher punished the wicked boy very severely.
9. Once upon a time a certain jackal chased a ewe-sheep.
10. Once a little black ant found a large grain of wheat.
11. In Arabia much of the land is desert.
12. In the Indian village was a cart drawn by two bullocks.
13. On the otherside of the bridge a cart drawn by four horses has stopped.
14. What did you say? 15. Where have you seen him?
16. Rama was presented with a watch by his father.
17. There is no use in crying over a broken jar.
18. Krishna, the monitor of the ninth class was severely punished by his class teacher.
19. Into the valley marched slowly the whole army before night-fall.
20. The good alone are happy. Complex sentence To analyse Complex sentence we should study the na- ture of clauses.

Subordinate Clauses

There are three kinds of subordinate clauses: (1) the Noun clause, (2) the Adjective clause, and (3) the Adverb clause. (1) A Noun clause does the work of a Noun. (b) An Adjective clause does the work of an Adjective. (c) An Adverb clause does the work of an Adverb.

Noun Clauses

A Noun clause does the work of a Noun, so like a noun it may be:-

(1) (a) The object of a transitive verb:

1. We know that he is a good boy.
2. Tell me if you can spare time.
3. No one knows whether he is alive.
4. Ask him when he wrote the letter.
5. We could not tell whence the noise arose.
6. Do you know where he  The Subordinate clause is printed in italics; the word or words to which it is grammatically related are printed in thick. lives?
7. She asked him why he was weeping.
8. The king asked him how old he was.
9. We cannot say who wrote the letter.
10. Find out which of the boys broke the bench.
11.I ask that I may be given time.
12. I do not know whom I am to punish.
13. I do not know whose pen is lost.
14. Take whatever you like.
15. Take whatever steps you like.
16. I asked him what he was doing.
17. I wish to know what he was doing.
18. Tell me what you have brought.

Note (1) In the sentence 16 above, we may supply the words, “the question”, before’ what’ (e.g. – asked him (the question) what he was doing) In the sentences 17 and 18 above, we may supply the words, “the answer to the question.” before what 17: Tell me (the answer to the question), What you have brought.

In these two sentences (16, 17, 18) the what – clauses) are dependent questions, what being an interrogative pronoun. So, if the words, “the question,” may be supplied before a what – clause depending upon a verb of asking; or the words the answer, to the question before the what-clause depending upon a verb of knowing or telling, the what – clause is a noun clause.

Note-(2) See that he finishes the work soon. Take care (=see) that he does not run away with the money.

Mind (=take care) that you are not caught. Jšávo 5*5 noun caluse e ‘see’ ‘take care’ ‘mind’ esas objecte.
(b) The retained Object of a Transitive verb :- I was taught that learning is good.
(c) The Object of a Infinitive:- He asked me to say what I wanted.
(d) The Object of a Participle:- Knowing that he was a fool, I did not talk to him at all.

(e) The Object of a Gerund: We all ran to the tent on hearing that it caught fire.
(1) The Object of the Transitive meaning in the Noun: 1. There is a hope that he may recover (=It is hoped that he may recover).
2. I have suspicion that he is not honest (=1. suspect that he is not honest).
3. There is a clear proof that he stole the purse. (=1 it is clearly proved that he stole the purse).
N.B. Other nouns used in this way are belief, doubt,fear.

(g) The object of the Transitive meaning in the combi- nation (to be + adjective):
1. The captain was afraid that he could not save the ship (feared)
2. I am desirous that you should succeed (=desire)
3. I am hopeful that I shall succeed (=hope)
4. I am certain (or sure) that he is a rogue (=know).

Note In the following sentences, the that clauses coming after the same combination (to be +adjective) had better be construed as noun clauses used adverbially to the adjectives –
1. I am glad that you have passed the examination.
2. The teacher is angry that you are not attentive in the class.
3. I am sorry that he failed in his attempt.
(h) In the following sentences the that clauses are to be construed as noun clauses used adverbially to past participle –
1. Rest assured that you will be given promotion.
2. She is annoyed that you are going away.
3. The people were disgusted that Caesar should make a triumph over another Roman.
4. I was grieved that you were unnecessarily punished
5. I was surprised that he failed in the examination.
6.1 was rejoiced that you had won the suit.
7. Cursed be 1, that I did so.
8. The boy was pleased that he had won a prize.

(1) In the following sentences the that – clauses are to be construed as Noun clauses used adverbially to verbs.
1. Do not The verb to be with an adjective is similar in meaning to a trnasitive verb.” laugh at me that I say so.
2. I rejoice that you are left off without any punishment.
3. I warned him that a repetition of the mistake would cost him his job.
5. I cursed him that his whole family would perish before long.
6. Igrieved that you should be so angry.
7. I will never consent,. not that your offer is a bad one but because I do not trust you.

(2) The Object of a Preposition
1. It is plain from what you have said.
2. There is no sense in what you spoke.
3. I have no idea of what you are going to do.
4. Go whenever you like except that you must not go in the rain.
5. He daily takes batavias except when they are not available.
6. Do not depend upon what he says.

(3) The Subject of a verb-
1. That he is a good boy is well known.
2. What he said was false.
3. When he goes here is not known.
4. How this happened has to be found out.
5. Why he failed is quite clear.
6. Whether the child will recover is still doubtful.
7. Where Rama was born is unknown.
8. Who broke the slate could not be found out.
9. Which way the boy went not observed.
10. Whatever I have is yours.

Note: A noun clause may be used as a Nominative Absolute; as :-
That he took the money having been proved, it rests with him to show that he did not take it with a dishonest motive.

(4) (a) The Subjective Complement of a verb :-
1. This was what you said yesterday.
2. This is where I live.
3. My fear is that I may fail.
(b) The Objective Complement of Verb:- We have made him what he is.
(5) (a) Put in Apposition to a Noun: The fact that he is a good boy is well known.
2. Your statement that you met Govind is false.
3. The report that he was killed is untrue.
4. The idea that the sun moves round the earth was shown to be wrong.
5. There is a belief among the Hindus that the appearance of a comet foretells a national calamity.
(b) Put in Apposition to a Pronoun: It is well known that he is a good boy.
2.1 take it that you have finished the work.
3. Depend on it that I shall help you.
4. It is certain that he will be here tomorrow.

N.B. Thus it is seen that Noun clauses are always intro- duced by the Conjunctions: that, if and whether, and by the Interrogative adverbs: when, whence, where, why and how; and by the Interrogative pronouns: who, which and what; and by the Compound relatives: whatever, whichever, whoever, etc.

Adjective Clauses

An Adjective clause does the work of an adjective, so like an Adjective it qualified a noun or a pronoun.

Study the Adjective clauses in the following also:

1. The boy who came here yesterday is gone.
2. This is the book which I lost.
3. Bring me the horse that I bought.
4. Here comes the man whose foot was hurt.
5. This is the girl whom 1 wanted to marry.
6. There was no one present but pitied him.
7. Read such books as are useful.
8. This is the same story as i told you yesterday.
9. You are late again as usual.
10. I collected as many flowers as I could.
11. Do you know the time when he started?
12. Tell me the place where he lives.
13. The reason why he failed is clear.
14. This is the house in which he lived.
15. This is the boy that I spoke of.
16. We follow Mahatma Gandhi than whom India has not produced a nobler son.
17. Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
18. People trust those who discharge their debts.
19. He who serves his country serves God.
20. We love them who love us.
21. Whom the gods love die young.
22. Who steals my purse steals trash.
23. This is the way how you should proceed.
24. I will fulfil what I have promised.
25. Give me what you have brought.

N.B. Thus it is seen that Adjective Clauses are always introduced by the relative pronouns: who, which, that, whose, whom, but and as; and by relative adverbs: when, where, why and How.

Note-(a)

1. Do you know the time when he came here?
2. Do you know the place where he lives?
3. Tell me the reason why he was absent.
4. That is not the way how you should treat him.

In the above sentences, when, where, why and how have You are late again as (is)usual (Adj. Clause qualifying the idea contained in the Principal Clause) You are late again as (it is) usual (Adv. Clause of manner modifying are late) Who the gods love (Adj. Clause qualifying those understood).

Those die young (Main Clause). Who steals my purse (Adj. Clause qualifying the understood). He steals trash (Main Clause). time, place, reason and way respectively for their antecedents; so they are relative adverbs and they introduce adjective clauses.

Note-(b)

1. Do you know when he came here?
2. Do you know where he lives?
3. Tell me why he was absent.
4. This is not how you should behave.
In the above sentences, when, where, why and how have no antecedents as before and they introduce noun clauses.

Note-(c) In sentences 24 and 25 above, before the what clauses, the words, “the question” or the words “the answer to the question,”cannot be supplied; so those clauses must be construed as Adjective clauses qualifying the antecedent that understood before them (for purposes of analysis); for the sentence 24 means:-

What I have promised, that I willl fulfil. For purposes or understanding the meaning of the sen- tence, we may replace what by that which, when the sentence reads: I will fulfil that which I have promised.

Ex. 40 D

Pick out the Adjective Clause and give its construction:-
1. This is the boy who takes pains.
2. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
3. All that glitters is not gold.
4. This is the place in which Rama lived.
5. What is the cause for which you are come?
6. He would not tell the reason why he refused.
7. He is not a man whom we can trust.
8. This is the boy for whom the police have been searching.
9. Give me as many books as you can spare.
10. The news is not such as I expected.
11. I played with the same bat that he did.
12. There is none but, will agree with me.
13. There is no Hindu but knows the story of Ramayana.
14. Napoleon is a general than whom a better has not been seen.
15. The boy whose pen was lost came weeping to me.
16. This is not the time when you should play.
17. The place where it happened is not known.
18. All is well that ends well.
19. This is a gift from heaven to him who loves best.
20. We will follow Brutus than whom Rome knows no nobler son.

Adverb Clause

An adverb clause does the work of an Adverb; so it adds to the meaning of some Verb, or Adjective or another Adverb i.e. modifies it.
Adverb clauses may be classified as:- Adverb clause of (1) Time, (2) Place, (3) Manner, (4) Extent or Degree (5) Com- parison, (6) Reason or cause, (7) Result or Effect or Conse- quence, (8) Condition or Supposition (9) Purpose, and (10) Concession or Contrast.

(1) Time: When he was six years old his fathr died. It struck me as I was speaking. Wait here until I return. He came here a few minutes after you left. It is long since I heard from you. Make hay while the sun shines. He came here, before I got ready.

As soon as he came here, he heard the news. He entered the room just as the clock struck. The sun will rise so long as the world lasts. You may work as long as there is light. While walking in the dark he sprained his foot (=While he was walking in the dark etc.) Till called for this must be kept (=Till it is called for, etc.) This done, he went home (=When this had been done etc.)

(2) Place: He stood where he was without moving. Where there is a will, there is a way. Let him be arrested wherever he may be found. Go quickly whence you came. Whither thou goest I will go. Fools rush in whereangels fear to tread. Where twain (two) had thought the same good thought, there Allah’s house should be.

(3) Manner: He did as he was told. You reap as you sow.. As is the king, so are the subjects. You may do as you please. He tried to appear as if he liked it. (=He tried to appear as (he would appear) if he liked it). (You) Rewrite as (you are) directed.

Note-In the sentence “The captain set sail with as much indifference as if I had been on board the ship” the clause: as (the captain would set sail) – is an Adv. cl. of degree but not
manner.

(4) Extent or Degree: This is not true so far as I know. He ran as fast as he could. He ran so quickly that I could not overtake him. The more men have, the more they desire. The sooner he comes, the better (it is for him). He is so poor that he cannot pay his school fee.

(5) Comparison:- Rama writes better than Krishna. He is older than he looks. He is as stupid as he is lazy. You are as tall as Gopal. He is not so rich as his brother. No sooner did he see the snake, than he fell senseless.

(6) Reason or Clause: Please grant me leave, as I am not well. He cannot attend school because he is very weak. Since you spoke the truth, I excuse you. Now that you are grown up, you may manage your affairs. Seeing that the medicine did not act, he applied a fresh medicine. He yielded to the enemy, in as much as his army was thoroughly defeated. In that he himself has suffered being tempted, he is able to succour them, that are tempted. I prompted him on the ground that he was efficient.

(7) Result or Effect or Consequence He behaved in such a manner, that he was dismissed from school. Very heavy rain fell so that rivers were soon in floods. So great a fire broke out that London was burnt down.

(8) Condition:- If you work hard, you will succeed. You cannot catch the train unless you walk fast. Had I any money, I would give you some. Were I you, I should not act like that. Should I be appointed in your office, I would try to please you with my work. In case he does not show progress, he will be sent out. But that I saw it with my own eyes, I could not have believed it.

Provided (that) you promise to behave better, I shall excuse you this time. Supposing it were true how would you proceed? But that he is sick he would be here to-day. He sees very well, considering that he is sixty years of age. Whether you call in a doctor or not, he will not recover. Whether good or evil, you will have to put up with it.

(Whether it is good or evil, etc.) If necessary, we must go elsewhere (=If it is necessary etc.) Weather permitting I will come (=If weather permits, etc.) I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the mistake.

Note-In each of the following sentences, the main clause is not adversative in meaning; hence the subordinate clauses are to be construed as Adv. Clauses of condition and not concession. Whatever you do, be just (=whether you do this or do that etc.) Whichever way he goes, we are sure to catch him. However he acts, he will not take us by surprise.

Note: A generalizing relative pronoun or relative adjective ro relative adverb without any antecedent expressed or understood, introduces an adverb clause of condition;

(9) Purpose He worked hard that he might pass the examination. He drew his sword in order that he might defend himself. He did not touch me lest he should catch the disease. Men work so that they may earn money.

Note: As an Adverb clause of purpose shows what is wished or desired, the verb in it, is in the Subjunctive mood.

(10) Concession or Contrast:- Though he is poor, he is honest. Though much alarmed at the news, he did not lose hope (=Though he was much alarmed at the news, etc.) He wants to try again, although he has failed a number of times. Even if it rains, Ashall be present there. Weak as I am I can walk a mile without any difficulty. However intelligent you may be, you cannot

1. Generalizing relative pronouns are a special kind of relative pronouns formed by adding ever, or sever to ‘who’ ‘whom’ ‘which’ or ‘what’.
2. Generalizing relative Adjectives which are much commoner are whichever, whichsoever, whatever, whatsoever.
3. Generalizing relative adverb. However. succeed without industry. Notwithstanding that he has already slept for ten hours, he still feels sleepy. For all you say, I still like him. Cost what it might (=whatever it might cost) he would have it. He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.

However much or often he may try, he will never succeed. However rich he may get, he will not be contented. However well you may work, you cannot demand more than your stipulated pay.

Admitting that he is innocent, he might have avoided bad company. If I am dull (=though I admit that I am dull) I am at least industrious. Whatever amount or trouble he took, he would not make a fortune (=even if he took any amount of trouble etc.)

Note 1. The main clause of a sentence containing a clause of concession is adversative (-opposed) in meaning to the subordinate clause.
Note-2. When the subordinating conjunction however takes some adverb (e.g. much, well or often etc.). or some adjectives (rich, intelligent etc.) it introduces an Adverbial clause of concession.
N.B. Thus it is clearly seen that Adverb clauses are introduced by

(1) the Subordinating Conjunctions as, when, if, because, until, after, since, while, than, unless, before, etc.
(2) the conjunction that when it means so that or in order that, or when it follows so as a correlative and
(3) generalizing relatives without any antecedent expressed or understood.

Now study the following clauses :-

Who – clauses

1. (a) (a) Tell me who beat you. (N.CL.)
(b) Who did you say he was.
Note ‘Who he was’ is a noun clause of ‘did you say’. Who is the subjective complement of Inter, verb was therefore nominative (So whom is wrong).
(b) (a) I know the man who beat you. (Adj. CI.)
(b) He is a man who, I know is trustworthy. (Adj. Cl.) Note-“I know” is an adverbial clause of parenthesis; who is the subject of is trustworthy.
(c) He is a man whom I know to be trustworthy.(Adj. Cl.) Note – Here whom is the object of know.
(c) Rama sent this book to my brother, who sent it to me. (Pr. Cl; who and he).
(d) They should pardon my son, who has never committed such a fault before – (Adv. Cl. of reason who because he). (e) Envoys were sent, who should sue for peace
Envoys were sent, that might sue for peace. (Adv. Cl. of purpose)

Which-clauses

(a) I know which way I should take. (N.CI.)
(b) The book which you gave me is lost. (Adj. CI.)
(c) He hanged all the priisoners, which was a very bar- barous act. (Pr. Cl. which and it).
(d) I cannot solve this sum which is so difficult. (Adv. Cl. of reason; which = because it).

