Anomalous Verbs : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

Anomalous Verbs

Introduction

The best way to learn a foreign language is to live in that country for sometime. In that case it can be learnt with more or less, as much ease as the mother-tongue; for one cannot help talking in that language to the people around for a major portion of the day. Conversation is made up of mainly ques- tions and answers. Hence it is: Interrogative, Negative and Affirmative sentences constitute the tissue of conversation.The Direct method of teaching as conceived and worked out in their Readers by Yates and Guttenberg, is based on this principle.

The chief types of sentences – Interrogative, Negaitive, Emphatic affirmative – are formed by only 24 finite verbs (or simply 24 finites) in English; hence the necessity of studying these 24 finites. While there are thousands of finites, 24 form a group by themselves and there is not a 25th of their kind, and that is the peculiarity of English. The syntax of these differs from that of the thousands of the verbs. This is, these 24 are not like the other verbs, hence they are called Anomalous finites. For one reason or other they cannot be given any one of the following names: weak, strong, regular, defective or auxiliary.

The following are the 24 finites: -am, is, was, are, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, dare, must, need, ought, used.
These are derived from the following 12 anomalous. verbs- be, have, do, can, may, shall, will, dare, must, need, ought, used.
By this classification, it becomes surprisingly simpler to give useful syntactical information. How otherwise could the difference betwen (a) “have you”, and “do you have” (b) “need he” and “does he need” be shown clearly? This is clarified in the body of this article. The Grammar mechanism of Affirma- tive, Negative and Interrogative cannot be explained without reference to the 24 finites.

These 24 finites occur (actually or potentially) in every sentence, but they are the despair of the student of English in earlier (and even in the later) stages. So, if the pupil in the early stages is enabled to use most of these in his conversation, he learns to speak and converse in English with others in the shortest time possible and with great ease in as much as these 24 finites not only provide the basis, but form the fabric of daily conversation. The table on page 127 shows the finites and non-finites of (a) Anomalous (b) Non-anomalous verbs, eat having been taken as a representative of the thousands of Non-anomalous verbs(i.e other verbs).

Functions of Anomalous finites

The 24 finites have mainly three functions. 1 Their first function, as structural words is to form Negative, Interrogative and Emphatic affirmative sentences. When they are used as structural words in ‘syntax’ (-sentence building) all the 24 finites are Anomalous.
They affect (1) the position of adverbs of frequency (2) help secure emphasis (a) on the negative idea in a sentence (b) on an Adjective or Adverb in a sentence.
Above all, they are needed to avoid unnecessary repetition of verbs, especially in conversation. A few of them get contracted when they are merged with (i) pronouns (ii) the introductory adverb “there” and (c) nouns.
1. (a) Th 24 finites alone can take not after them to form negative sentences.
1. Be is, am, are, was, were

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1-(b) The other verbs cannot take negative sentences:-
e.g. “I eat not apples”. – Wrong.
2-(a) finitesnegative sentencesలో వచ్చు not ఆ finites తో merge అగును. (అనగా పై 3 వ వరుసలో వలె) కలిసిపోవును.
(b) verb not merge
3 -(a) The 24 finites alone change places with the subject to form interrogative sentences:-

III- (b) The other verbs cannot chang places with the
subject to form interrogative sentences:
e.g.  “Eat I apples” ?- Wrong.
Note: If the main verb in a sentence is not one of the 24 tinites or does not contain one of them, the simple tense must be replaced by the corresponding compound (emphatic form of the verb containing do, does, or did, but these three are members of the 24 finites. So the procedure in I-(a) and II-(a) may therefore be adopted for transformation of sentences into Negative and Interrogative.
Emphatic

