Articles
A, an and the అనునవి మూడును Articles అనబడును.
1. ‘A book’ or any book; ‘an ox’ es any ox; 556 a, an అనురెండు articles ను ఫలాని వస్తువని నిర్దేశించి చెప్పకపోవుటచేత అవి Indefinite Articles అనబడును.
2. “The king’s the king of our country as the king we are speaking about; ఇచట the అను article ఫలాని వస్తువని నిర్దేశించి చెప్పుచున్నది. కాబట్టి అది Definite Article అనబడును.
Uses of Articles
A is used before words beginning with a Consonant Sound as a man, a boy. He is a B.A. Krishna is a Ph.D. An is used before words beginning with a Vowel Sound or a silent has an ant, an hour; Rama is an M.A. Gopal is an N.G.O.
An is also used before a word beginning with an aspira ted h in a syllable that is not accented; as:- an historical novel, but a hotel.
2. సామాన్యముగా ఏకవచనములో నుండు ప్రతి Common noun ముందర ఏదో యొక article తప్పక యుండవలెను; ‘I saw horse’ అనుట తప్పు;’I saw a horse’ అనవలెను.
3. Proper nouns 55, Abstract Nouns 5, Material Nouns ముందు సాధారణముగా ఏ article ను ఉంచకూడదు. ఉదా :- He went to the London p; He went to London 358; ‘We all love the honesty’ op.’We all love honesty’ 55. The cow eats the grass అనుట తప్పు. The cow eats grass అనవలెను.
Note 1. Geographical Names & rivers, oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, straits, groups of islands, mountain ranges 3box పేర్ల ముందును Descriptive (అర్ధవంతమైన) names of countries and provinces ముందును; అవి proper nouns అయినను the అను article తప్పక ఉపయోగించవలెను.
Read and Learn more Parts Of Speech
Geographical Names: The Godavary, the Atlantic ocean, the Red sea, the Persian Gulf, the Bay of Biscay, the Straits of Dover, the Andamans, the Himalayas.
Descriptive names: The United States, the Madhya Pradesh, the Andhra Pradesh. But South Africa, South India.
Note 2: Continents, countries, capes, single islands and single mountains యొక్క పేర్ల ముందు the ఉపయోగించకూడదు. ఉగా Asia, India, Cape Comorin, Ceylon, Visuvius.
But: the cape of Good Hope.
Note 3 : మనుష్య జాతులను తెలియజజేయు మాటలముందు the the English, the French, the Hindus. English, French, Dutch
వుంచినపుడు జాతులను తెలియజేయును. the వుంచనపుడు అవి భాషలను తెలియజేయును. ఉ
English English language (e.g. English is the most widely spoken of all languages of the world:)
The English the English people (e.g. The English defeated the French at Waterloo)
4. A. An అనునవి Singular nouns ముందు మాత్రమే వుపయోగింపబడును. The అనునది Singular nouns ముందును Plural nouns ముందు కూడ ఉపయోగించబడును; ఉదా : a book, an ox, the book, the books, the girl, the girls.
5. Superlativeadjectiveకి ముందు the తప్పక వుపయోగించవలెను. I am the tallest boy.
Selection Comparative adjectives Soothe He is the better of the two.
6. Adjective ముందు the వుపయోగించిన, అపుడది ఒక బహువచన నామవాచకమునకు సమమగును. ఉ the rich అనగా rich people, the poor en poor people.
7. The అనునది Common nouns ముందు ఉపయోగింపబడినపుడు జాతినంతను తెలియజేయును.
The dog is a faithful animal. The horse is an intelligent animal. The lion is a noble animal.
Note: We say, ‘Man’, (not ‘the man’) in the sense of ‘Men collectively’.
8. ఒక కథ చెప్పునపుడు సాధారణముగా ‘Once a little boy was playing with a girl near a well’ అని ప్రారంభించి, తిరిగి ఆ nouns ను ఉదహరించునపుడు వాని ముందుఁ కి బదులుగా The ఉపయోగించవలెను. ఇట్లు -The boy told the girl to stand behind the well.
9. Father, mother, breakfast, dinner, supper, tiffin, school మొదలగు మాటలముందు సాధారణముగా Article ఉపయోగించకూడదు.
The boy went to school. He left school. They open school at 10 o’clock. (They opened a school at Tuni=They started a new school at Tuni). Father will be back soon. Breakfast isn’t ready yet. After supper walk a mile. After dinner sit a while. Mother says I am not to go.
10. Sun, moon, sky, earth 3de single objects othe ఉంచవలెను. ఉదా :
The sun shines by day, and the moon, by night. The sky is blue and the earth is round. The Lord = (God).