When – clauses

(a) Do you know when he was born? (N.Cl.)
(b) Do you know the time when he was born? (Adj. Col.)
(c) Come to me at 5 p.m. when I shall accompany you to the beach. (Pr. Cl. when = and then).
(d) I was here when he came. (Adv. Cl. of time). Where-clauses
(a) I know where he was born? (N.CL.)
(b) I know the place where he was born? (Adj. Cl.)
(c) On 24th January, we reached Calcutta, where we stayed a fortnight. (Pr. Cl. where = and there).
(d) I live where he lives. (Adc. Cl. of place)

That-clauses

(a) He said that he was going. (N.CI.)
(b) This is the boy that I spoke of. (Adj. Cl.)
(c)(a) He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him. (Adv. Cl. of result)
(b) He is so poor that he cannot pay his school fees. (Adv. Cl. of extent or degree).
(c) He works hard that he may succeed. (Adv. Cl. of purpose).
(d) He is pround that he is rich (Adv. Cl. of reason). If-clause

6. (a) I doubt if he passed the examination. (N.CL.) (b) (a) If he is in Madras, I shall see him (Adv. Cl. of Condition).
(b) If the English paid ship money (although it is true that they paid ship-money), they did it under protest. (Adv. Cl. of concession)

Why-clause

7. (a) I know why he has come back. (N.CL.)
(b) I know the reason why he has come back. (Adj. Cl.)

But-clauses

8 (a) He is intelligent, but the problem is too hard for him. (Pr. Cl.)
(b) There is no rose but has a thorn. (Adj. Cl.) (but = that not–There is no rose that has not a thorn)
(c-1) (a) It never rains but it pours. (Adv. Cl. of condition; but = unless – It never rains unless it pours) (= it never rains without pouring). There is nothing good or bad but (unless) thinking makes it so
(b) The boy stood on the burning deck whence all but he had fled (even if he did not flee)
(c) I would have gone but that you forbade me (Adj. Cl. of condition; but that if not).
(d) Perdition catch my soul, but I love thee (Adv. Cl. of condition; but if not).
(c-2) (i) He is not such a fool but he can tell that (Adv. Cl. of result; but that not)
(b) Inever go there but I see him.
(Adv. Cl. of result; but when not).
(d) (a) Never fear but I will go. (N. Cl. ; but that- not =Never fear that I will not go)
(b) It cannot be but Nature hath some Director of infinite power. (N. Cl. but that not. It is impossible that Nature has not a Director of Infinite power.

Note 1. In the above sentences it gives emphasis to the noun or pronoun following; and for that purpose, the simple sentence is turned into a complex one; for instance sentence is merely a very emphatic form of saying ‘I want Rama’ — Rama and nobody else.
Note:- 2. In sentence 1 to 6 it =the person(s), while in sentences 7 and 8, it – the thing (s).
Note:-3. The subordinate clauses in the above eight sentences, may be construed as Adjective clauses qualifying the pronoun it.
Note:-4. From the above eight sentences, it is seen that it is used as an antecedent to relatives of either number and any gender and any person.

So the antecedent of the relative pronouns in all the sentences is it, but the verb in the adjective clause agrees (both number and person) with the pronoun before the relative, but not with the antecedent (b) as it generally should; otherwise, ‘I who say’ in sentence (5) and, “They who is’ in sentence (6) sound monstrous.
Note:- 5. In such sentences as:-
(1) Is this a dagger which I see before me?
(2). Is that a knife that he has in his hand?

The adjective clause qualifies this in sentence (1), and that in sentence (2).
B-1. It is rarely that I meet him.
2. It was here that it happened.
3. It was on this condition that I went.
4. It is with this temper that I consider this affair.
N. B.:- At first sight, these sentences appear to be of the form of those sentences containing a formal subject like: ‘It is right that you should come; which is the more usual way of saying “That you should come is right’, but the above sentences in (B) will not bear this inversion; for instance, sentence (1) becomes ‘That I meet him is rarely’, which is nonsense.
In those, four sentences in (B) that is a conjunction so these sentences seem to defy grammatical analysis but the that clauses may be construed as Noun clauses used adverbially to adverb(rarely, here) and adverb equivalents (on this condi- tion, with this temper).
Note:-6. (a) It was twelve O’ clock when I reached this place. (Adv. Cl. of time, modidfying was).
(b) It was yesterday that he repaid the loan, (Noun. Cl. used adverbially to the adverb, yesterday).
(c) I rember the day that he repaid the loan. (Ad. Cl. qualifying the noun, day) Here that (=on which) is an adverbial accusative.

Ex. 40 G.
Analyse into clauses and give their Construction:-
Example: When he reached the cottage door Krishna who had gone out to attend a fair, was grieved to find that his absence had made his mother so ill that she was almost dying.
clause.
Ans: 1. Krishna was grieved to find: — Prinicipal
2. When he reached the cottage door :- Adverb clause of time modifying the verb, was grieved.
3. Who had gone out to attend a fair:– Adjective clause qualifying the noun, Krishna.
4. That his absence had made his mother so ill:-Noun clause, object to the infinitive, to find.
5. That she was almost dying:- Adverb clause of result modifying the adverb, so.
This is a Complex sentence containg four-Subordinate clauses.
(a) – 1. He thinks he is still a young man and will eve to eat the fruit of the tree he is planting.
2. When the pigeons heard this advice, they did as their king told them.
3. When he saw it, he could not make out what it was and why it was put there.
4. A little while after the workmen had left the place, a herd of monkeys, who lived in the trees close by came down to see what was being done.
5. That is the reason, why every bat who has lived since then, is afraid to come out of his den until he knows by the darkness deep that the birds and beasts are all gone to sleep.
6. When he went into the fields next morning, he met the fox, who told him to go straight on till he came to a castle.
7. The prince looked so young, that the King of the country said he would spare his life, if he would bring him the golden horse, which could run quicker than the wind.
8. Next morning the King said that if the price could bring him a lovely princess, who lived in a golden castle, he would spare his life.
9. The moment the prince entered the room in which the King and Queen were sitting, every one in the castle awoke, and the prince was again made prisoner.
10. The bales of cotton which are pressed into small space, are then taken to the factories or mills, where the cotton is spun into yarn or thread.
11. The birds that come to the tree under which I live tell me that you are good and wise, and know everything.

Ans. :-(a)-5-(a) That is the reasnon Pr. Cl. (b) why every bat is afraid… den… Adj. Cl. qualifying reason (c) Who has… then… Adj. Cl. qualifying bat. (d) Until he knows… deep… Adj. Cl. of time modifying is afraid. (e) That the birds… sleep … N. Cl. Object of knows.

(a)-8-(a) Next morning the king said -Pr. Cl. (b) That he would spare his life -N. Cl. object of said. (c) if the prince could-princess-Adv. Cl. of condition, modifying would spare. (d) Who lived… castle — Adj. Cl. qualifying princess.

(b) 1. With the quick insight which every child in Holland has, the boy perceived at once that the water must soon enlarge the hole, through which it was now only dropping and that the whole country would be flooded and ruined.

2. He knew that, if he removed the small slender finger, which he had opposed to the escape of the water, he himself and the whole village, would perish.

3. Certain it is that at day-break he was found in the same painful position by a clergyman; who as he advanced thought he heard groans, and bending over the dyke, discovered that the child was writhing with pain.

4. Uberto was seized as a ‘traitor’, and the nobles thought they used him very gently, when only decreed that he should be banished for ever from Genoa and deprived of all his property.

5. He asked what ransom was expected for the youth, and learned that he was belived to be a person of importance, -not less than two thousand crowns would be taken.

6. The son of a vile mechanic, who told you that one day you might repent the scorn with which you treated him has the satifaction of seeing his prediction accomplished.

7. This Dionysius refused, unless some person could be found who would consent to suffer death in his stead, if he did not perform his promise.

8. If you attain this object, you may serve your friends in Greece so that, when they see you they will look at you as a wonder, as was the case with Themistocles.

9. When the captain saw this, he sent some of the most beautiful things he had, to the king of the country who was so much pleased, that he sent for the captain to come to his palace.

10. When Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy the second time, he led his army across the cold stormy Alps, where the snow lies deep all the year round, and the roads are often blocked up by masses of ice.

11. Never was the old saying that a dutiful father had dutiful children better exemplified than in Sir Thomas More’s family.

12. My friends’s talk made so bold an impression on my mind, that soon after I was abed, I fell insensibly into a most unaccountable reverie that had neither moral nor design in it and cannot be so properly called a dream as a delirium.

13. When contrary to the wicked hopes he had formed, his brother proved victorious his envy and malice knew no bounds, and he swore he would burn the chamber where Orlando slept.

14. I once put a wasp into the nest, but when the spider came out in order to seize it as usual, upon perceiving what kind of enemy it had to deal with it instantly broke all the bands that had held it fast and contributed all that lay in its power to disengage so formidable an antagonist.

15. When the ship fell and the mast became nearly horizontal, he crawled out to the mizzen-top, and sat there till the spar gave way and plunged him into the waves, whence he was dragged into one of the boats half-drawned but grasping tight his precious trust.

16. Nor is there in the whole range of nature a grandeur or more magnificent scene than is the ocean in a storm, when deep calls unto deep, and its liquid mountains roll and break against each other, when it dashes to pieces, in the wantonness of its power, the strongest structures which man can rear for the purpose of floating over its billows, than it is that the proudest and bravest tremble and quail at the roaring and thunder of the waves.

17. When such a man perceives that if he fails, every one will be able to understand the risk that has been incurred, but that if he succeeds, no one will estimate the danger that has been silently overcome, he bows nevertheless to the supreme dictates of his judgement, regardless alike of the honours of his own age and the praise of posterity.

Ans–(b) 1-(a) With the quick insight, the boy perceived at once–Pr. Cl. (b) which every child in Holland has — Adj. Cl. qualifying insight. (c) That the water hole… N. Cl. object of of perceived. (d) That the whole country… ruined… (N. Cl. Co. ordinate to ill (e) Through which it droppin Adj. Cl. qualifying hole.

3.(a) Certain it is — Pr. Cl. (b) That at day-break he… clergyman – N. Cl. put in apposition to it. (c) Who thought- -Adj. Cl. qualifying clergyman. (d) As he advanced – Adv. Cl. of time modifying thought. (e) (That) he heard groans. N. Cl. object of thought. (f) (who) bending over the dyke discovered -Ad. Cl. qualifying clergyman. (g) that the child was writhing with pain – N. Cl. object of discovered.

13. (a) His envy and malice knew no bounds — Pr. Cl. (b) When contrary to the wicked hopes his brother proved victorious Adv. Cl. of time, modifying knew. (c) That he had formed — Adj. Cl. qualifying hopes. (d) He swore – Pr. Cl. (e) (That) he would burn the chamber –N. Cl. object of swore. (f) Where Orlando slept -Adj. Cl. qualifying chamber.

14. (a) I once put nest-Pr. CL. (b) But upon perceiving what kind of enemy; it instantly broke all the bands –Pr. Cl. (c) But upon… enemy; it contributed all. –Pr. Cl. (d) When the spider came out seize it– Adv. Cl. of time, modifying broke and contributed. (e) As (it was) usual — Adv. Cl. of manner; modifying came. (f) (That) it had to deal with — Adj. Cl. qualifying enemy. (g) That had held it fast – Adj. Cl. qualifying bands. (h) That lay in its power to disengage so formidable an antagonist – Adj. Cl. qualifying all. (i) As the wasp (formidable) –Adv. Cl. of degree modifying so.

16. (a) Nor is … scene – Pr. Cl. (b) Than is the ocean (grand and magnificient) in a storm)- Adv. Cl. of comparison modifying grandeur and more magnificent. (b) When deep calls unto deep-Adv. Cl. of time modifying is in. (b). (d) (When) its liquid mountains roll — Co. ordinate to c. (e) (When) its liquid mountains break against each other — Co. ordinate to (iii). (f) When it (ocean) dashes to pieces in the wantonness of its power the strongest structures Co-ordinate to c. (g) Which man can… billows – Adj.Cl. qualifying structures. (i) Then it is – Pr. Cl. (j) That the proudest and bravest tremble at the roaring… waves-C. used adverbially to the adverb then (k) (That the proudest and bravest) quail at the roaring… vaves – Coordinate to l.

17. (a) He bows nevertheless… posterity — Pr. Cl. (b) When such a man perceives — ADv. Cl. of time, modifying bows. (c) that every one will be able to understand the risk- -N. Cl. object of perceives. (d) If he fail Adv. Cl. of condition, modifying will be able to understand. (e) That has been incurred — Adj. Cl. qualifying risk. (f) That no one will estimate the danger Co-ordinate to iii. (h) That has been silently over- come– Adj. Cl. qualifying danger. (i) If he succeeds — Adv. Cl. of condition, modifying will estimate

Prepositions

To prepositions, the language owes much of its flexibility, so that a person’s command of English may be judged by the way in which he use the prepositions and “They are the spice’ as John O’ London remarks.
1. ఒక Noun కు Pronoun కు గాని ముందుంచబడి, అవి తెలియచేయు వస్తువులకును ఇతర వస్తువులకును గల సంబంధము తెలుపు మాటలు Prepo- sitions అనబడును.
Ex: The book is on the table.
ఒక Preposition కు తరువాత వచ్చు noun గాని pronoun గాని ఎప్పుడును Objective case లో నుండును. అప్పుడది ఆ Preposition చేత govern చేయబడునని గాని లేక ఆ preposition కి Object అని గాని చెప్పుదురు.
2. రెండు గాని, అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ మాటలుగాని చేరి ఒక Preposi tion యొక్క పనిని నెరవేర్చున యెడల అవి Phrase-Preposition or Prepositional Phrase ad. On account of, instead of in spite of, with respect to.
Swift says “I write Gulliver’s Travels with a view to informing and instructing mankind but withut my view to profit or praise”.
3. verbs, nouns, adjectives and participles o కొన్ని ప్రత్యేకమైన prepositions విధాయకముగా వచ్చును. వాటిని Appropriate Prepositions అందురు.
da: (a) listen to, depend upon; (b) affection for; limit to; (c) fond of, affectionate to, (d) astonished at, born to. Intransitive verbs a Preposition 530 Transitive verbs అగును. అప్పుడు ఆ Prepositions ను విడిగా phrase చేయకూడదు. He laughed at me. I looked at the sky.
4. Use of phrases: (a) in view of (b) with a view to (c) with the view of the above three phrases are each equivalent to a preposition and each is liable to be confused in meaning or in form with the others.

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

When the verb cannot be used as noun [or has no noun fom] there is only one use of the phrase government issued gold bonds on liberal terms. (b) i.e. with the gerund of the verb; e.g.-With a view to overcoming foreign exchange difficulty, the
Note: (1) The variant of the phrase (b), with the infinitive (with a view to increase) is not only vulgar and unidiomatic but ungrmmatical in as much as the phrase, being equivalent to a preposition, should not be followed by the verb form (to increase).

Prepositions denoting (a) Point of time and
(b) Period of time.
(1) Study the following sentences :
(1) You must be back by four ‘O’ clock.
(2) I have been ill since yesterday.
(3) He will take the medicine from the first of January.
(4) 1 shall return before Friday next.
(5) The school has been closed since May.
(6) His health has been bad since 1950.పై వాక్యములలో Four o’ clock, yesterday, First of January, Friday next, May, 1950 అనునవి ఒక పని ఎప్పటి నుండి ప్రారంభించునో లేక ఎప్పటిలోపున ముగించునో నిర్ణయించుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి ఇట్టి మాటలు Point of time ను తెలియజేయును.

(2) Study the following sentences:
(1) I shall be back in an hour.
(2) Istayed there for a day.
(3) I shall finish the work within four days.
(4) I have been here for the last one month.
(5) I have been studying English for two years.
(6) 1 have not heard from you for a long time.
పై వాక్యములలో An hour, A day, Four days, One month, Two years, A long time అనునవి ఒక పని యెంతకాలము జరిగినది లేక జరుగుచున్నదో, అనగా ఆ పనియొక్క అవధిని లేక పరిమాణము (Duration of action) ను సూచించుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి ఇట్టి మాటలు Period of time ను తెలియజేయును.

Note : 1. Point of time ను తెలియజేయు మాటల ముందు ఉపయోగింపబడిన Prepositions ఏవి? By, since, from, before, ఈ Prepositions ను point of time ముందేకాని period of time ముందుపయోగింప
కూడదు.
Note : 2. Period of time ను తెలియజేయు మాటల ముందు వుపయోగింపబడిన Prepositions ఏవి? In, within, for, కాబట్టి ఈ Prepositions Period of time wods Point of time
ముందుపయోగింపకూడదు.