Note: Do exercises 35 & 35 A
4. Adverbs of frequency (such as:- always, sometimes, often, frequently, ever, generally, rarely, usually, seldom, hardly, scarcely) are always put after the 24 finites but before all other verbs.
1. (a) I am always busy (b) He could never equal me.
2. (a) He always lies. (b) He never failed.
Note: Rule 4 is to be reversed when the A. F. is to be emphasied; as: He never could equal me.
5-(a) In the case of the 24 finites, we may emphasize the affirmative element in a sentence by using a strong stress on the finite (i.e. by means of intonation) as :- I can find time.
5-(b) But in the case of other verbs, we may emphasize the affirmative element in a sentence by using the forms do, does or did, as indicated under Emphatic Form of verbs; as :Emphatic – I do find time.
5-(c) Special emphasis is put on :-
(1) The negative idea in a sentence by placing the negative at the beginning of the sentence, the affirmative form of the verb being changed into the interrogative without the question mark at the end; as: 1. No sooner did he hear the news than he jumped for joy. 2. In no other way can I explain it.
(2) An adjective or an adverb by placing so at the beginning of the sentence followed by the said adjective or adverb, the affirmative form of the verb being changed into the interrogative without the question mark at the end; as:- (1) So fond was he of Tennis (or so much did he like (Tennis) that he used to play Tennis every day.
6. The 24 finites are also used in conversation to avoid unnecessary repetition.

(a) As a substitute verb:
1. Ought he pay fine? Yes he ought.
2. He eats more than you do.
3. You must go there. Must I?
(b) In short answers to questions (requiring Yes or No)
1. Did your brother pass the examination?
Yes, he did or No, he didn’t.
2. Can you lend me five fupees?
Yes, I can or No, I can’t.
(c) In short answers to subject questions:
1. Which of you will help me? Rama will.
2. How much of it was used? Half of it was.
3. Who discovered America? Columbus did.
(d) In question tags (which invariably contain one or other of 24 finites:
1. Rama went to Tuni, didn’t he?
2. You need not go, need you?
3. There has been heavy rain lately, hasn’t there?
4. Meet me to-morrow, will you?
5. Sita will meet me, won’t she?
(e) In declaring what is true of one person or thing is equally true of another person or thing:
1. I can go there.                                      I can go there and
2. You also can go there.                          so can you.
1. I saw the aeroplane.                              I saw the aeroplane,
2. My frien also saw the aeroplane          so did my friend.
N. B So is placed before the second part of the statement changed into the interrogative form (but without the question mark at the end).
(f) In declaring what is untrue of one person or thing is equally untrue of another person or thing:
1. I cannot go there.                                              I cannot go there nor
2. You cannot go there, either.                             (or neither) can you.
1. I didn’t see the aroplane.                                  I didn’t see the aeroplane nor (or neither)
2. My friend didn’t see the aeroplane, either.      did my friend.
Note: Nor (or either) is placed before the second part of the statement changed into the interrogative form (but with- out the question mark ? at the end).
(g) In recognising to be true what we hear :
“I saw you at the Post Office this morning,” A said to B. B replied, “Yes you did”. N.B- In the answer, yes is followed by. a pronoun and one of the 24 finites.
(h) In recognising to be untrue what we hear:
“I saw you at the Post Offic this morning” – No you didn’t. No is followed by a pronoun and an A. F.
((a) In correcting a suggestion (which is in the form of a question that is false), the A. F. is stressed onA
1. Why did you hit that child?
2. Why didn’t you come and see me yesterday?
But, I didn’t (you were misinformed). gibicos
But I did (and you were not at home).
N.B. The answer begins with but followed by a pronoun and then by a negative or affirmative A. F. according as the “why” question is a simple interrogative as in 1. or a negative interrogative as in 2.A few of the 24 A. F. are shortened with (a) Pronouns, (b) the Indroductory adverb ‘there’ and (c) Nouns; as-1: a) It’s (It is); Who’s (Who is); What’s (What is) He’s (He is) bleeding; He’s (He has) got a scar on his cheek; I’m (I am); I’d (I had) fever last night.
I’d (would) like to tell you a secret; Ill ( I will); I’ve (I have); You’are (You are); (b) There’s (There is); (c) The sun’s (sun is) about to come out soon.
Note: The acid test of one of the 24 finites being used as an Anomalous verb lies :-
(a) in its taking a not after it to form the negative (b) in changing places with the subject to form the interrogative; so it is Non-anomalous when conjugated with the auxiliary verb do to form the negative and the interrogative.
The second function of the finites is to form :-
(a) Compoound tenses: (a) continuous (b) perfect (c) emphatic affirmative with do, does and did forms)
(a) Passive voice :
The following fourteen (14) finites are used as (i) Anomalous and Non-anomalous (ii). some being used as auxiliary verbs only, while some others, as full verbs only, according to usage and meaning.
(A)-IS, AM, ARE, WERE, WAS,