11. The adverbial uses of ‘the’:
(a) The more one has the more one wants (=By how much more one has; by so much more one wants);
The First the means: The Second the means:
(a) By how much By so much
(b) In what degree. In that degree.
(c) To what extent. To that extent.
The two the’s denote proportional dependence between the notions expressed by the two clauses; here the first the is relative and the second the is demonstrative in force. The relative clause usually comes first.
The two the’s are adverbs modifying the adverb more after them.
(a) The following are some more examples:
(1) The more the merrier (=The more we are, the merrier we shall be).
(2) The fewer the better (= The fewer the wants, the better it is). (3) The sooner the better (=The sooner the work is finished the better it is).
(4) The more he looked at her, the less he liked her.
(b) The can also be used alone as an adverb; as –
He has had a holiday and looks the better (-he has had a- holiday and looks better on that account).
The means: (a) thereby or on that account (b) by so much or by that amount or in that degree.
Here the better is an adverbial phrase modifying looks. (c) The following are few more examples.
(1) If you sow them now, they will come up the sooner. (2) I took the pills, but I am none the better*
Note (1) Complex: The more you have, the more you
want.-
Simple: Your desire is in proportion to your riches.
Compound: You already have much, but it only makes
you want so much more.
(2) Complex: The more he looked at her, the less he liked her.
Simple: His liking for her was inversely proportional to the duration of his looking at her.
Compound: He already looked at her long, but it only made him like her so much less.
Ex. 39 A
Put Articles where necessary:
(1) Sun rises in east.
(2) I like to sleep in open verandah.
(3) Get pound of coffee from nearest shop.
(4) Where did you buy umbrella?
(5) Have you ever seen elephant?
(6) He wants to buy ox.
(7) Moon shines in sky.
(8) Earth goes round sun.
(9) I saw child in cradle.
(10) Rama is best boy in the class.
(11) Godavari is holy river.
(12) French are more civilised than Hindus.
(13) Cow is useful animal.
(14) Himalayas lie to north of India.
(15) Ganges falls into Bay of Bengal.
Ans: (1) The (sun)… the (east. (2) an (open). (3) a(pound) .the (nearest). (7) The (moon)… the (sky) (11) The Godavari … a(holy)…(12) The (French) The(Hindus) (13) The (cow)… a(useful). (14) The (Himalayas) the (north).
Ex. 39 B
Fill up the blanks with appropriate Articles:
(1) Calcutta is situated on river Hoogly.
(2) Some trees grow to… enormous height.
(3) This is … same horse as I rode yesterday.
(4)… colour of that cloth is faded.
(5) What time does. sun rise?
(6)… tiger is… fiercest of all beasts.
(7) We measure cloth by … meter.
(8)… diligent are sure to succeed.
(9) There are five rivers in Punjab.
(10) You seem to have read…great many books.
(11) Every poet cannot be … Homer.
(12) Calcutta is… London of the east.
(13) There is not… single star to be seen.
(14) I have… uncle called John.
(15) He was wounded in… left hand.
(16) I do not think he is… friend of mine.
(17) The horse is useful animal.
(18) He showed… bravery of … hero.
(19) You are just….kind of man we want.
(20) You are just such … man as we want.
(21) This horse is … stronger of the two, but I have one stronger than either.
(22) Every age does not produce… Thikkana.
(23)… number of seats is limited.
Ans: (3) the (7) the (9) the (10) a (11) a (12) the (18) the a (19) the (20) a (21) the (23) the.
Ex. 39 C
Correct the following sentences by inserting or omitting the Articles :-
(1) I saw dog coming towards me.
(2) The men are mortal.
(3) The envy is an evil passion.
(4) He is Daniel in wisdom.
(5) He ordeered servant to leave room.
(6) The honey is made by bees and they extract it from the flowers.
(7) The fire broke out in our village.
(8) He always practised the justice.
(9) He was justice of peace in Calcutta.
(10) Ganges has over flowed its banks.
(11) The mount Everest is highest peak in the world.
(12) French were defeated at Waterloo.
(13) French is most popular among European languages.
(14) Some men never eat the fish.
(15) Andamans are a group of islands.
(16) God restored sight to blind.
(17) You will never be Newton in the Astronomy.
(18) Bay of Bengal separates India from Burma.
(19) The Ceylon is beautiful island and it is largest of the islands near India.
(20) The gold is heavier than the lead.
(21) He has studied the Arithmetic.
(22) Do not neglect study of English.
(23) The industrious alone deserve the success.
(24) I have read Ramayana number of times.
(25) Number of passes is small.