Special uses of Prepositions

1. In-at : పెద్ద స్థలముల విషయములలో In, చిన్న స్థలముల విషయములలో at ఉపయోగింపబడును.
ఉదా : (1) He lives in Calcutta. (2) He is now in England. (3) The party stopped at an inn. (4) He was born at a small village in Mysore. (5) The English won the battle fought at Plassey in Bengal.
At, point of time ను సూచించును. in, period of time ను సూచించును.
ఉదా: He will start at sixo’ clock in the evening. He will start in a month.
2. In, within : ఈ రెండు కూడ, period of time ముందుపయోగింపబడును. In an hour అనగా ఒక గంట అగుపరికి within an Thour అనగా ఒక గంట లోపుగా.
hour).
ఉదా: You must return in an hour at the end of an hour) You must return within an hour (before the end of an
Note: This work must be done within four o’clock తప్పు; ఏలన four o’ clock అనునది point of time కాబట్టి This work must be done by (or before) four o’ clock అనవలెను.
3. After, in : ఈ రెండును కూడ period of time ను సూచించును. కాని period of time భూతకాలమునకు చెందునపుడు after వాడవలెను. భవిష్యత్కాలమునకు చెందునపుడు in వాడవలెను.
ఉదా: He started work after a few days. He will start the work in a few days.
N.B.: After భవిష్యత్కాలము విషయములో ఉపయోగింపబడకూడదు. ఉదా : He will start the work after a few days అనుట తప్పు.
4. From, since ఇవి రెండును కూడ point of time సూచించును. అర్థభేదము కూడ లేదు, కాని ప్రయోగమునందు మాత్రము భేదము కలదు.
Since ఉపయోగించునపుడు verb Present perfect tense లో గాని, Present perfect continuous tense లో గాని వుండవలెను. కాని from ఉన్న వాక్యములో verb ఏ tense లో నైనను ఉండవచ్చును.

Note 1. ‘I have been ill from yesterday’ y ‘I have been lame from my childhood అనవచ్చును.”
Note 2. ‘I have been unwell since three weeks’ e తప్పు; ఏలన, “Three weeks’ అనునది period of time కాబట్టి ‘I have been unwell for three weeks’ అనవలెను.
V. For, before: 536 for, period of time; before point of time మ సూచించును.
From a verb, past tence verb చే సూచింపబడు పని యొక్క ఆది, అంతములు చెప్పవలెను. of time ను సూచించును.

Note 1. ‘I am suffering from pain from four dayss is a very common mistake; it should be: I have been suffering from pain for four day
Note:2. Theschoolwillnotoperyora week’s Theschool willnotopen in (or within) a week’ అనుట తప్పు; ఏలన? అట్టి negativesentence లో for మాత్రమే ఉపయోగింపవలయును.
VI. By, with : కర్త (ఒక పనిని చేయువాడు) విషయములో oy యును, ఒకపని చేయుట కుపయోగపడు సాధనము (instrument) విషయములో.. with ను ఉపయోగింపనగును.
A: The boar was slain by him with a dagger.

Ex. 35 I.
Insert correct Prepositions in the places left blank:-

1. The field was ploughed up.. ….a peasant….a pair of oxen. 2. The work must be done…. twelve O’clock. 3. You must be back…. a week. 4. No one has seen him…. Wednes- day last. 5. He cannot get home…. sunset. 6. I shall be ready to start….two or three days. 7. Take care to be back midday. 3. I shall not be back…. the end of the week. 9. He has been absent from home…. Friday last, and I do not think he will return…. the 30th of next month. 10. Let me see you again… ..an hour’s time. 11. I have been having fever…. ten days. 12. I shall have completed my task…. to-morrow evening. 13. The train will start…. forty minutes from now. 14. I have lived. …Allahabad…. Ist March. 15. i was born…. Rome-Italy. 16. The city motor service will not be opened…. a year. 17. He succeeded in his attempt…. four years. 18. I received the message….eight O’clock…. the morning. 19. I saw him felling a tree…. an axe. 20. The portrait was painted….a famous artist who lived…. the seventeenth century. 21. He will start his business…. to-morrow. 22. You must finish your work…. three O’clock this evening. 23. My friend cannot get up….7 O’clock.

Ans: 1. by; with 2. by 3. in 4. since 5. before 10. in 11. for 12. by 13. in 15. at; in 16. for 17. after 21. from 22. before (or by).

Ex. 35 J
Correct the following by correcting the prepositions :-

1. I have not seen him since three days. 2. I was born at New York. 3. Rama must be here within noon. 4. I shall be ready to go after two hours. 5. You will not see me again before a month. 6. I have had nothing to eat long since. 7. He has been absent from last Tuesday. 8. I shall have finished this business within to-morrow evening. 9. I have lived at Rome since a year. 10. Govind has been absent since four months and will come back after a fortnight. 11. The train will not start before ten minutes. 12. Come to my house after an hour. 13. I have been a clerk in this office since five years. 14. You have not visited me long since. 15. He was kicked with his horse. 16. He spent four months at Bengal. 17. He lives at London. 18. I have not seen him from a long time. 19. I have cut it by a knife. 20. Is Ceylon in the south or west of India? 21. I send you this letter with Govind.

Ans: 1. for 2. in 3. by or before 4. in 5. for 6. for two days 7. since 8. by 9. for 10. for; in 11. in 16. in 19. with 20. to 21. per.

Appropriate Prepositions

Absent from school.
(Be) Accompanied by a person; with a thing.
Accuse a person of a crime.
(Be) Accustomed to riding.
Adjacent to a field.
Affection for a person or a thing.
Affectionate to a person or children.
Afraid of death, punishment or animal.
Agree to a proposal; with a person; on conditions; among themselves.
Aim at a thing.

(Be) Alarmed at the sight.
Alight from a horse or a carriage on the ground, at the gate.
Amount to a hundred (come to)
Angry with a person; at a thing.
Apologise to a person(beg-pardon)
Appeal to a person or one’s feelings for redress or help.
Apply to a person, for a thing; to a thing. (e.g. the remark
applies to the present case; Apply for leave).
Arrive at a place or conclusion; in a country.
Ask a person for a thing; a thing of a person.

(Be) Ashamed of misconduct.
(Be) Astonished at the news or conduct.
Attacked by a person, with disease.
Attend to one’s work (do): to a teacher (listento): on or upon. masters or sick persons (wait on or be ready to serve).
N.B.:- Attend school, meeting, or office; church or lectures, etc. Attentive to a teacher.
Avenge (oneself) on a person (wreak vengeance).
N.B.: Avenge an insult or wrong (inflict retribution. e.g. Soorpanaka tried to avenge the wrong done to her by Rama). Bark at a thief.
Bear a grudge against a person for somthing. Beg (a thing) of person (a person) for a thing. Believe in
(1) God, ghosts (have faith in the existence of)
(2) One’s honesty (have faith in)
(3) Oil engines (have faith in the efficacy of)
(4) Pampering servants (have faith in the advisability of)
N.B. Believe a man (i.e. what he says)
Belong to a person.

(Be) Bent on doing a thing = Intent on doing a thing.
Bestow (a thing) upon a person (confer).
Beware of thieves, dogs, mistakes, dangers. etc.

(Be) Blind of one eye;to one’s own faults, or to consequences (not to see or notice).
Boast of learning, riches, strength (be proud of).
Born to sorrows; with a silver spoon in mouth: under a lucky star.
Bound for a place (going to, intending to go to e.g. The ship was bound for London).
Call at a person’s house (go there). The occasion calls for quick action: for explanation.
Call forth all (one’s) energy.
Call on or upon a person (visit him at his house).
Call upon a person (require him to do something).
Call to a person (shout to)
Care for a person or thing (attach value to)
Carry on business (continue out an order, proposal, plan
(execute it); off (remove)
Caution against danger.

Charge a person with a crime.
Cheat a man of his money. Clear off debt (discharge).
Come about (take place).
Come across anyone (meet accidentally), a word, a passage, a
thing (meet with)
Come by a thing (obtain)
Come of a respectable family.

(Be) Born of something. (result from)
Compare a thing to another (to show likeness); a thing with,
another (to show contrast).
Compete with a (person) for (a thing).
Complain of a person or thing; about a person or thing; to a person against or of another.
Comply with one’s request or wishes.
(Be) Composed of materials of which a thing is made.

(Be) concerned with a thing (have to do with), about a thing (feel uneasy or anxious); in an affair (had anything to do with).
Concur with a person.
Confident of success. Confined to bed, thing,
Congratulate a person on his success.
Consent to a thing; proposal
Consist of its parts; in (e.g. Greatness consists in pardoning one’s foe).
Consult with a person (to think together).

N.B.- Consult a person (seek his advice).
(Be) Content with one’s lot.
Correspond with a person (write letters); to something (agree with or be similar to).
Cure a person of a disease or a bad habit.
Deal with a person, subject (treat) with a person (have transac- tions with him).
Deal in rice, sugar (trade in)
Decide on or upon a plan.
Delighted with the offer; in doing good to others.
To (be) delivered of a child to (give birth to); deliver a (letter, a percel).
Depend on or upon one’s help.
Deprive a person of a thing.
Desirous of gain; desire for wealth
Despair of success.

Die of a disease, from other things (hunger, wound); by violence, the sword; in battle; for one’s country; in poverty (die a beggar)
Differ from or with a person (e.g. A person differs from or with another in opinion or on a subject. A thing differs from another (be unlike).
Difference between two things.
Distinguish one thing from another, between two things.
Divide a thing between two; among many.
Due to one’s negligence (owing to)
Duty to parents.
Endow (a school, a public hospital) with, (Be)-endowed with genius by nature.
Entrust a person with a thing; a thing to a person.
Envious of another’s success or prosperity or beauty.
Envy (n) at another’s success.

N.B. Women envy superior beauty.
Fail in an attempt.
Fail in love with a person.
Familiar with (A person is familiar with a thing); to (a thing is familiar to a person).
Feed on grass or other food;
a baby with milk, or a cow with grass.
Feel for a person in trouble (have pity for).
Fond of a fruit; reading novels, a person or thing.
Free from errors; cares; of charges interest.
Free a person from restraint.
Glad of one’s promotion, at the result.
Grateful to a person.
Greedy of gain; after riches.
Grieve at or for an event, a person.
Guard against, or from danger.
Happen to a person.

Ignorant of a fact.
Inform a person of a thing.
Inquire or Enquire into a matter; of a person;
about a matter; after a person.
Insist upon payment.
Intimate (adj.) with a person (familiar)
Intimate (verb) a fact to a person.
Judge of a person by his actions.
Lame of leg; in the right or left leg.
Lament for the dead.
Laugh at a person; for his folly.
Leave for a place (go to).
Listen to a person (hear attentively, obey) to what one says.
Live upon rice, vegetables (subsist): by begging or other means.
Look at a person, or thing.
Look after a person, thing or business (take care of).
Look for something lost (search).
Look to a thing or business.
Made of wood, clay, gold.
Meddle with a person or a person’s affairs or a thing (as a watch).
Mock at a person.
Mourn for a person that is dead.
Moved at the sight; to tears with pity; by entreaties or threats.
Need (n) for a thing; assistance; of caution.
(In) Need of help.
Necessary to happiness or success.
Necessity for his going.
Obedient to parents or teachers.

Object to a proposal.
(Be) Obliged to a person; for a favour.
Occur to one’s mind (strike or suggest itself).
Occur to a person (happen) part with money or a thing (give);
from a person (depart).
Partake of food.
Partial (adj.) to a friend.
Play at cricket; on the fiddle.
Prevent a person from coming or doing something.

N.B.:- Prevent a thing (e.g.) Rain prevented the match.
Prefer one thing to another.
Present a person with a thing.
Pride oneself upon something.
Prohibit a person from doing something.
Proud of a person, position, learning.
Provide for one’s children, oneself or family, against a coming evil or danger.
Provide a person with a thing; a thing for a person (furnish). N.B.:- Crops provide food.
Put up with one (stay with one); at a place (large); with a thing (endure).
Quarrel with a person; over a thing.
Recovr from illness.
Recover the price, etc. from a person.
Refer to a book or records.
Refer a matter to a person.
Relieve a person from pain or distress.

N.B. Relieve pain or poverty (lessen). Relieve a sentry (release from duty).
Rely on or upon a person or thing (depend on).
Remind a person of a thing (put him in mind of).
Repent of one’s past bad conduct.

N.B. Repent one’s hastiness or foolishness.
Reply to a letter or person.
Revenge oneself on a person for some injury.
Rid a place of dacoits (to get rid of); a troublesome thing.
Rob a person of a thing.
Rule over a country.

Search for or after something.
(In) Search of a thing (food etc.)
Seek for an employment or happiness; after honour, wealth etc.
Send for a person, a doctor (=require to be brought).
Shoot at a thing (bird, mark or animal)
Side with a person (go over to his side).
Sorry for the loss.
Stare at a person
Succeed to the throne; in an attempt.
Supply a person with a thing; a thing to a person.
Sure of success.

(Be) Surprised at a strange thing or news.
Sympathise with a person; another’s sorrow. Sympathy for the poor.
Thankful to a person for a favour.
Trust in a person; to a thing (man’s honesty).
Turn to a person for help.
Vexed at a thing, with a person.
Wait upon a person (attend as a servant); for a person (stay).
Want of money (absence of money).
Wanting in courage (lacking).
Warn a person of danger; against a fault.
Watch for an opportunity.
Wonder at a thing, news.
Worthy of praise.
Yield to an enemy (submit).

Ex. 36
1. Fill up the blanks with Prepositions :-

(a) 1. He is very kind…. me. 2. I write….a slate… . a pencil. 3. The tank is full…. water. 4. We cannot cross it. … foot. 5. The slate is…. the box. 6. He went…. his house. 7. Can you look…. the moon? 8. He sold his dog…. ten rupees. 9. He fell…. the river. 10. Wait…. the gate. 11. He is angry …. me. 12. Divide this…. six men. 13. Divide this…. A and B. 14. It is not fit…. use. 15. I am waiting…. my friend. 16. He died…. hunger. 17. The table is made…. wood. 18. The wall is built….stone. 19. Do not depend…. the help….others. 20. Do not depend….others….help. 21. He laughed…. me. 22. He was absent….school yesterday. 23. What are you afraid
.? 24. The boy is absent….leave. 25. The boy is….leave now. 26. I have been ill…. four days. 27. I have been ill…. yesterday. 28. He is accused…. theft. 29. He is charged…. theft. 30. The man is now…. danger. 31. He goes…. door. … door. 32. Give me a chair to sit….. 33. I have a ball to play ….. 34. I am going….a walk. 35. I am pleased…. you… your honesty. 36. He went…. Calcutta…. Madras. 37. He fell…. the horse.

Ans:- 4. on 11. with 12. among 13. between 16. of 19. upon; of 22. from 24. without 25. on 28. or 29. with 30. out of 31. from; to 32. on 35. with; about.

(b) 1. Do you agree proposal. 3. He was angry me? 2. They did not agree — my what you did. 4. You boast — your learning. 5. I beg–you this favour. 6. He did not comply — myrequest. 7. I quite sympathise you. 8. I feel no sympathy— him. 9. He was moved —pity. 10. He was moved — tears. 11. The king fell-love—the princess. 12. He is blind — one eye. 13. He is blind — his own faults. 14. You are fond —play. 15. He is-search-food. 16. I am not aware — this 17. She is delivered — a male child. 18. I supplied him–good rice. 19. He is intent his studies. 20. I prefer walking — running. 21. The crops failed- -want- rain. 22. He entrusted the work -me. 23. He entrusted me — provided food — him. 25. I provided him–
— the work. 24. 1 food. 26. On his way home he called my house. 27. You may call — me in the evening. 28. God has endowed man— reason. 29. The passage is free errors. 30. I informed you the fact. 31. Brahmins live-rice and vegetables. 32. He reminded me–my promise. 33. He put me — mind my promise. 34. I insisted— his going. 35. a Ford, he has an ambassador car. 36. Do not cry — spilt milk. 37. He died his country. 38. The business was set foot. 39. He set the house-fire. 40. I am astonished — – the news. 41. The lake abounds — fish. 42. He is proficient – –mathematics. 43. He proved false— his friend. 44. She gave birth a male child. 45. The teacher punished the boy his mischief. 46. He set out walk. 47. Oh God! keep me —: 48. I am grateful you the help you rendered me. 49. The boys are clamouring – a holiday. 50. It is 9 O’clock watch.

Ans: 1. with 2. to 3. at 4. of 5. of 6. with 7. with 8. for 9. with 10. to 11. in ….with 12. of 13. to 15. in of 16. of 17. of 18. with 19. on 20 to 21. for… of 22. to 23. with 24. for 25. with 26. at 27. on 28. with 29. from 30. of 31. on 32. of 33. in…of 34. on 35. besides 36. over 38. on 41. in 45. for 47. from 49. for 50. by.

2. Correct the following:-
1. He is angry upon me.
2. You are very kind on me.
3. Be polite on him.
4. I depend your help.
5. He does not listen my advice.
6. Look the book on the table.
7. I am pleased for him.
8. He attends upon his lessons.
9. I am suffering by pain.
10. He has been ill from four days.
11. She is afraid by a dog.
12. Chairs are made with wood.
13. I must listen what you say.
14. All along I travelled on road.
15. He attends to school regularly.
16. The proposal was agreed by them.
17. He was surprised by the news.
18. He ordered to me to finish the work soon.
19. People travel on sea.
20. Such behaviour is not worthy to you.
21. We are accustomed with these inconveniences.
22. He at once applied to the post.
23. He cheated me five rupees.
24. He robbed my property.
25. My request was not complied to.
26. These things are quite familiar with me.
27.. This cloth is different to that.
28. He ordered for ten books.