1. Anamalous

(a) as auxiliary verbs to form :-
1. Continuous tenses with present participles; as :- He is reading a novel.
2. Perfect tense (archaic) with past participles of about twelve intransitive verbs to express a completed action result- ing in a change of (a) place or (b) condition or (c) both; as:
(a) They are gone to the market to buy food. He is come for the marriage. We are met (gathered or assembled)- to cele- brate the death anniversary of Potti Sreeramulu.
(b) The mighty are fallen on the bloody field. Jesus Christ is risen from the dead. How tall he is grown in a year! When the sun is set, it will be cooler. Are men descended from apes?
(c) The Chief Minister is returned sick from Delhi.
Note: The above sentences are not in the passive voice, though in each, the part of the verb be is folowed by a past participle; for the verbs are intransitive. So these verbs are in the perfect tense (archaic) and in the active voice.
3. Passive voice with past participles of transitive verbs as:- The tiger was killed.
(b) as full Verbs :-
1. Of incomplete predication:- He is brave.
2. Of complete predication with different meanings; as :- God is everywhere (exists). When will the wedding be (taken place)? You are to start now (must). I am to see him to- morrow (=it has been arranged that I shall). He has been to England three times (visited). What are you going to be when you grow up (become)?
2. NON-ANOMALOUS: to form (a) Negative Inter- rogative Why don’t you be more reasonable? (b) Imperative – Don’t be so curious.
(B) HAVE, HAS, HAD
(a) as auxiliary verb to form :-
Perfect tenses; as: (a) I have worked the whole day. (b) as full verbs meaning “possession” with different signification; as :-
1. Simple possession:- Birds have wings. I have a dislike for cigars.
2. Be the owner of material things:
(a) Has he a house of his own?
Colloq-He has got a house of his own.
(b) How much money have you?
Colloq- How much money have you got?
3. Physical and mental characteristic:
(a) Has she blue or brown eyes? Colloq-She has got blue yes.
(b) I haven’t a very good memory?
Colloq-I haven’t got very good memory.
4. Expressing relationship:- Have they any children? Colioq- How many children have they got?
5. With the meaning ‘Is (are) there’:- How many days has January? Have we any coffee in the house? Rumour has it that our school has won the foot-ball match.
6. With the meaning “if” :- Had we wings like birds, we should not need aeroplanes.

2. Non-Anomalous

(a) When did you have your shoes mended? (causative)
(b) (i) He had his leg broken. (suffering)
(b) I did not have much difficulty in
finding your house. (trouble)
(c) Did you have a (pleasant) (walk or journey); sound sleep; good time
(c) (i) How often do you have letter from your son?
(receive)
(b) Do you have a bath now? (take)
(Experi- ences)
(3) (joy) Various
(c) Does your teacher always have notes mean- for English lesson (use)
(d) At what time do you have dinner? (eat) (e) Do you have coffee or tea for you- breakfast? (drink)
(f) Will you have a cigarette ? (smoke) ings(6)

3. (a) Anomalous And (b) Non-Anomalous

(Combined) According to the nature of the activity (denoted by the verb) being 1. (a) particular occasion or (b) general. 2. (a) a necessity in the immediate future or (b)’a regular necessity starting in the past.
1. Anomalous – Have you a cold now? (particular occasion) Non-Anomalous:- Do you often have cold? (general)
2. Anomalous: Have you to attend office an hour earlier than usual this morning.
Non- Anomalous :- At what time do you have to attend office every morning?
Necessity applying to an activity in the immediate future. Necessity applying to a regular activity starting in the past.
Note: (a) With reference to the sentences: “I have to do this” and “I had to do this” (i.e. without Neg. Interr. or Em- phatic), we cannot say whether the verbs in those sentences are Anomalous or Non-anomalous.
Note:- (b) Must has only present tense, so the sense of the other tenses is expressed by the tenses of the verb have: as:-
Present
I must start at once.
I have to start at once.
I shall have to start soon.