Ans: (1) a dog. (2) Men are mortal. (3) Envy is … (4) a Daniel. (5) the servant, the room. (7) fire broke (8) Practised justice. (9) a justice of the peace. (10) The Ganges. (11) Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. (12) The French. (13) Among the European languages. (17) a Newton in Astronomy. (19) Ceylon is a beautiful… the largest. (22) Don’t neglect the study of English. (24) the Ramayana… a number. (25) The number…
The Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech.
A: Art-He shot a tiger. Prep: (1) He attends school twice a day (=in). The village Preacher was passing rich with forty pounds a year.
About: Prep: The lesson is about the dog (80) Adv: (1) He is walking about (ox qes) (2) He is about fifty years old (nearly).
Above: Adj: Explain the above passage, Adv. – Look above. Noun. The above is a correct statement. Prep. – He is placed above us.
After: Adv. -(1) I came here at 8 a.m. and he arrived soon after. (2) People look before and after and pine for what is not. Prep.-He came to me after 4 o’clock, (2) He takes after his father. Adj. – (1) He was more careful in after life. (2) The after effects of fever are severe. Conj. – He arrived after th train (had) left.
All: Adj. (1) All boys went away. (2) He ate all the bead. Noun. (1) He lost his all. (2) In all he did four sums. Adv. (1) He fought all alone. (2) He was dressed all in white. Pron. -(1) All passed except Govind. (2) They were all punished.
Any: Adj. 1. Have you any money? 2.Any man may do this. 3. Did you bring any loaves? Pron. Can any of you do this? Adv. 1. I cannot go any further. 4. Is that any better?
As: Rel. Pron. 1. Punish such boys as are wicked. 2. This is not the same man as I saw yesterday. Conj. – 1. He did as he was told. 2. Rewrite as directed. I shall go as the rain has stopped, Adv. – He is as tall as I.
Before: Adv. I have seen you before. Prep. -I got to the station before the appointed time. Conj. – He went away, before
you came.
Both: Adj.-1. Both men came there. 2. You cannot have it both ways. Conj. – 1. He is both a fool and rogue. 2. Both you and I must do this. Pron. – 1. Both of them are dead. 2. They are both dead.
But: Subord. Conj. (a) (but if not) 1. Perdition catch my soul, but I love thee (= If I do not love thee). 2. None but they have a right to rule (=None have a right to rule, if they do not have). 3. Away went Gilpin, who but he? (= who if not he? i.e. Who went away if he did not go away?) 4. The boy stood on the burning deck whence all but he had fled (Whence all had fled even of he did not flee).
(b) (but = unless)… 1. It never rains but it pours(=unless it pours i.e. without pouring). 2. There is nothing good or bad but (-unless) thinking makes it so.
(c) (but = other than) 1. It is anything but right (=other than right). 2.I cannot but think so (=I cannot do anything other than think so).
(d) (but that not) 1. Never doubt but I will go (=that I will not go); 2. Never fear but I will go (-that I will not go). 3. He is not such a fool but he can tell that. (=that he cannot tell that). Note 1. In the sentence ‘But me not buts’ (-Do not raise objections); but is a verb; buts is a noun.
Note: 2. For the other uses of But, (see page 67)
Down: Noun: The ups and downs of life. Adj. – He took the down train. Prep. – He sailed down the river. Ad. -1. The sun went down. 2. He sat down.
Each: Adj. Each boy has a slate. Prop. 1. Each of the boys has a slate. 2. I gave them each a pencil. 3. I gave them a pencil each. 4. The sides of two triangles are equal each to each.
Enough: Noun: 1. Enough has been said on the matter. 2. He has enough and to spare. 3. Enough is as good as a feast. Adj.-1. There is enough work for you. 2. He has money enough. Adv. He is not rich enough.
In: Adv.-1.Come in. 2. The doctor is in-Prep. He came in time; Noun. He came to know of the ins and outs of the case.
Lss: Prep: I paid him the price less the usual discount (deducting). Noun – I cannot take less. Adj. You should eat less meat. Adv. He is less known than his brother.
Like: Adj. (a) (Similar, resembling). (1) They are like things. (2) There is nothing like. it (3) Critics like him are rare. (4) They are like terms (or figures). (5) The earth is round like a ball.
(b) (=Equal): 1. He granted me also a land of like extent.
(c) (= Nearly equal): We are men of like natures.
(d) (= About (that): You may expect something like Rs.
(e) (=Show signs of doing): He looks like winning.
(f) (=Inclined) – I don’t fell like working.
(g) What is he like? (What sort of man is he?)
Adv. (a) (=In the same manner as): (1) He behaved like a lunatic. (2) He drinks like a fish and eats like a pig. (b) (=In a manner becoming): Acquit yourselves like men
Prep: (=In the manner of, to the same degree as): (1) I cannot do it like you. (2) Do not talk like that.