Ans: 1. angry with 2. to 3. to 4. depend upon 5. listen. to 6. look at 7. pleased with 8. attends to 9. suffering from 10. for 11. afraid of 12. made of 13. travelled by 15. attends school 16. agreed to by them 17. surprised at 18. ordered me 20. worthy of 21. are accustomed to 22. applied for 23. cheated me of 24. robbed me of my property 25. complied with 26. to 27. different from 29. ordered ten books.

Note the following Exceptions:-
That e Relative Pronoun, & Preposi- tion చేత govern చేయబడినపుడు ఆ Preposition వాక్యమునకు చివర రావలెను. కాని that నకు ముందు రాకూడదు. ఉదా : The house in that I live అనకూడదు. The house that I live in అవవలెను. That ఉన్న వాక్యములో Preposition ను చివరకు తీసికొని రావలెను. అట్లు తీసుకొనివచ్చినపుడు, that ను లోపింపజేయవచ్చును. ఉదా :- “The house I live in.’ The man that you spoke of becomes “The man you
spoke of.
or that
2. Whom, which or that 355 Preposition 3 govern చేయబడినపుడు Preposition వానికి ముందు గాని, వాక్యమునకు చివరగాని 3. 1. This is the house in which I live. 2. That is the man whom we were looking for. 3. Which of the chairs did you sit on? 4. What is this the result of?

Syntehsis Of Sentences

1. Combine into one sentence by and:

Separate Sentences
(1) Jack went up the hill.
(2) Jill went up the hill.

Combined Sentence
Jack and Jill went up the hill.

1. The child laughs The child talks.
2. You should love your brothers. You should love your sisters.
3. The dog is a domestic animal. The cat is a domestic animal.
4. John is a very good boy. James is a very bad boy.
5. The boy is good. The boy is clever.
6. I met Rama. I met Gopal.
7. The merchant sellls tea. He sells coffee. He sells sugar.
8. The man can read. The man can write.

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

2. Combine into one sentence by or:

Separate sentences
(1) Give me tea.
(2) Give me coffee.

Combined Sentence
Give me tea or coffee.

1. The boy is lazy. The boy is dull.
2. Give me a pen. Give me a pencil.
3. I must find the slate. I must buy another.
4. The book is lost. The book is stolen.
5. He stole the book. His sister stole the book.
6. He must win the battle. He must die.
7. People travel by railway. People travel by road. People travel by sea.

3. Combine into one sentence by
(1) either. … or
(2) neither …nor..
(3) both and :-

Separate sentences
(1) The father is ill.
(2) The son is ill

Combined Sentences
1. Either the father or the son is ill.
2. Neither the father nor the son is ill.
3. Both the father and the son are ill.

1. The man can read. The man can write.
2. Heis deaf. He is stupid.
3. The king was weak in mind. The king was weak in body.
4. He is mistaken. His brother is mistaken.
5. The horse is for sale. The carriage is for sale.
6. That shot will strike the house. That shot will strike the rider.
7. This man sinned. His parents sinned.
8. You are responsible for this.Your cousin is responsible for this.

4. Combine into one sentence by than :
Separate sentences 

1. Govind is tall. Krishna is taller.
2. Working men drink ~much beer. So much  is not good for them. 3. The Romans followed  Brutus. Rome knew no  nobler son. :

Combined sentence
1. Krishna is taller than Govind.
2. Working men drink much beer than is good for them.
3. The Romans followed Brutus than whom Rome knew no nobier son.

1. Rama is strong. Gopal is stronger.
2. The Godavari is long. The Ganges is longer.
3. James has many friends. John has more friends.
4. Krishna writes well. Gopal writes better.
5. Silver is heavy. Gold is heavier.
6. There are many houses in Ellore. There are more houses in Kakinada.
7. He looks a fool. Heisa bigger fool.
8. Sankara isa great philosopher in Advaita. India has not produced his better.

5. Combine into one sentence by but :

Separate Sentences
He tried hard. He did not succeed.
Combined sentence
He tried hard but did not succeed.

1. Govnid is clever. Govind is careless.
2. The man is rich. The man is not happy.
3. He can write very fast. He cannot write well.
4. The manis good. The man is not wise.
5. He is poor. He is very honest. 6. The boy is dull. The boy is very painstaking. :

6. (a) Combine each of the following sets into a complex sentence, the subordinate clause being a Noun Clause :

Separate sentences

1. That gentleman’s plan may or may not be carried out. Time only can show the result.
2. Somebody has broken my slate. I should like. to discover the person.
3. Rama is the cleverest boy in the class. This fact must be admitted.
4. I passed the examination. linformed my father of it.

Combined sentence

1. Time only can show whether that gentleman’s plan may or may not be carr- ied out.
2. Ishould like to discover who has breken my slate.
3. It must be admitted that Rama is the cleverest boy in the class.
4. l informed my father that I had passed the examination.

1. Columbus had discovered a new continent. He did not know it.
2. The rose is the sweetest of flowers. This is certain.
3. He is going to some place. No one knows it.
4. He will get out of this difficulty in some way or other. His way o!
doing it is known to one but himself.
6. Someone will be selected to watch my work. My reputation will depend onhim
7. Is there any hope of success? That was my question.
8. He was innocent. That was the verdict of the Judge.
9. Someone has been making a great noise. I should like to know the person
11. Moses was buried in some place. The place was neve!_ known.
12. He was dismissed from his post. The reason was clearly explained to him.
13. He will not return. He declared this to be his intention.
14. He says something, we cannot depend onit.
15. I paid this bill last week. lam certain ofit.
16. We lost the match. This was owing to our bad play.
17. When is he coming back ? Who can say ?

6. (b) Combine into one sentence by any one of:
If, unless, though, although, because :-

Separate sentences
1. The string is pulled too  tight. The string breaks. _
2. You must run fast. You cannot catch the train.
3. He is rich. He is not happy.
4. The city was flooded. The rain was excessive.

Combined sentence
1. The string breaks, if it is pulled too tight.
2. Unless you mun fast, you cannot catch the train.
3. Though he is rich, he is . not happy.
4. The city was flooded because the rain was excessive.

1. The stone was very heavy. He could not lift it.
2. He worked hard. He could not pass the examination.
3. You are tired. You may go.
4. Heisa wicked boy. Every-body hates the boy.
5. Walk fast. You cannot catch the train.
6. You need not work. You are unwell.
7. He spoke the truth. He was not believed.
8. Heis very weak. He cannot walk home.
9. Youdo not work. You will not succeed.
10. He fell down. He was not hurt.
11. Youare quick. You will be late.
12. Youare not quick. You will be late.
13. Speak the truth. I shall punish you.
14.Speak the truth. I shall not punish you.
15. He failed many times. He was not dicouraged.
16. You must work hard. You cannot succeed. :

7. Combine into one sentence by any one of When, where, why, after, before, till, until, since, while, so that, such that, for, as, however, would rather, had rather, prefer to, the more «.. the more, etc:

Separate sentences

1. The brave king Arthur was upon the throne. At throne there lived a magician ,called Merlin.
2. That is the field. The money was found there.
3.They fought a duel and killed each other. I wish to know the reason.
4. He purchased a horse.He had previously exa- mined it with care.
5. Think twice. Otherwise do not speak.
6. He ran with all his might.
7. I cannot come. Iam unwell.
8. The nightingale pours forth its songs. During this time all the other birds are still (silent).
9. (a) You must not break ° the tube. You must there- fore pour the mercury into it very carefully.
(b) Some times the storms are very fierce. They even tear up trees by the roots.
10. The pupil behaved in such away that he was sent out of the class.
11. The lion did not kill Androcles, for they were great friends.
12. They went away. In going away, one of them threw back my hat. 13. A man may be very rich. Without health his riches are of little value.
14. Pathick would not bear the insults of his aunt. So he would soon die.
15. He was prepared to remain a bachelor. He would not marry his sister’s daughter.
16. He preferred to err with Plato. He would not be right with Horace.

Combined sentence

1. When the brave king Arthur was upon the that time there lived a magician called Merlin.
2. That is the field where the money was found.
3. I wish to know why they fought a duel and killd each other.
4. He purchased a horse after he (had) previously examined it with care.
5. Think twice before you speak.
6. He ran with all his might till he became dead tired.
7. I cannot come since I am unwell.
8. All the other birds are still, while the nightingale pours forth its songs.
9. (a)You must pour the mercury very carefully into the tube, so that you may not break it.
(b)Sometimes the storms are so fierce that they even tear up trees by the roots.
10. The pupil behaved in such a way that he was sent out of the class.
11. The lion did not kill Androcles, for they were great friends.
12. As they went away, one of them threw back my hat.
13. However rich a man may be, without health his riches are of little value.
14. Pathick would rather face death than bear the insults of his aunt or Pathick would prefer to face death to bearing the insults of his aunt.
15. He would remain a bachelor rather than marry his sister’s daughter.
16. He had rather err with Plato than be right with Horace.

1. He was not at home. I went to his house.
2. This is the__ place. My brother works.
3. The boy was reading. The master~ came up.
4. The moon rose. The sun had set.
5. Itis now two months. I heard from him.
6. Do not go out. The rain has not stopped.
7. The man arrived. The clock had struck two.
8. I do not know. He was absent.
9. cannot say. He slept.
10. A thief goes about his work very cautiously. He does not wish to be caught.
11. He has been very unfortunate. He is always cheerful.
12. He was directed to do something in a certain way. He did it accordingly.
13. The school bell rang. All immediately went to their places.
14. Life may continue for some time. ‘During such time there is still hope. 15. He persevered day and night. Atlast he gained his end.
16. The world may last for an indefinitely long period. During such a period the sun will continue torise.
17. He continued staring at that elephant. He semed not to have seen one before.
18. The mountain increases in height. The air proportionately increases in coolness.
19. Men may behave well or ill in this life. Hereafter they will be blessed or miserable accordingly.
20. He was guilty. The jud get pardoned him all the same.
21. He may be allowed to speak. He can then explain to us everything.
22. I was quite disgusted. | could scarcely conceal my disgust.
23. You know Hindi. i, therefore, need not translate.
24. We cannot go out. Itisso hot.
25. India got Independence in 1947. India has always from that time suffered for want of food.
26. 1 must have your receipt then consent to paying the money.
27. You have treated mein acertain way. I will treat you in the same way. 28. Heisa clever boy. No other boy in the class is cleverer.
29. A man may be very intelligent. Without character his intelligence is of no value.
30. I can walk fast. You can walk faster.
31. He ges there. I will not follow him.
32. lam prepared tolr  I would not sign that false document.
33. Krishna . vinu nc apologise. So he would sooner take punishment.
34. A man gets more wealth. He then wants more.
35. He found out his mistake. He was then very sorry. 36. He was willing to resign. He would not go against his conscience.

8. Combine inta Simple sentence by using a Noun or phrase in Apposition :-

Separate Sentence Combined Sentence

1. Rama was the son of Rama, the son of Dasaratha. Rama ruled Dasaratha , ruled over Ayo- over Ayodhya. dhya.
2. This town was once a This town, once a prosper. prosperous seaport. It ous seaport, is now in is now in ruins. ruins.
3. He fled from his cre- He fled from his creditors- ditors. This was very a very dishonest act. dishonest.

1. Chaucer was born in 1340. He is the first great English poet.
2. Tagore’s famous work is the Gitanjali. It is a collection of short poems.
3. Bruno is my faithful dog. I love him.
4. Gold smith is now one of the greatest prose writers in English. He was once a poor Irish student travelling over Europe on foot.
5. De Lesseps made the Suez canal. This was great work. He was a French Engineer.
6. The Gangesisa river of India. The Ganges is a sacred river. The Ganges flows through a fertile plain into the Bay of Bengal.
7. The works of Tagor::are famous all over the world. Tagoreisa Bengali. Tagoreisa poet.
8. I live in Calcutta. Calcutta is a great city. It is situated on the Hugli. The Hugli is one of the outlets of the Ganges.
9. Cromwell assumed the powers of a king. He had once been a private gentleman. Next, he was a popular leader in the Long Parliament. Then he was the commander of the Parliamentary forces.
10. The Revenge (a ship) was commanded by Sir Richard Grenville. He was a native of Bideford. He was a man well-known in the Spanish seas. He was the terror of the Spanish sailors.
11. Francis Bacon was Lord High Chancellor of Eng- land. He wrote many learned books. He devised a new system of logic. He was nevertheless accused of doing things unwor- thy of his high position.
12. Combine into Simple sentences by using a Preposition with a noun or gerund :- Separate sentences. He was in bad health.

1, The sun rose. They were still in bed.
2.1 pitied him. Everybody pitied him.
3.1 like mangoes. I do not like apples so much.
4. He is very poor. He seems always happy and contented.
5. We meta soldier. He had a rifle in his hand. He had a bayonet by his side.
6. The hare heard approaching footsteps. It picked up its ears.
7.1 met a man going along the road. The man was disguised as a constable.
8. He must be a’ good man. Everyone says he isa good man.
9. He attended to his duties. He earned promotion. 10. He was ill last term. He was unable to attend school.
11. I forgave him his fault. That has not prevented him from repeating it.
12. He expects to obtain leave. He has already bought his steamer ticket.
13.There was want of provisions. The garrison could hold outno longer.
14. He has stolen the purse. There is no doubt about this.
15.Shestood there foran hour. She did not move. She did not speak.
16. It rained all day. The travellers suffered much inconvenience.
17. Julius Caesar wasa distinguished man. His shrewdness and skill on the battle-field made him so.
18. You helped ‘me out of that difficulty. [ should have been ruined otherwise.
19. The man going along there is a highway man. He has disguised himself asa pilgrim.
20. Heis seriously ill. So at least he appears to be.
22. He saved up his money. An evil day might come.
23. He isa man of good character. He would not do anything mean.
24. Kent must leave the kingdom. Hewill be killed otherwise.
25. He has invited me on the road. I take objection to it.
26.1 praise my wife. This she likes. 27. I fined all the boys. My view was to find out the culprit.
28. You — are come. This gives me great pleasure. :

9. Combine into Simple sentences by using Infinitives.
Separate Sentences
1. He has three daughters. He must get them married.
2. He has a house. He wishes to sell it.
3. He is very fat. He cannot run.
4. I heard of his good fortune. I was glad of that. He has a wife and two children.
5. He must provide for them.
6. He lost his health. This added to his difficulties.
7. Napoleon was one of the greatest generals. This is universally acknowledged.
8. I must speak plainly. I have not yet taken my food.

Combined Sentence
1. He has three daughters to get married.
2. He has a house to sell.
3. He is too fat to run.
4. I was glad to hear of his good fortune.
5. He has a wife and two children to provide for.
6. To add to his difficulties he lost his health.
7. Napoleon is universally acknowledged to be one of the greatest generals.
8. To speak plainly I have not yet taken my food.
9. It is better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
10. The only way to cross deserts is by camels.
11. He must confess his fault to escape being fined.
12. I am not afraid to speak the truth in spite of the consequences.
13. Brutus and Cassius decla- red Julius Caesar to be a usurper.
14. The parents were grieved to see the child grow worse every day.
15. Your cousin had not enough industry to win a prize.
16. He works hard to earn his livelihood.

(1) Every man should do his duty. England expects this ofhim.
(2) He obeyed his parents inall things. His willingness in doing so was very pleasing.
(3) He has not even ten paise with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.
(4) The fox could not drag the goat out of the well. The fox had not sufficient strength.
(5) He sold his few remaining goods. He did this that he might provide food for his family.
(6) He was declared a traitor. His enemies declared this.
(7) You may possibly pass the examination. You will find it extremely difficult.
(8) He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to Europe.
(9) He did notinvestall his savings inonebank. He was prudent.
(10) The planets revolve round the sun. These revolutions have been observed by astronomers.
(11) We hear the cuckoo’s voice in early spring. In England itisa plesant sound.
(12) Ina foot-ball-: matcheach side must haveits captain. The captain controls the team.
(13)I thoroughly distrust that man. Imust speak plainly atonce on this point.
(14) My father was very much delighted. He had heard of my brother’s success.
(15) The general has just come. The inspection of the volunteers was his object.
(16) The bank suddenly broke. Matters were thus made worse.
(17) He framed a resolution. He resolved that he would drink no more wine.
(18) We may give money away. We may receive money. The former is more blessed than the latter.
(19) have told you all. There is nothing more to be said.
(20) He cannot afford a ~ motor-car. Heis too poor.
(21) The painis very great. I cannotbear it.

10. Combine into Simple sentences by using Adverbs or Adverb Phrases :

Seprate sentences   

1. He escaped. This was lucky for him.
2. The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.
3. It must be done. We cannot count the cost.
4. He begged for pardon. His request was not granted.
5. Boys grow up to be men. The growth can- not be seen.
6. I have read Bacon. It has profited me greatly.
7. He was wanting in application . This ruined him.
8. The letter was addressed to the wrong house. It never reached me.
9. Beware of wine. This is of the first importance.
10. He will return to us. He will not be long absent.
11. I was absent. I could not avoid being absent.
12. The monsoon broke early. It was unfor- tunate for the party.

 Combined sentence

1. Luckily, he escaped.
2. The boys had not finished the game by sunset.
3. It must be done at any cost.
4. He begged in vain for pardon.
5. Boys grow up to be men imperceptibly.
6. I have read Bacon to my great profit.
7. He was fatally wanting in application.
8. The letter being wrongly addressed never reached me.
9. Above all things beware of wine.
10. He will return to us before long.
11. I was unavoidably absent.
12. Unfortunately for the party, the monsoon broke early.

(1) You are late for school. This is not usual with you.
(2) He kicked the goalkeeper. It was his intention do so.
(3) He escaped. This was lucky for him. This was lucky for us.
(4) He was ill. He was unable to go to school.
(5) He got into bad habits. These bad habits ruined him.
(6) He came home. He had safe journey.
(7) The boat was leaking. The sinking of the boat was unavoidable.
(8) He invested all hismoney ina single bank. The investment wasnota prudent one.
(9) Thisboy is the cleverest in the school. No other boy can be compared with him.
(10) He will return. He will not be away for many days.
(11) He applied for the post. He did not get it.

Miscellaneous Exercise

Combine into Simple sentences by any one of the last six methods 

(1) The question was a difficult one. I could not answer it.
(2) The meeting was over. They all dispersed.
(3) I was grieved to hear of the death of Ahid. He was my oldest friend.
(4) [have no dictionary. I cannot find out the meaning of this word.
(5) He was walking on the road one day. He metanold beggar.
(6) Mr. Smith was elected chairman. He is a well Known barrister.
(7) He disregarded the teacher’s advice. This wasa foolish thing to do.
(8) This coatis very old. Itis of no use any longer.
(10) He took some of the club money. He was not justified in doing this.
(11) He took up his pen. He begai. to write.
(12) I turned to the left. I found myself close to the station.
(13) All the inmates escaped from the flames. This was fortunate.
(14) John Bunyan wrote the book called Pligrim’s Progress. He had once been a thoughtless youth. After that ne became a religious penitent.
(15) Th French were far inferior to the English onsea. This fact was well known.
(16) Analliance was recently formed in Europe. The parties to the alliance were Germany, Austria and Italy.
(17) The fog was very dense. No one could see his way through.
(18) I explained my case to the doctor.
(19) A crow stole a piece of cheese. She flew to her nest to enjoy the tasty meal.
(20) King George was the greatest monarch. He was King of England. He was Emperor of India.
(21) He was rude. I took no notice it.
(22) She wants to marry a foreigner. Her father is opposed to this.
(23) The Master was out of the room. The door was shut. The boys made a lot of noise.
(24) He has some bills. He must pay them.
(25) He admitted his error. He expressed his regret.

In combining separate sentences, one must find out the central idea and give it its due place by expressing it with the help of a finite verb, while the others may be expressed in phrases by using one or the other of the devices.

11. Combination of three or more simple sentences into a simple sentence :

Examples
(1) Ranga isa good farmer.
(2) He drives a bullock cart.
(3) By this means he supports a large family.

Simple : Ranga a good farmer, supports a large family by driving a bullock cart.

(1) I refreshed him with food and drink.
(2) I then made signs for him to lie down to sleep.
(3) I pointed out a suitable place for the purpose.

Simple: Having refreshed him with food and drink, I made signs for him to lie down to sleep, pointing outa suitable place for the purpose.

(1) The narrative of Columbus came to an end.
(2) The King and Queen then knelt before him.
(3) They offered up grateful thanks-giving to God.
(4) All present did the same.

Simple : The narrative of Columbus having come to an end, the King and Queen, and all present kneeling before him, offered up grateful thanksgiving to God. :

(1) Richard wasthe King of England.
(2) Richard was — wrecked upon the northern shore of the gulf of Venice.
(3)He  then resolved to cross the continent.
(4) He resolved todo this _inthedress ofa pilgrim.
(5) Heresolved to pass under thename of Hugh, the merchant.

Simple : Being wrecked on the northern shore of the gulf of Venice, Richard, the king of England, resolved to cross the continent in the dress of a pilgrim under the name of Hugh, the merchant.

Combine each of the following sets into a simple sentence :

(1) Cranmer was broken down by long imprisonment. He was tempted by promises of life. He then agreed to signal denial of the Protestant Faith.
(2) Mr. & Mrs. Banerjee have * onegreataim. Their aim is to fit these widow sand other young girls to usefulness to life. Their aim is to lead these widows to guide themselves by right principles.
(3) The admiral made a brief delay. He then resumed his journey. He soon entered a harbour.
(4) Columbus went through the country. Multitudes gathered to gaze at him. They slowed down his progress.
(5). Clarendon was proud and peevish.
(6) The General marched upon the enemy. He marched upon them on the 25th of April He did so after light skirmishing. He routed them with great slaughter. The slaughter was so great as to cause stonishment in the minds of the people.
(7) The English were inferior to the French in number. The English defeated the French. The battle was long and well contested. There was no battle, itis said, that ““was fought during the war that was so desperate.
(8) Mysore state isa beautiful country. Itisa fertile country. In superficial area, it execceds Ireland. It fell to the British Government. Itfell by right of conquest. This happened nearly a hundred years __ ago. It happened after the fall of Srirangapatnam.
(9) A . woodman was cutting down a tree. The tree was beside a river. The river was deep. He let his axe slip. It fell intothe water.
(10) He had to raise the siege of Prague. He had to retreat in good order. He had to hurry his army by different routes out of Bohemia. Nothing else remained for him todo:
(11) Some of his tastes were good. Others were bad. Some of his habits were good. Others were bad. All his tastes and habits were English.
(12) He cast a look at his basket. He then saw a dog. The dog had his nose in the basket.

12. Combination of three or more simple sentences into a complex sentences.

Examples

1, Simple: The car dashed past us at terrible sped. I was afraid. There would soon be an accident. : Complex: The car dashed pastus at sucha terrible speed that I feared there would be an accident.
2. Complex: Though the crew were full of doubts and fears that they might sail on for ever, they were comforted at last by seeing some birds and a branch with berries on it.
3. Simple: Columbus was helped by some merchants of the town of Palos. He go this three ships. Only one of the three ships was decked. The other two were open boats of half the size of the first. The first was named Santa Maria. 

Complex: Columbus helped by some merchants of the town of Palos got his three ships, only one of which was decked, the others being open boats of half the size of the first which was named the Santa Maria.

Combine each of the following groups into a complex sentence:- 

(1)He may be rich. He does not use any of his wealth tor, the benefit of others. He will not be happy.
(2) You may admit | it. You may not admit it. He is your superior in mathematics.
(3) The prince had promised very much. He could not perform so surprised.
(4) Columbus had discovered a new continent. ~ Hedied ignorant of this fact. He believed to the day of his death that he had sailed round the world. It is interesting to note this.
(5) I was walking home the other day. I lost a book. I was carrying it. I was amxdous to read it.
(6) I was thus musing. I cast my eyes eastwards towards the top of a rock. The rock was not far from me. I discoverd a person on the rock. He was in ._ the dress of a shepherd. He was in reality a being of a superior ‘nature.
(7) Examinations are formidable. They are so, even to the best prepared. The reason is this. The greatest fool may easily ask questions. The wisest may not be able to answer – them.
(8) Macro Polo returned to his own house dressed in Tartar garb. He was refused admission by his own servants. This story is told of him.

Phrases and Clauses

‘There is a green book on the table’ on the table’ అను మాటల సముదాయము (group of words) ‘బల్లమీద’ అను : అర్థమిచ్చు చున్నది. కాని పూర్తి అయిన అర్థమిచ్చుట లేదు. మరియు ఆ సము దాయము (on the table) లో subject గాని, finite verb గాని లేదు. ఇట్టి అర్థవంతమైన మాటల సముదాయమును phrase అందురు. ఉ

Def.: A phrase is a group of words equivalent to a single part of speech and not having a subject and a predicate of its own. In the sentence ‘I saw a boy, who was carrying a basket of flowers’ ‘a basket of flowers’ is a phrase; ‘who was carrying a basket of flowers’ and ‘I saw a boy’ are clauses.

Kinds of Phrases

Phrases are of three kinds .. (1) A phrase that does the work of noun is called a Noun phrase; as: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. (2) A phrase that does the work of an adjective is called an Adjectival Phrase; as:- The house on the hill is mine. (3) A phrase that does the work of an adverb is called an Adverbial Phrase; as:- I will come in the evening.

Note: Preposition తో నారంభించు Phrase, దాని ప్రయోగమును బట్టి Adjective phrase గాని, Adverb Phrase గాని కావచ్చును. ఉదా: The house on the hill is mine. (Adj. phrase). I built a house on the hill. (adv. phrase).

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

Conversion Of Sentences

N.B.: All the examples given in this chapter may with advantage be made to serve to illustrate the conversion of one kind of sentence into another and vice versa. It is only then that the fullest benefit is derived by the pupils for acquiring mastery over the language.

From Simple to Complex
1. A simple sentence may be converted or changed into a Complex sentence by expanding some word or phrase into a Subordinate clause.
This Subordinate clause may be a Noun clause, an Ad- jective clause or an Adverb clause.

Noun Clauses

Study the following:- A

B

C

Note: Phrases are generally converted into clauses by changing the noun or pronoun in the possessive into the subject and the noun or gerund into the predicate.

D

E

F

Note: The adverb is changed into the principal clause beginning with it.

Adverb Clauses

From Complex to Simple

A Complex sentence may be changed into a Simple sen- tence by contracting Subordinate clauses into phrases; as :-

A Complex sentence may be changed into a Simple sentence by using the Nominative Absolute Construction.

From Complex to Compound

A Complex sentence may be changed into a Compound sentence by changing the subordinate clause into a Co-ordi- nating Principal clause with the aid of a Co-ordinating conjunction.

From Compound to Complex

A Compound sentence may be converted into a Com- plex sentence by changing all the principal clauses retaining only one, into one or more subordinate clauses with the help of one or more subordinating conjunctions.

From Simple to Compound

A Simple sentence may be converted into a Compound sentence by changing a phrase into a Co-ordinating Principal clause with the aid of a Co-ordinating conjunction.

Combine the folliwing sets into (a) Simple, (b) Complex and (b) Compound sentences:

(1) Rama was th son of Dasaratha. He ruled over Ayodhya.
(2) He was a mere boy. He offered to fight with the giant.
(3) He studied hard. He failed in the examination.
(4) Turn to the left. You will find a temple.
(5) Work hard. Otherwise you will fail.
(6) Complete the work by this evening. You will be fined.
(7) Sita is clever. She is also good.
(8) He heard a loud sound. He woke up.
(9) The wind was favourable. The ship sailed fast.
(10) He was tired of play. He sat down to rest.
(11) He is very weak. He cannot walk to school.
(12) He worked hard. Otherwise he would have failed.
(13) He ran. He would have missed the train.
(14) He has already read much. It only makes him grow so much wiser.
(15) He is good. I love him.
(16) He sacrificed his life for my sake. He loved me so much.
(17) The teacher entered the class. At once all the pupils stood up.
(18) He helped me. Otherwise I should have been drowned.
(19) The girl was robbed of her jewellery. She was also murdered.
(20) The sun had set. He darkened the landscape.
(21) The sun had set. We stopped playing foot-ball.
(22) I will do my best. I do not wish to be judged unfit.
(23) I advised you how to act. You did not act accordingly.
(24) You are directed how to rewrite the sentences. Rewrite them accordingly.
(25) There were no rains. The crops failed.
(26) I sent my servant to the market. He was to buy fruits for me.
(27) He wants to get through the examination. He worked hard.
(28) He was punished. That was right.
(29) His friends arrived in time. He was very pleased.
(30) He is feverish. He has applied for leave. (
31) A was more intelligent than B. A failed.
(32) Speak the truth I kill you.
(33) Speak the truth. I reward you.
(34) Rama heard of his success in the examination. This was to his great joy.
(35) Do not waste time. You may fail.
(36) He had arrived. He slept for an hour.
(37) He was going through a forest. He met a tiger.
(38) I received no replies to my letters. I therefore issued a registered notice.
(39) Krishna had all the benefits of education and wealth. He never made a name.
(40) I bought a table. It was made of stainless steel.
(41) He has failed narrowly only in one subject by a few marks. He wishes to sit for the whole examination.
(42) The general had fled. The army was defeated.
(43) The post was attacked by superior numbers. The defenders had to surrender.
(44) He opened the box. He found a gold necklace.
(45). My friend joined the army. I have not seen him since
(46) I joined the army. I have not seen my son so far.
(47) creditors. This was very dishonest.
(48) Rama was very tall. He could jump over the wall.
(50) It must be done. We should not count the cost.
(51) I have seen an advertisement for a typist’s post in ‘The Express’. I apply for it.
(52) He may meci me. In that case I shall give him your letter.
(53) He was short of funds. Otherwise he would spare me some money.
(54) He rarely commits blunders. I invariably punish him.
(55) He oc- casionally pays me a visit. He always brings me a fruit.
(56) He must not be late. He will be punished. (57) You travel more. You will grow so much experienced.

Ans: (1) Rama the son of Dasaratha, ruled over Ayodhya. Rama, who was the son of Dasaratha, ruled over Ayodhya. Rama was the son of Dasaratha and he ruled over Ayodhya.
(2) In spite of (despite) his being a mere boy, he offered to fight with the giant. Though he was a mere boy, he offered to fight with the giant. He was a mere boy but he offered to fight with the giant.
(4) Turning to the left, you will find a temple. If you turn to the left, you will find a temple.. Turn to the left and you will find a temple.
(5) Failing to work hard you will not pass. If you do not work hard (or Unless you work hard) you will fail. Work hard or you will fail.
(7) Besides being clever, Sita is good. Sita who is clever is also good. Sita is not only clever but good.
(8) On hearning a loud sound he woke up. When he heard a loud sound, he woke up. He woke up for he heard a lound sound.
(9) The wind being favourable, the ship sailed fast. The ship sailed fast because the wind was favourable. The wind was favourable and therefore the ship sailed fast.
(12) But for his hard work, he would have failed. If he had not worked hard, he would have failed. He worked hard, so he passed.
(14) His wisdom is in proportion to his reading. The more he reads, the wiser he grows. He has already read much and it only makes him grow so much wiser.
(22) I will do my best so as not to be judged unfit. I will do my best lest I should be judged unfit. I do not wish to be judged unfit, so I will do my best.
(24) Rewrite the sentences according to the direction. Rewrite the sentences as directed.
(28) He was rightly punished. It was right (that) he was punished.
(29) The timely arrival of his friends pleased him. He was pleased that his friends arrived in time.
(30) To his great joy, Rama heard of his success in the examination. He was rejoiced to hear that he passed the examination.
(35) You may fail by wasting time. Do not waste time lest you should fail. Do not waste time, otherwise, you may fail.
(48) He fled his creditors….a dis-honest act. (or) It was dishonest of him to have fled from his creditors.
(40) It must be done at any cost. It must be done whatever it might cost. It must be done, no matter what it costs.
(51) Having seen an advertisement for a typist’s post in “The Express” I apply for it. I apply for a typist’s post for which I have seen an advertisement in “The Express”.
(52) In the event of (in case of) his meeting me, I shall give him your letter. If he meets me, I shall give him your letter. Let him meet me and I shall give your letter.
(53) Except for want of sufficient funds, he would spare me some (money). He had no money to spare, otherwise he would spare me some (money).
(54) 1 invariably punish him even for blunders rarely committed. I invariably punish him for blunders though he commits them rarely. He rarely commits blunders, but I invariably punish him.
(55) He occasionally pays me a visit bringing me a fruit every time. He brings me a fruit whenever he pays me an occasional visit. He occasionally pays me a visit, but he always brings me a fruit.
(56) In the event of his being late he will be punished. If he comes late, he will be punished He must not be late or hewill be punished.

The Sentense

1. మనము మాట్లాడుకొనునపుడు గాని, వ్రాయునపుడు గాని మాటలను వాడుతాము. సాధారణంగా ఈ మాటలను విడివిడిగా కాకుండా క్రింద పేర్కొన్న విధంగా సామూహికంగా వాడుతుంటాము.
Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.

ఈ విధంగా వాడిన పదముల సముదాయాన్ని వాక్యము అని అంటాము. ఇటువంటి పదముల సముదాయం పూర్తిగా అర్ధవంతం అయినట్లయితేనే దానిని వాక్యం అని అంటాము. |

వాక్యములలోని రకములు

2. వాక్యములు నాలుగు విధములు :
1. వివరించునవి లేక నొక్కివక్కాణించునవి :Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.

2. ప్రశ్నలు అడుగునవి :Where do you live?

3. ఒక అజ్ఞనుగాని (command), విన్నపమును గాని (request) బ్రతిమాలుటను గాని (entreaty) తెలియజేయునవి

• Be quiet.
• Have mercy upon us.