Prep: (a) (in the manner of), I cannot sing that song like you. There is no place like home.
(b) (=to the same degree as): It sold like hot Cakes (Adj.) Adv. (a) (=in the same manner as): (a) She sings like an angel. He drinks like fish and swims like a duck.
(b) (-in a manner becoming of): Rama behaved like a beautiful son. It sold like hot Cakes.
Note: Like is an adverb modifying the Verb signs and governing the noun angel like a preposition.
Noun: (a) (=Equal; counter-part): (1) I have not the like of it. (2) We shall not see his like again.
(b) (=Likings; feelings of attachment and aversion) He has his own likes and dislikes.
Verb: (a) (=take pleasure in): (1) I like cricket or the cinema). (2) He proceeded from looking to liking and from liking to loving.
(b) (=relish; enjoy): I like chocolates.
(c) (=to desire): I should like to come here again. (d) (= to have a regard for): I like him very much. (e) (= to choose): You may do as you like.
(f) (=to prefer): I like my tea hot.
More: Adj He has more friends than I. Noun More has been said on the subject. Adv. (1) He will come once more. (2) He is no more (dead).
Much: Adj. I wasted much time. Adv. (1) I am much pleased with you. (2) He talked too much. Noun – You cannot expect much from me.
Near: Adv. Come near Adj.: He is a near relation of mine. prep.: There is a nice tree near our house. Verb. The ship neared the shore.
Next: Adj. (1) Next week you shall have a slip test. (2) He lives next door. Adv. (1) He sopke next. (2) What next? Prep: The boy next me answered the question. Noun: I will tell you more about it in my next (i.e. letter).
None: Pron. (=not any of persons or things- singular or plural according to sense). (1) Of all the names of Hindu Gods, there is perhaps none that is so dear as Rama’s (Singular). (2) None of this concerns me (S) (3) None of the competitors were present till 9 a.m. (PI). (4) None but fools have ever believed it (PI). (5) None are genuine without the trade mark.
Adj.: (Rarely with nouns; usually elliptical- no, with reference defined by earlier or later nouns) (1) You have money and I have none (=no money). (2) He is none of my friends (=not any). (3) If a musician is wanted, I am none (not to be counted in that specified class). Adv. (1) I am none the better for it (=not at all). (2) He distrusts me, yet I will trust him none the less (=neverthe less).
One: Noun: (1) Bring your little ones (children) (2) Any one may do. pron. (1) One cannot see one’s fault. (2) This is one of his whims. Adj. Do one thing at a time.
Only: Adj. He is my only son. Adv. (1) He came only yesterday. (2) I am only joking. Conj.: Do anything you choose, only keep silence.
Past: Noun: We cannot undo the past. Adj. (1) His prime is past. (2) Past tense. (3) Past ages. Prep (1) Half past three. (2) He is an old man past seventy. (3) The thief ran past my door. Adv. The regiment is marching past.
Right: Noun: (1) Might is right, (2) I have no right to ask you. (3) Consider my rights. Adj. (1) Show me your right hand. (2) The sum is right. Verb. Every wrong will be righted. Adv. H drove right into the garden.
Round: Adj. (1) The earth is round. (2) The book is on the round table. prep.: (1) They sat round the fire. (2) The earth goes round the sun. Adv. (1) The wheel turns round. (2) He was brought round. (3) Snow fall all the year round. Noun. (1) He finished his morning round of inspection. (2) We have our daily rounds. Verb. (1) The carpenter rounded the plank. (2) Vasco De Gama was the first to round the Cape of Good Hope.
Since: Prep. (1) I have not seen him since last Monday. Conj. Since You have spoken the truth, I will not punish you (because). Adj. (1) He left school long since (ago). 2. I met him last Monday and I have not seen him since (from that time). 3. It is long since we met (from the time when).
Some: Adj. (1) Some men are wise, (2) Bring some water. Pron. Some stood boldly, others ran away. Adv. I saw him some twenty years ago (nearly or about).
Still: Adv. He is still at school. (2) You are still writing. Conj. He was ill, still he sat for the examination.
Adj. (1) The still hours of the night. (2) Still waters run deep. (3) It is a still lake verb. When the tempest stills, the ship will resume her journey.
That: See page 60.
While:Noun. Sit here for a while (time). Verb. Don’t while away your time (idle away or waste). Conj. (1) Strike while the iron is hot. (2) Make hay while the sun shines.
Worth: Adj. (1) It is worth nothing. (2) it is not worth our while to do it. Verb. Woe worth the day (befall).
N.B: Nothing and while are adverbial accussatives to ‘is worth’.