4. బలమైన మానసిక భావాలను (sudden and intense feelings) తెలియజేయునవి :

• How cold the night is!
• What a shame 1

ఒక statement ను నొక్కి వక్కాణించే మాటల సముదాయాన్ని కాని ఇచ్చువానిని Declarative లేక Assertive వాక్యములు అని అంటాము.
ప్రశ్నను అడుగు వాక్యమును interrogative sentence అని అంటాము.

ఆజ్ఞను ఇచ్చు వాక్యమునుగాని విన్నపము చేయు వాక్యమునుగాని imperative (ఆవశ్యమైన) sentence అని అంటాము. ఆకస్మికముగా ఒక అభిప్రాయమును (strong feeling) బయటికి చెప్పు వాక్యమును Exclamatory sentence అని అంటాము.

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

అధ్యాయము 2

Subject And Predicate

3. మనము ఒక వాక్యాన్ని వ్రాయునపుడు గాని మాట్లాడునపుడు గాని
(1) ఒక వ్యక్తికి గాని ఒక వస్తువుకు గాని పేరు ఇవ్వడం జరుగుతుంది.
(2) ఆ వ్యక్తి గురించిగాని ఆ వస్తువు గురించి గాని ఏదో కొంత చెప్పడం జరుగుతుంది.

ఇంకో విధంగా చెప్పాలంటే, వాక్యములో పేర్కొనడానికి subject (కర్త) ఉండాలి. అదే విధంగా ఆ వ్యక్తిని గురించి గాని ఆ వస్తువును గురించి గాని ఏదో కొంత చెప్పే predicate వుండాలి. అంటే ప్రతి వాక్యంలో రెండు ప్రధాన భాగములు ఉంటాయి :-

(1) మనము మాట్లాడే వ్యక్తి గాని వస్తువుగాని ఉన్నట్టిది మొదటి భాగము. దీనిని subject అంటారు
(2) Subject ను గురించి చెప్పునది రెండవ భాగము. దీనిని predicate అంటారు.

4.సాధారణంగా వాక్యములోని subject భాగము వాక్యమునకు మొదట ఉంటుంది కాని కొన్ని సార్లు మాత్రం predicate తర్వాత subject వస్తుంది.

• Here comes the bus.
  
• Sweet are the uses of adversity.

5.Imperative sentences లో (అవశ్యము ఈ పని చేయవలయును అని చెప్పునవి) subject ను వదలి వేయడం జరుగుతుంది.

• Sit down.[Here the Subject You is understood]
• Thank him.[Here too the Subject You is understood]

అభ్యాసము 1

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Subject ను Predicate లను వేరు చేయండి

1. The crackling of geese saved Rome.
2. The boy stood on the burning deck.
3. Tubal Cain was a man of might.
4. Stone walls do not make a prison.
5. The singing of the birds delights us.
6. Miss Kitty was rude at the table one day.
7. He has a good memory.
8. Bad habits grow unconsciously.
9. The earth revolves around the Sun.
10. Nature is the best physician.
11. Edison invented the phonograph.
12. The sea hath many thousand grains of sand.
13. We cannot pump the ocean dry.
14. Borrowed garments never fit well.
15. The early bird catches the worm.
16. All matter is indestructible.
17. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan.
18. We should profit from experience,
19. All roads lead to Rome.
20. A guilty conscience needs no excuse.
21. The beautiful rainbow soon faded away.
22. No man can serve two masters.
23. A sick room should be well-aired.
24. The dewdrops glitter in the sunshine.
25. I shot an arrow into the air.
26. A barking sound the shepherd hears.
27. On the top of the hill lives a hermit.

అధ్యాయము 3

The Phrase And The Clause

6. “In a corner” అను పదసముదాయమును పరిశీలించండి. దీనిని Phrases అని అంటారు. Phrase అనగా మూడు, నాలుగు పదములు ఉన్న పదబంధము అని అర్ధము. Phrases అర్థయుత మైనప్పటికి, అవి స్వతహాగా పూర్తి అర్ధాన్ని యివ్వవు. Italics ఉన్న యీ క్రింది పద సముదాయములను (జట్టులు) Phrases అని అంటారు.

• The sun rises in the east.
• Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
• There came a giant to my door.
• It was a sunset of great beauty.
• The tops of the mountains were covered with snow.
• show me how to do it.

7. talics ప్రింటులో నున్న ఈ క్రింది phrasesను పరిశీలించండి :

• He has a chain of gold.
• He has a chain which is made of gold.

పై రెండు వాక్యములలో మొదటి వాక్యములో నున్న “of gold” అను రెండు పదముల జంటను phrase అని అంటాము. రెండవ వాక్యములోని which is made of gold అను అయిదు మాటల సమూహమును Clause అని అంటాము.

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో పై విధంగా group గా ఉన్న పదములను clauses అంటాము.

• People who pay their debts are trusted.
• We cannot start while it is raining.
• I think that you have made a mistake.

అధ్యాయము 41

Parts Of Speech

8. వాక్యములలోని పదములను వివిధములైన పేర్లతో విభజించడం జరిగింది. Grammer లో యీ విభజనను Parts of speech అని అంటాము. ఆ పదములకు గల వివిధమైన గుర్తింపులు అవి వాక్యములో చేయు పనులను బట్టి (duties) వచ్చినవి. ఈ గుర్తింపులు ఎనిమిది. అవి యివి :-

1)Noun (నామవాచకము)
2)Adjective (విశేషణము)
3)Pronoun (సర్వనామముnoun కు బదులుగా వచ్చునది)
4)Verb (క్రియ or action word)
5)Adverb (క్రియా విశేషణము అనగా verb నకు యింకొంత అర్ధమును కలుపునది.) 6) Preposition (విభక్త్యర్ధకమైన అవ్యయము. విభక్తులు అని కూడా అంటాము)
7)Conjunction (కలుపునది అనగా సముచ్ఛయము)
8)Interjection (సంతాపాద్యర్థకము అనగా సంతాపమును తెలియచేయునది) అయ్యో! అను భావము.
9)Noun. ఒక మనిషి యొక్క పేరును గాని, ఒక ప్రదేశము యొక్క పేరును గాని, ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క పేరును గాని తెలియజేయు పదమును నామవాచకము (Noun) అంటారు.

• Akbar was a great King.
• Kolkata is on the Hooghly.
• The rose smells sweet.
• The sun shines bright.
• His courage won him honour.

గమనిక (Note): వస్తువు అనగా
(1) మనము కంటితో చూచునది, వినునది, చేతితో తాకబడునది, వాసన చూడబడునది మొదలయినవి.
(2)మనం ఊహించగలిగినవి, తాకలేనివి మరియు చూడ వీలు కానట్టివి. వీనిని English లో abstract nouns అని అంటారు. మనస్సుతో ఊహించుకోవాలి.

10. Adjective: నామవాచకమునకున్న అర్ధమునకు మరికొంత అర్ధమును కలిపిన పదమును Adjective అని అంటారు.

• He is a brave boy.
• There are twenty boys in this class.

11. Pronoun: నామవాచకమునకు బదులుగా వాడు పదమును Pronoun (సర్వనామము) అని అంటారు.
John is absent, because he is ill.
The books are where you left them.

12. Verb: ఒక పనిని గాని విషయమును గాని తెలియజేయు పదమును Verb అంటారు. Verb లో action (క్రియ) ఉంటుంది.
The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
Kolkata is a big city.
Iron and copper are useful metals.

13.Adverb (క్రియా విశేషణము).:Verb కు గాని, Adjective కు గాని, లేక యింకొక Adverb కు గాని మరికొంత భావమును కలుపు పదమును Adverb అని అంటారు. (add + verb = adverb)
He worked the sum quickly.
This flower is very beautiful.
She pronounced the word quite correctly.

14. Preposition. (విభక్తి ప్రత్యయము). Noun గాని pronoun గాని మరియొక పదముతో సంబంధము కలిగి యుండును. యీ సంబంధమును తెలియజేయు పదమును Preposition అంటారు.
There is a cow in the garden.
The girl is fond of music.
A fair little girl sat under a tree.

15. Conjunction (సముచ్చయము). రెండు పదములను గాని, రెండు వాక్యములను గాని కలుపు పదమును Conjunction అని అంటారు.
Rama and Hari are cousins.
Two and two make four.
I ran fast, but missed the train.

16. Interjection (ఆశ్చర్యార్ధకము). అకస్మాత్తుగా మనలో ఉద్భవించు భావావేశమును (intense feeling) తెలియజేయు పదమును Interjection అని అంటారు.
Hurrah! We have won the game.
Alas she is dead.

17. A, an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, my, his, one, two అను పదములను Determiners అని అంటారు. కొన్ని Modern Grammars లో determiners ను కూడా part of speech గా గుర్తిస్తున్నారు. యివి వాని తరువాత follow అయ్యే నామవాచక భావమును కొంత తగ్గించును. ఈ గ్రామరు పుస్తకములో a, an మరియు the తప్ప మిగిలిన పై determiners ను adjective గా పరిగణించడం జరిగింది.

18. ఆయా పదములు అవి వాక్యములో చేయు పనిని బట్టి అవి ఏ part of speech కి చెందినవో గుర్తించవచ్చు. కావున ఏ పదము ఏ part of speech కి చెందినదో వాక్యమును చూడకుండా చెప్పడం కష్టము.
They arrived soon after. (Adverb)
They arrived after us. (Preposition)
They arrived after we had left. (Conjunction)
పైన ఇచ్చిన మూడు ఉదాహరణలను గమనించండి. ఒకే పదాన్ని వేరు వేరు వాక్యాల్లో వేరు వేరు parts of speech గా ఉపయోగించడం జరిగింది.

|అభ్యాసము 2

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Italics ప్రింటులోనున్న పదములు ఏ భాషా విభాగమునకు చెందినవో రాయుచూ, అందుకు గల కారణములను కూడా పేర్కొనండి :

1. Still waters run deep.
2. He still lives in that house.
3.After the storm comes the calm.
4.The after effects of the drug are bad.
5.The up train is late.
6.It weighs about a pound.
7.He told us all about the battle.
8. He was only a yard off me.
9. Suddenly one of the wheels came off.
10.Mohammadans fast in the month of Ramzan.
11.He kept the fast for a week
12.He is on the committee..
13. Let us move on.
14.Sit down and rest a while.
15. I will watch while you sleep.

అధ్యాయము 5

The Noun :Kinds Of Nouns

19. ఒక వ్యక్తి యొక్క పేరును గాని, ఒక ప్రదేశము యొక్క పేరును గాని, ఒక వస్తువు యొక్క పేరును గాని తెలియజేయు పదమును నామవాచకము (Noun) అందురు.
గమనిక (Note: మన ఆలోచనలోనికి వచ్చు భావము కూడా భావపూరితమైన “thing” అవుతుంది. (Abstract Noun). వీనిని మానసికంగా మాత్రమే ఊహించుకోవాలి.

20. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను గమనించండి:
Asoka was a wise king.
ఒక ప్రత్యేకమైన గుర్తింపుగల రాజును మనము Asoka అని పిలిచాము. కాని యింకొక పదమైన ‘King’ అను పదముతో యితర రాజులను గురించి కూడా పేర్కొనవచ్చును. ఇచ్చట Asoka అను పదము Proper noun అవుతుంది. King అను పదము అందరు రాజులకు చెందుతుంది కావున common noun అవుతుంది. ఎందుకంటే king అను ఆ పదముతో ఎవరినయినా పిలవవచ్చును కాబట్టి.
అదే విధంగా : –
Sita is a Proper Noun, while girl is a Common Noun.
Hari is a Proper Noun, while boy is a Common Noun.
Kolkata is a Proper Noun, while city is a Common Noun.
India is a Proper Noun, while country is a Common Noun.

‘Girl’ అను పదము common noun. ఎందుకంటే ఆ మాటతో ఏ అమ్మాయిని అయినా పిలువవచ్చును. కాని యిచ్చట
‘Sita’ అను పేరుతో ఒకే ఒక గుర్తింపుగల అమ్మాయిని పిలుస్తాము. అంటే ‘Sita’ అను పదము proper noun.
Proper అనగా తనకు చెందిన అనే అర్ధం వస్తుంది కదా !

Definition. ( నిర్వచనము) – ఒకే రకానికి చెందిన వ్యక్తులనుగాని, వస్తువులనుగాని ఒకే పేరుతో పిలిచినట్లయితే, ఆ పదమును Common Noun అంటారు. ఒకే పేరుతో అందరిని పిలవడానికి వీలయినప్పుడు అట్టి పదము Common Noun జాబితా లోనికి వస్తుంది.

Definition. ( నిర్వచనము). ఒకే ఒక వ్యక్తికిగాని ప్రదేశానికిగాని చెందిన పేరును proper noun అని అంటాము. Proper అనగా ఒకే వ్యక్తి యొక్క గాని ప్రదేశము యొక్క గాని గుర్తింపునకు (గ్రామరులో స్వంతము అని అర్ధము.

Note. 1. Proper noun కు మొదటి అక్షరము capital letter ఉపయోగించాలి.
Note. 2. Pronouns ను కొన్నిసార్లు common nouns గా కూడా గుర్తిస్తున్నారు.

1. He was the Lukman (= the wisest man) of his age.
2. Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare (= the greatest dramatist) of India.
Collective nouns మరియు abstract nouns, common nouns లో భాగమే.

21. మనుష్యుల గుంపునుగాని, కొన్ని వస్తువుల సముదాయమునుగాని ఏకంగా ఒక్క పదంలో తెలియజేయు పదాలను Collective Nouns అంటారు.

Crowd, mob, team, flock, herd, army, fleet, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee.
A fleet= a collection of ships or vessels.
An army= a collection of soldiers.
A crowd= a collection of people.
The police dispersed the crowd.
The French army was defeated at Waterloo.
The jury found the prisoner guilty.
A herd of cattle is passing.

22. ఒక లక్షణమును గురించి గాని, ఒక చర్యను (action) గురించి గాని, ఒక పరిస్థితిని (State or condition) గురించి గాని చెప్పు పదమును Abstract nouns అని అంటారు. ఇవి భావరూపములు.

Quality – Goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty, wis- dom, bravery. (మంచి తనము, జాలి, తెలుపు, చీకటి, గట్టితనము, కాంతి, నిజాయితీ, జ్ఞానము, ధైర్యము)
Action.- Laughter, theft, movement, judgement, hatred. (నవ్వు, దొంగతనము, కదలిక, తీర్పు, ద్వేషము) Laughter లో నవ్వు భావరూపం. Laughing అను verb లో నవ్వు కార్యరూపము.
State.- Childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty. (పసితనము, బాల్యము, యవ్వనము, బానిసత్వము, నిద్ర, జబ్బు, మరణము, బీదతనము)

Arts (కళల పేర్లు), Sciences (శాస్త్రముల పేర్లు), (grammer, music, chemistry మొదలగు పదములు) కూడా Abstract nouns (వ్యాకరణము, సంగీతము, రసాయనశాస్త్రము)

కంటికి కనిపించనివి, చేతికి చిక్కనివి, కేవలం మనస్సుతో మాత్రమే అవగాహన చేసుకోగలిగిన వన్నియు Abstract nouns. Abstract nouns ను అర్ధం చేసుకోవడానికి యింకొక ఆధారము కావలయును. “మరణము” అను పదము (death) Abstract Noun కాని మరణము అంటే ఎంత భయంకరంగా ఉంటుందో తెలుసుకోవడానికి యింకొక వస్తువయిన శవము కావలయును. మరణమును గాని, నవ్వును గాని ఇతర abstract nouns ను గాని ఒక చోటి నుండి ఇంకొక చోటికి మార్చజాలము. అలానే పర్వతము, సముద్రము, గాలి మొదలగు పంచభూతములను కూడా ఇంకొక చోటికి మార్చజాలము. ఒక విద్యార్ధి యొక్క తెలివిని కంటితో చూడగలమా? ఒక చోటినుండి ఇంకొక చోటికి మార్చగలమా? Marks
sheet ను బట్టి మాత్రమే తెలుసుకుంటాం.

23. Abstract Nouns ఈ క్రింది విధముగా form అవుతాయి.
1. Adjectives నుండి
Kindness from kind; honesty from honest.
(kindness – దయ (Abstract Noun. He has kindness అతనికి దయ ఉన్నది.
(kind) దయగల (Adjective) He is a kindman. అతను దయగల వాడు.
ఎటువంటివాడు అనేదాని జవాబు. He అనే pronoun ను వర్ణిస్తుంది.

2. Verbs నుండి Obedience from obey, growth from grow.

3. Common nouns Childhood from child;
slavery from slave.
slave 3 (common noun)
skavery (abstract noun) బానిసత్వము.
ఇచ్చట slavery అను పదము ఒకరి పరిస్థితిని తెలియచేస్తుంది కదా!

24. Nouns కు ఇంకొక వర్గీకరణ (classification) కూడా ఉన్నది. అవి countable nouns (లెక్కించదగినవి) మరియు unaccountable nouns (లెక్కించవీలు కానివి)
Countable Nouns: book, pen, apple, boy, sister, doctor, horse.
Uncountable nouns: milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty

Countable Nouns కు ఏకవచన – బహువచన రూపములు ఉన్నవి. కాని Uncountable nouns కు ఏకవచన – బహువచన రూపములు లేవు. ఇన్ని లీటర్ల పాలు అంటాముగాని, ఇన్ని చుక్కల పాలు అనము.

అభ్యాసము 3

ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో nouns ను గుర్తించి వాటి వర్గీకరణను (classification) పేర్కొనుము.
1. The crowd was very big..
2. Always speak the truth.
3. We all love honesty.
4. Our class consists of twenty pupils.
5. The elephant has great strength.
6. Solomon was famous for his wisdom.
7. Cleanliness is next to godliness.
8. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour.
9. The class is studying grammar.
10. The Godavari overflows its banks every year.
11. A committee of five was appointed.
12. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.
13. The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.
14. Without health there is no happiness.
15. He gave me a bunch of grapes.
16. I recognized your voice at once.
17. Our team is better than theirs.
18. Never tell a lie.
19. Wisdom is better than strength.
20. He sets a high value on his time.
21. I believe in his innocence.
22. This room is thirty feet in length.
23. I often think of the happy days of childhood.
24. The streets of some of our cities are noted for their crookedness.
25. What is your verdict, gentlemen of the jury?

అభ్యాసము 4

ఈ క్రింది వానికి collective noun పదములు రాయండి.
(1) Cattle
(2) Soldiers
(3) Sailors
Adjectives గా బాలురకు ఉన్న ఈ క్రింది లక్షణములను abstract nouns గా మార్చి వ్రాయుము.
(1) Lazy
(2) Cruel
(3) Brave
(4) Foolish

అభ్యాసము 5

క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన adjectives ను abstract nouns గా మార్చి వ్రాయుము.

Punctuation

మాట్లాడునపుడు మనము అక్కడక్కడ అగుచు, కంఠధ్వని హెచ్చు తగ్గులచే మన అభిప్రాయమును ఎదుటివారికి స్పష్టీకరింతుము. మనము వ్రాయునపుడు గాని వ్రాసిన గ్రంథము చదువునపుడు గాని అదే స్పష్టత ఉండవలెనన్న Marks of Punctuation (విరామ చిహ్నములు) వాడవలెను. అట్టి Marks of Punctuation లేని వాక్యమును చదువునపుడు దానికి తప్పుటర్థము రావచ్చును ; అప్పుడప్పుడు అర్థము చేసికొనుటయు కష్టమగును. &: The young man says the old man is a fool. (Punctuation reveals the fool) ; as: (1) “The young man” says the old man “is a fool”. (2) The young man says, “The old man is a fool”.

ఈ దిగువ నుదహరించిన Punctuation Marks సాధారణముగా వాడుకలోనున్నవి.

1. Comma                                                  (,)
2. Semicolon                                              (;)
3. Colon                                                     (:)
4. Full stop or Period                                 (.)
5. Note or Mark of Interrogation              (?)
6. Note or Mark of Exclamation                (!)
7. Quotation Marks or inverted Commas (“”)
8. The Apostrophe                                    (‘)

ఇందు మొదటి నాలుగు విరామ చిహ్నములు.

Read and Learn more English Grammar Topics

1. The comma marks the shortest pause. Its chief uses are: A. In a Simple sentence:
(a) Between nouns or pronouns in apposition; as :
Rama, the son of Dasharatha, ruled over Ajodhya.
b) To separate the same parts of speech, unless they are grouped by and:

1. He wrote accurately, forcibly and readily.
2. She glanced, smiled and bowed
(c) To separate each pair of words connected by and or as:
1. High and low, rich and poor, wise and foolish must all die.
2. By night or by day, at home or abroad, asleep or awake, he is a constant source of anxiety to his father.
(d) To indicate the omission of a verb; as:
1. To err is human, to forgive, divine.
2. Reading market a full man; conference, a ready man; and writing, an exact man.
(e) After an absolute construction; as:
(1) The sun having set, we all went home.
(2) To be plain with you, I do not believe your words.
(f) After the Nominative of Address; as
1. Boys, sit down.
2. Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears.
(g) To introduce a sentence in Direct Speech; as:- He said, “I shall go now”.
(h) Afterword’s and phrases placed at the beginning of a sentence; as :-
1. Courageously, he undertook the leadership.
2. Straining every muscle, he won that race.
(a) Before and after, all short parentheses; as- The poor fellow, I am sorry to say, died the same evening.
B. In a Compound sentence the co-ordinate clauses are separated by commas when they are expressed at full length; as:-
He called at my house, but I was not at home.
N.B. But when the co-ordinate clauses are not ex-pressed at full length the comma is omitted; as:—-
I made haste and caught him.
C. In a Complex sentence an Adverb Clause is generally separated by a comma from the principal clause; as:- He will succeed, because he works hard.
But the comma is omitted when the Adverb Clause is either elliptical or very short.
1. He likes you better than me.
2. Send me word before you start.
(b) The Semicolon marks a longer pause than the comma. It is used;
(a) To separate long Co-ordinate Clause; as :-
Honesty of purpose in worldly affairs has many advantages over deceit; it is a safer way of dealing with men; it inspires men with greater confidence.
(b) To give greater emphasis to different clauses :-
1. The coconut tree gives us food; it gives us drink; it gives us material for roofing; it gives us oil; it gives us rope; it supplies us, indeed, with all the necessaries of life.
2. As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. So there is tears for his love; joy for                  his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his ambi- tion.
c. The colon marks a longer pause than the semico- lon. It is used:
(a) When what follows confirms, repeats or amplifies the previous statement:
It is said that sleep is best before midnight; and nature hereself with her darkness informs us so (confirmation).
(b) Before enumerations (with or without the dash).
(1) The principal forms of a verb in English are: the present tense, the past tense and the past participle.
(2) The following articles are found in his pocket :- a pencil, a pen knife, a bit of chalk.
(c) To introduce a quotation or an example :-
(1) Dickens said: “It is better to be three hours earlier than one minute late”.
(2) The following is a good example: (amplication)
d. The Full Stop or Period.
It marks the longest pause and is used:
(a) At the end of every complete sentence, except inter- rogative and exclamatory ones:
(b) After abbreviations:
B.A. (= Bachelor of Arts). B.C. (=Before Christ).
Jan. (for January), Lat. = (Latin)
Note: (1) When the first and last letters of the abbreviation are also those of the full word, the full stop is omitted as: Wt. (=for weight), fot. (=for feet); Gk. (=for Greek); Mr. (=forMister)..
e. Note or mark of Interrogation.

It is used after:
(a) Direct questions. The sentence following must be commenced with a capital:-
1. Where was he born? When did he die ?
2. He asked me, “Have you been long at college?”
(b) Interrogative sentences which are in the form of statements or assertions:-
You came here to see your father?
Note: 1. Indirect questions do not take a mark of inter- rogation after them :-
He asked me if I had been long at college.
Note: 2. No question mark is needed at the end, when a polite request is made in an interrogative form :-
1. Could you kindly speak to your brother about my appointment.
2. Will you please grant me leave for to-day.
3. May I assure you of my hearty co-operation. The Note or Mark of Exclamation (!)
It is used to denote joy, sorrow, surprise etc., or when addressing a person. It is placed after interjections and after phrases and sentences expressing sudden emotion or wish:
(1) Alas!
(2) Ah me!
(3) What a fine house it is!
(4) Long live the king!
(5) Miserable man! You have been well punished.
(f)Quotation Marks or Inverted Commas(“……”)

They are used to enclose a quaotation or words in Divect speech :-
1. Solomon said, “Spare the rod and spoil the child”.
2. “Never mind”, she replied, “it made known to me what was wanted”.
Note: In the above, the reporting verb breaks up the quotation.
3. My friend replied, “Was it not Shakespeare who ob- served: ‘Give every man ear but few thy voice’?”
Note: If a quotation occurs within a quotation, it is marked by single quotation marks.
(g). The apostrophe () It is used (1) to mark the omission of a letter or a syllable or syllables; as: e’en (even), couldn’t (could not), don’t (do not), ven’ble (venerable).
2. In the Possessive case of Nouns: as: Rama’s book; Girls’ school.
3. To form the plural of letters and figures: as:
(1) Dot your i’s and cross your t’s
(2) Add two 5s and four 2s.
Ex. 55. B.
(a) Insert Commas where necessary, in the following, giving reasons:-

(1) The triple alliance consists of Germany, Austria and Italy.
(2) The roof of the house having caught fire the inmates fled and remained outside the house until the fire was put out.
(3) He found as I expected that the house he had lately purchased was a bad one.
(4) I remain my dear sir yours faithfully Ramarao.
(5) To tell you the truth I should be glad to retire from business altogether.
(6) The boatman shouted to a man on shore throw out the rope.
(7) In fact of all that was subscribed I gave the largest amount.
(8) A snake sleeping in the grass will bite if any one treads upon it.
(9) Potti Sreeramulu a disciple of Gandhi worked for Harijan uplift.
(10) He was a wise learned and honest judge.
(11) From morning till noon from noon to evening from evening to midnight this same grief never leaves him.
(12) O King live for ever.
(13) He was a Brahmin; she a Rajput.

(b) Insert Semicolons, in the following giving reasons:-
(1) To-day we love what to-morrow we hate to-day we seek what to-morrow we shun to-day we desire what to-morrow we fear.
(2) I met him as he was leaving his house otherwise I should not have known him where he lived.
(3) I refused to do what he asked me to do for I was convinced that he had been misinformed of the facts.
(4) If a king violates the solemn engagements if he oppresses, extorts, robs if he imprisons, confiscates, banishes at his sole will and pleasure his defence is that it is his privilege                    because the people are his subjects.
(5) The heavens declare the glory of God and the firma- ment showeth his handiwork.

(c) Insert Colons in the following, giving reasons:
(1) The following boys are absent Rama, Krishna and Satyanarayana.
(2) Strive above all things, in whatever station of life you may be, there is no happiness in life without it. Tennyson says more things are wrought by prayer than this world dreams of. (d) Punctuate the following passage, using capitals where necessary :-
(1) he perceiving my shadow on the wall by his bedside asked who was there sir I am here quoth i if i might see your grace well what is the time said he to me.
(2) how are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle I am distressed for thee my brother jonathan Nonsense how can you talk such rubbish.
(3) They had played together in infancy they had worked together in manhood they were now tottering about and gossiping away the evening of life and in a short time they will                  probably be buried together in the neighbouring church- yard.
(4) The carthagenian army was composed entirely of mercenary troops africa spain and gaul were their recruiting grounds and these countries were an inexhaustible treasury of                    warriors as long as the money lasted which the recruits re- ceived as pay.

Adjectives (విశేషణములు)

Adjectives ఏడు విధములు,
1. Qualitative,
2. Numeral,
3.Quantitative,
4. Demon- strative,
5. Distributive,
6. Interrogative,
7. Relative

1. వస్తువులు (things) ఎట్టి గుణములు గలవియో చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of Quality end. &: a tall tree, a bold man, a dark room, an old house..

Def. Adjectives of quality show of what kind a thing is.

2. వస్తువులు (things) ఎన్ని గలవో, లేక యే orderలో నున్నవో చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of number అనబడును. ఉ: two boys, three cows, ten men, few rupees, many goats, all men, fifth boy, first place.

Def. Adjectives of Number (Numeral Adjectives) show how many of a thing there are or in what order. e.g. Any, some, a, an, certain, no, few, many, all, several 3 ఇన్నియని చెప్పక. వస్తువుల సంఖ్యను సూచించుటచే ఆవి Indefinite Numeral Adjectives అనబడును.

Def: Adjectives which do not denote an exact number are called Indefinite Numeral Adjectives.

Two, three, second, third అనునవి వస్తువుల సంఖ్యను సరిగా యిన్ని అనియో, ఒక వరుసలో ఇన్నవది అనియోసూచించుటచే అవి Definite Numeral Adjectives అనబడును.

Def. Adjectives which denote some exact number or show the serial order in which a thing stands are called Definite Numeral Adjectives.

Note:- – In ‘Both’ (=the two) boys won prizes, ‘both’ is an adjective. In ‘Both’ the boys won prizes, it is best to regard both as a pronoun put in apposition to the subject (the boys); as: The boys, both of them, won prizes 2. All the children ran after the piper-The children, all of them ran after the piper. 3. వస్తువుల (things) యొక్క పరిమితిని చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of Quantity e. &: much rice, some milk, little
money.

Def: Adjectives of Quantity show how much of a thing there is.

4. వస్తువులలో (things) ఫలానా అని చూపునట్టి మాటలు Demon- stative Adjectives eod.& this book, that boy, these trees, those houses, the same book, such conduct.

Def: Demonstrative Adjectives point out which things are meant.
The adjectives these and those do not agree with the nouns kind and sort to which they refer.

Wrong
Correct

1. These kind of things.
2. Those sort of things. 1. This kind of thing.
2. Things of this kind
3. All (or many) sorts of things.
5. వస్తువులు (things) ఒక్కొక్కటిగా తీసికొనినట్లు తెలియజేయు మాటలు

Distributive Adjectives అనబడును. ఉ: each boy, every man, either pen, neither party.

Def: Distributive Adjectives show that things are taken separately.
6. What books do you read? Which boy got the prize? Whose house is this? What, Which and Whose అను మాటలు books, boy and house అను nouns కు ముందుంచబడి ప్రశ్నలు వేయుట కుపయోగపడినవి గాన, అవి Interrogative Adjectives అనబడును.

Def: What, which and whose when used with Nouns to ask questions are called Interrogative Adjectives.

7. Relative Adjectives: Which and what are sometimes used as relative adjectives.

ఈ క్రింది ఎడమవైపు రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి ఒకే వాక్యముగా వ్రాయుము.

(A) (1) Wait for two days.
(b) He will return within that time.

Wait for two days
within which time he will return.
Within which time he will return – Adj. Clause; qualifying the noun, days.
Which-Relative adj. having for its antecedent days and qualifying the noun, time.

(B) (a) He had some money. stood.
(b) That he took with him. What money he had.
He took with him
what money he had.
Adj.

Cl. qualifying that under-

What. Rel. adj. having for its antecedent that under- stood and qualifying the noun, money.

But the generalizing relative adjectives whichever, which-so- ever; and whatever what-so-ever are much commoner; and the clauses which they introduce are always subordinate (Adv. Cl. of condition) modifying the verbs in the Principal clauses:e.g. (a) Whichever way he goes, we shall be sure to catch him. (b) Whatever step he takes, we shall be prepared.

Ex. 23A

Name the class to which each Adjective in the following belongs:

1. This is a very heavy stone.
2. Each angle is a right angle.
3. Neither party is the right.
4. I saw a lame boy.
5. The tree has several branches.
6. Every man must do his duty.
7. Many persons gathered in the street.
8. Which boy has won the prize?
9. He has much money.
10. He has lost all his wealth.
11. What books are selected?
12. Have you any money?
13. All men are mortal.
14. Most boys like cricket.
15. Either pen will do.
16. Some boys are clever.
17. I ate some bread.

Accusative of Description

This is an adjective-equivalent expressing such properties of objects as: 1. size. 2. colour. 3. age. 4. price. 5. profession of persons. In most cases, Accusative may be replaced by of + noun.

1. This plank is not the right width. (=of the right width)
2. What colour (=of what colour) is the rose?
3. She might be any age (=of any age).
4. What price (=of what price) is that article?
5. (a) What trade (=of what trade) is he?
6. (b) What part (=of what part) of speech are these words?

Use of: Some, any

1. In Negative sentences some is not used, but any is used; as:
I shall buy some mangoes. Wrong: I shall buy any mangoes.
Correct: I shall not buy any mangoes.

Note: But any may be used in Affirmative sentences when it has an emphatic meaning, such as: ‘No matter which or who or whom’ e.g.

1. Give me a book. Any book will do (=it does not matter which book you give me).
2. That is easy! Anybody can do that! (=it does not matter whom you ask; he will be able to do it).
b. In Interrogative sentences:
(a) Any is used: as; –
Have you brought any mangoes?
(b) Some may be used, when the interrogative sentences are quivalent to polite requests or when they happen to be questions to which the answer ‘yes’ is expected.

1. Will you please give me some mangoes?
Will you have some more coffee?
Would you mind giving me some paper?
2. Aren’t there some pens in that drawer?
Polite
requests.
Answer
‘yes’ is
expected
When the answer is
c. In Conditional * sentences:
There are some pens in that drawer, aren’t there?
Note: Are there any
pens in that drawer?
unknown to the speaker.

If I had any money, I should go there.
If there are any apples in the market, please buy some.

(a) I doubt whether he will have any chance.
(b) He wondered whether any of his classmates would be there.
(c) He was not certain whether any good would come of detaining students.
(d) In sentences expressing doubt, wonder and uncertainty.
(e) The rules given above for some and any apply to their compounds, such as: someone, anyone; somebody, anybody; something, anything; somewhere; anywhere.

Affirmative:

1. There is somebody knocking on (or at) the door. Interrogative:
See Appendix D
1. Is there anybody in the next room? 2. Did you go anywhere last week?

Negative:

1. There is not anybody there.
2. I did not go anywhere yesterday.
N.B. The use of, ‘no any’ is a common mistake. It is wrong to say, ‘I have no any money. It should be either ‘I have not any money’. or ‘I have no money’.

Use of few, a few, the few

Few (opposed to many) is negative in sense and means (not many).
eg. (a) His wants are few. (b) He is a man of few words. We had few (=almost no) opportunities.
2. A few (opposed to none) is affirmative and means some at least, (i.e. a small number).
e.g. (a) A few of the boys in the class got the answer for the problem.
(b) We are lucky, he spoke a few words.
3. The few means ‘not many’ but all (that) there are’. e.g. (1) He read the few books he had (=He had not many books, but he read all of them).

Use of : little; a little; the little.

1. Little is negative in sense and means not much. e.g. You will have little trouble in finding out my house.
2. A little is affirmative and means ‘some’ though not much.
e.g. (a) He knows a little of everything.
A conditional sentence consists of two parts:
(b) the condition (if clause) and
(c) the result of its fulfilment (Principal clause)

Degrees Of Comparison

(b) A little learning is a dangerous thing.

3. The little means ‘not much’ but all (that) there is.
.e.g. The little money he had was stolen.
Note: Little is also used as an ordinary adjective mean-
ing ‘small’ (=not great or big.)
e.g. (a) Go a little way (short distance).
(b) Work a little while (short time).
(c) A little child (small size or young).
(d) The little Subbaraos (Subbarao’s children)
Note: a) Little is used as an adverb meaning ‘to a small
extent only’ (or ‘not at all’)
e.g. (a) He is little known in our town.
(b) His house is little better than a hotel.

Comparison of Adjectives

Rama, Gopal, Krishna అను ముగ్గురు పిల్లలలో వారికి పొడుగులో గల తేడాలను కనిపెట్టునపుడు రాముని కంటే గోపాలుడును, గోపాలునికంటె కృష్ణుడును పొడుగుగా నున్నట్లు తెలియవచ్చినది. కనుక ముగ్గురిలోను ఎవరు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు? కృష్ణుడు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు.

ఇతరులతో పోల్చనంతవరకు రాముడు కూడ పొడుగు అని మాత్రము చెప్పవచ్చును. కనుక ‘Rama is tall’ అందుము. Gopal రామునికంటె పొడుగు కనుక ‘Gopal is taller than Rama’ అందుము. కృష్ణుడు గోపాలుని కంటె పొడుగు, కావున, ‘Krishna is taller than Gopal అందుము. కాని ముగ్గురిలోను లేక అందరిలోను కృష్ణుడు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు కావున ‘Krishna is
the tallest of the three’ లేక ‘Krishna is the tallest of all’ అందుము.

పైన చెప్పిన tall, taller, tallest అను తేడాలను తెలియజేయు మూడు రూపములు Degrees of Comparision అని పిలువబడును.

1. The Positive Degree :- ఉ: tall, small, Gopal is tall.
His house is small.
2. The Comparative Degree: a Boys Xe
తేడాను చెప్పునపుడు మాత్రమే ఉపయోగింపబడును. ఉ: Taller, smaller. Gopal is taller than Rama.
3. The Superlative Degree: a dodos 50
వస్తువులను పోల్చునపుడు ఉపయోగింపబడును. ఉ: tallest, smallest. Krishna is the tallest of all the boys.
Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative forms

1. ఒకటే syllable గల Adjectives విషయములో:
(a) Positive degree 338 er 33 Comparative degree యును, est చేర్చుటచే Superlative degree యును, ఏర్పడును. : hard, harder, hardest.
(b) Positive కి చివర e ఉన్నయెడల. Comparative ఏర్పడుటకు 7 ను, Superlative ఏర్పడుటకు st యును చేర్చబడును. ఉ: wise, wiser,
wisest.
(c) Positive కి చివరనున్న y వెనుక
(a) హల్లులున్న యెడల ఆ y ని ” క్రింద మార్చి er, est చేర్చవలెను. & dry, driet, driest.
(b) హల్లులు లేనియెడల ‘y’ ” క్రింద మారదు. ఉః gay, gayer, gayest.
(d) Positive కి చివర ఒకటే హల్లుండి ఆ హల్లుకి వెనుక ఒకటే అచ్చున్న యెడల, ఆ చివర హల్లు ద్విత్వమగును. ఉ: red, redder, reddest; thin, thinner, thinnest.
కాని Positive కి చివర రెండు హల్లులున్నయెడల గాని, చివరి హల్లునకు వెనుక రెండచ్చులుండినగాని ఆహల్లులు ద్విత్వము కానేరవు. ఉ: thick, thicker, thickest; weak, weaker, weakest.
2. రెండు syllables గల కొన్ని adjectives కును మూడు syllables Xo adjectives, positive & more and most o Trwa Jaj3 Comparative, Superlative degree e 5. & beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful.
3. కొన్ని adjectives irregular గా compare చేయబడును. ఉ:

1. Comparison 30

Comparative degree

తరువాత than అను మాటయును. Superlative degree తర్వాత of అను మాటయును రావలెను. ఉదా: Rama is taller than Krishna. Gopal is the tallest of all the boys.
Superlative Adjective op the articles 0333. the tallest tree.
Adjective కి ముందు the ఉంచినపుడు ఆ phrase ఒక బహువచన నామవాచకమునకు సమమగును. ఉ the rich అనగాthe rich people; the poor on the poor people.

2. Comparative degree

Comparison than అను మాటయు, selection సూచించునపుడు of అను మాటయు రావలయును. ఉదాః

(1) Rama is stronger than Gopal.
(2) This pen is the better of the two (Selection) N. B. Selection ro
కి ముందు the తప్పక రావలెను.

Comparative Adjective

3. A few English Comparative Adjectives (latter, elder, former, hinder, inner, outer, upper etc.,) do not take than after them.

Wrong – He is elder than I..
Correct He is older than I.

These are used as ordinary adjectives as :- elder brother; inner compartment, latter part, hinder legs; upper storey.

4. Latin Comparatives (superior, inferior, senior, junior pior, anterior, posterior, ulterior take to after them; as: This rice is far superior to that. He is junior to me.

5. Much and Little 3 (quantity) 30. Many and few Song (number) 30. much money, but many rupees, little bread, but few loaves.

6. (a) Older and oldest are used both of persons and things; as: Rama is older than Gopal (of greater age). This is the oldest tree in the forest (of the greatest age).
(b) Elder and eldest are used of persons only, and chiefly with reference to the members of the same family; as – Krishna is my elder brother (born prior). He is my eldest son (first born).7. (a) Later and latest refer to time and are opposed to earlier and earliest; as:- This is a later Publication. Tell me the latest news. He came later than I.
(b) Latter and last refer to order or position; as: The latter part of his life was happy. He is the last boy in the class. (c) Latter is opposed to former. Latter means the second mentioned of two things; former means the first mentioned of two things; as Rama and Gopal are brothers; the latter (=gopal) is more intelligent than the fomer (=Rama).

1. Fill up the blanks with than or of :-

1. Rama is taller….. Gopal. 2. Seetha is younger….. Savitri. 3. Hari is the best…… all the boys in the class. 4. Gold is heavier….. Iron. 5. Iron is the most useful….. all the metals. 6. Krishna runs faster….. I. 7. He loves me better….. you. 8. He is a better boy….. Kesava. 9. I am worse….. Rama in History. 10. London is the largest ….. all the towns in the world. 11. Iron is the cheapest….. all the metals. 12. My pencil is larger….. yours. 13. Kings are not the happiest ….. men. 14. Your hat is smaller….. mine. 15. The rose is the loveliest….. all the flowers. 16. Gopal is the cleverer….. the two. 17. Krishna is the wiser….. the two. 18. This boy is the more intelligent….. the two.
Ans: 2. than 3. of 7. than 10. of 13. of 16. of 18. of 2. Correct the following:-

1. He is short than you. 2. He is the cleverest than all the boys. 3. This book is easiest to that. 4. Gopal is young than all. 5. My son is clever than yours. 6. Rama is an active boy than Sunder. 7. John is more taller than James. 8. To-day is very cold than Yesterday. 9. My pay is little than yours. 10. John is the baddest boy in the class. 11. This man is senior than that. 12. This paper is inferior than that. 13. Rama is junior than Gopal. 14. His strength is superior than mine. 15. Rama is elder than Krishna. 16. He is my elder brother. 17. Thissummer hotter than the latest. 18. The later of the two reasons is sound. 19. Tell me the last news.
Ans: 1. Shorter 2. of 3. easier than 4. the youngest of 6. a more active. 7. taller than 9. less 10. the worst 11. to 12. to 13. to 14. to 15. older 16. elder 17. last 18. latter 19. latest.

Formation of Adjectives

Adjectives are formed from:
(a) Nouns – Fool, foolish; Care, careful; king, kingly; gift, gifted; fame, famous.
(b) Verbs Move, movable; talk, talkative.
(c) Adjetives Black, blackish; (=somewhat black); Sick (=unhealthy) sickly (= somewhat sick, habitually ailing) Ex. 24 A

Form Adjectives from :-

Man, tire, boy, white, fury, ease, eat, sense, gold, whole, play, silk, dirt, pardon, courag, glory, health.

Adjective – equivalents

1. Verb-adjectives (Participles): Like other adjectives
they are used in two ways:-
(a) As epithets:
(a) Living creatures.
Creatures living beneath the sun.
(b) A printed book.
A table made of wood.
(a) As predicative adjectives:
(A) Said of the subject:
(a) The people came running. They are playing.
Active Participles. Passive
Participles.
Active Participles.
(b) I became assured that my
would be cured.
foot
They were changed into blocks of wood.
(B) Said of the object :
(C) time.
(a) I found the thief running away. They heard the people ringing the bells.
(b) I saw a rat caught in a trap.
I got my leg broken.
Passive Participles..
Active Participles
Passive Participles.
In the Nominative Absolute construction :
God willing, (=if God wills) we hope to succeed this
Everything having been prepared. (=after everything had been prepated) he dropped a bomb.
This done (=when this had been done) he retired.
He having the start (=as he had – the start) the enemy was at a disadvantage.
2. A Noun in apposition:
(a)We, Andhras (b) Asoka, the Emperor of India. (c) Delhi, the capital of India.
3. A Noun in the Possessive case:
(a) Rama’s house (b) The King’s palace.
4. ANoun in the Accusative case (acccusative of description): (a) The earth is the shape of an orange (-orangeshaped). (b) The towers were exactly the same height (=of the same height). (c) What colour (=of what colour, is the rose?)
5. Epithet nouns :
(a) Nouns may be used like epithet-adjectives;A Gold ring (a ring made of gold); gipsy coat; the river Ganges; the village watchman (=a watchman for the village); cannon balls (=ballls for cannon); the sick room (=room for the sick).
(b) A noun forming part of a compound noun
(a) Fruit – trees; market – place; honey – bee.
(b) Playmates; timepiece; milkmaid.
(c) A verb noun (=gerund forming part of a compound noun: Dancing – lesson (= a lesson in dacing) walking – stick; drawing-room.
(d) A compound noun: Drawing room furniture.
6. Proper noun:
Nellore rice; Kashmere shawls, Sunday hats.
7. (A) A phrase:
Walking on the road, I saw a snake.
(B) A lump of lead (-leaden lump) (b) Ten years of age (=Ten years old). (c) The day after to-morrow. (d) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
8. An Adverb:
(a) The then king.
(b) The off side.
(c) The houses there.
(d) The trees yonder.
(e) The classes below.
(f) The above remarks.
(g) Life abroad.
(h) The far-off isles.
(i) In after years.
9. A clause (in complex sentence) :
This is the house that my father built.
10. Gerundial infinitive:
(a) Give me water to drink.
(b) This house is to let.
11. A quotation: Always follow the ‘live and let live’ policy.

Ellipses

1. (a) Rama is as tall as I = Rama is as tall as I (am tall). (b) Gopal is taller than he = Gopal is taller than he (is tall). N.B. పై వాక్యములలో వలె verb, intransitive అయినప్పుడు 45, than తర్వాత వచ్చు pronouns (I, he) subjective case లో నుండవలెను. ‘Rama is as tall as me అనుట తప్పు; ఎందుచేతననగా me తర్వాత clause ను supply చేయలేము.
2.  (a) He loves you better than I = He loves you better than I (love you).
   (b) He loves you better than me = he loves you better than (he loves) me.
   N.B: 1. పై వాక్యములలో వలె verb, transitive అయినప్పుడు as, than sos pronouns, subjective case (1) *. Objective case (me) లో గాని, యుండవచ్చును.
   2. కావున as, than తర్వాత noun ఉన్న యెడల ఆ noun కి subjective రూపము, objctive రూపము గూడ ఒకటే గాన, transitive verb subjective a 25 clause 3, objective
   రూపముతో ఒక clause ను రెండు విధములుగా supply చేయవచ్చును. He knows you better than Krishna = He knows you better than krishna (knows you) or He knows you better than (he knows) Krishna.
3.  He regarded me as his enemy = He regarded me as (he sould regard) his enemy.
   Note 1. ‘As if or ‘As though’ should ordinarily be followed by the past tense and not by the present tense as in IV, below:
4.  (a) He treated me as if (= as though) I were a slave = He treated me as (he would treat me) if I were a slave.
5. (b) She looks frightened as if she had seen a ghost. = She looks frightened as (she would look frightened) ij she had seen a ghost.
6. (c) Relate the story briefly as if told by Alexander to a friend Relate the story briefly as (it would be) (related) if (it were) told by Alexander to a friend. (d) He turned away as if to conceal his face… He turned away as (he would turn away) if (he wished) to conceal his face.
   Note: 2. If ‘as if, or ‘as though’ is preceded by ‘it seems’ or ‘it looks, the tense following should be present as in V below:
7. Ravana said to Vibhishana, “It looks as if you have joined my enemies.”
8. I am not so healthy as when you saw me last = I am not so healthy as (I was healthy) when you saw me last.
9. He is as industrious as ever He is as industrious as (he was industrious) ever (before).
10. He spoke as usual = He spoke as (is) usual (with him).
11. (a) He did more than he could (do) = He did more than(what) he could do.
12. (b) To express an idea some authors use more words than are necessary = To express an idea some authors use more words than (what) are necessary.
13. Rewrite as directed directed.= (You) rewrite as (you are)
14. While performing a feat, he lost his leg = While (he was) performing a feat, he lost his leg.
15. I was not in town when your letter was received, hence the delay = I was not in town when your letter was received hence (was) the delay.
16. He is more intelligent than honest = He is more intelligent than (he is) honest.
17. I am not such fool as to believe that I am not such a fool, as (I should be a fool, if I were) to believe that. What if he should refuse? What (would happen) if he should refuse?
18. To tell you the truth, I have not saved anything. = (If I were) to tell you the truth, (I should say) I have not saved anything.
19. I cannot but go = I cannot (do anything) but go = I cannot do anything other than going.
20. The sooner you do it, the better = The sooner you do it, the better (it is for you).
21. The vines more than repaid their (the sons’) labour = The vines (did) more than (they) repaid the son’s labour.
22. He spoke as it were in jest… He spoke as (if) it were in jest. He spoke as (he would speak) if it were in jest. Ex. 47 B.

Supply the Ellipses (words understood) in:

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1.  Do you like Rama better than I?
2. Do you like Rama better than him?
3.  Do you like Rama better than he?
4.  I am as tall as he.
5.  I am taller than you.
6.  I saw you as soon as him.
7. I saw you as soon as he.
8. You know your lessons better than I.
9. Either you are to blame or he.
10.  The girls are much cleverer than the boys.
11. You have known these boys much longer than I.
12. Whether they are to go or stay is doubtful.
13.  He can neither eat nor sleep.
14. The man is poor but contented.
15. They bowed to us and we to them.
16. I will allow you to go with them, but not to stay long.
17. You may give the beggar some food but not any money.
18.  I would sooner go than stay.
19.  Nothing could be better than the way he did it.
20. He shed tears as if to display his grief.
21.  He laughed as if he was much amused.
22.  He is as idle as ever.
23.  He is rash as usual.
24. While going to school he met his friend.
25.  He walked there as on thorns.
26.  He went to school as usual.
27.  He treats me as his own brother.
28.  I shall do so, if desired.
29.  I shall come if convenient.
30. He fell as quickly as a stone.
31.  I cannot but start now.
32.  He is more industrious than intelligent.
33. The sooner you start, the better.
34.  His cycle went out of order on the way, hence the delay in his arrival.
35. To speak the truth, I have not yet taken my food.
36.  What if my brother should fail to turn up now?
37. He is not such a stupid as to waste so much money.
38.  I shall do so, if required.
39.  He retraced his steps as if to avoid us.
40. He is not so healthy as when he was with you.
41.  He stood silent as though he were a stone.
42. Carry out as bidden.