Future
When the bell rings, I must go. Past
When the bell rang, I had to go.

(C) DO, DOES, DID
1. ANOMALOUS = as Auxiliary verbs only to form :-
(a) Neg: He did not work hard?
(b) Interr:- Does he work hard?
(c) Emphatic affirm:- He did not say much, but what he did say was important.
2. NON-ANOMALOUS:
(with the meaning “perform”) as – he did not do the whole work.
Note: In this case the verbs do, does, did are themselves conjugated in the Neg. & Interr. with the auxiliary do.
(D) USED (to) (Full verb)
Used, pronounced (“you;st”) derived from an obsolete verb and used only in the simple past (for expressing only things of the past time), is followed by to and an infinitive.
1. Anomalous; as :-
(a) He used n’t to smoke a cigar before marriage (habit)
(b) Used he to visit you regularly last year? (repeated action).
(c) The Hindu Kings used to be crowned in Delhi (custom). (iv) Life is not so cheap as it used to be ( state existing in the past). (v) It used to be thought (i.e. people thought) that the sun turned round the earth (motion). (vi) There used to be cinema in this street (there was).
2. Non-Anomalous in:-
(a) Colloquial style; as :-
(Did he use to visit you regularly last year?)
(b) Tag-questions; as :-
He used to smoke before marriage, didn’t he?
(or use (d) n’t he?)
(c) Responses; as :-
A:- Rama used to live in Hyderaba.
B: Oh, did he ? (or, Oh, used he ?)
N.B: In the following used (pronounced: you : st) is a past participle meaning “accustomed to” or familiar “with” as:- (i) Soldiers are used to danger. (ii) I am not used to (hard labour) carrying logs of wood. (iii) You will soon get used to our ways.
Note: There is altogether another verb use (=make use of) whose past tense is used (pronounced Yu: zd).
This is a regular verb; as :-
What kind of wood did he use for windows? (E) DARE (Full verb)
1. ANOMALOUS AND NON-ANOMALOUS
With the same meaning “have the courage or impudence enough to do something”;
Anomalous
1. Neg. He dare not jump across the stream.
Non-anomalous
1. Neg. He does not dare to
jump across the stream.

Anomalous Verbs

2. Interr-Dare he jump across the stream?
3. Conditional sentence  do not know if he dares jump across the stream.
Note Dare is used only in the simple present with a bare infinitive without s in the 3rd Pers. Singular Present tense.
2. Interr.- Does he dare to Jump across the stream?
3. Semi Neg.- He hardly dares to speak in my presence.
4. Indirect question – I wonder how he dared to insult me.
5. Affirmative-He dares to insult me.
Note Here dare is used as a
regular verb with a to infinitive ands in the 3rd Person in Singular Present tense.
2. NON-ANOMALOUS: Regular verb (meaning challenge or face); as :-
He dares Rama to jump across the stream (challenge). He dared many dangers (faced).
(F) NEED (Full verb)

1. ANOMALOUS (with the meaning “to be under the necessity to do something”).
It is used only in the Simple present with a bare infinitive without ‘s’ in 3rd person Singular in:-
(i) Neg: He need not go so early.
(ii) Semi Neg:- The teacher need hardly tell the back- ward pupils that they must work hard.
(iii) Interr:- Need he go so early?
(iv) Indirect question:- Ido not understand why he need go so early.

2. NON-ANOMALOUS Regular verb with the mean- ing “require” as :-
Does he need warm clothing?
Note: In the case of the above 14 verbs, when they are used as, Non-anomalous, they follow the rules governing other verbs for forming Negative and Interrogative.
3. The third function is (a) to serve as Model verbs (i.c. to form) certain moods for which English has no inflected verb (forms) (b) to express such concepts as are not covered by the moods in English.

The above function is served by the following 10 verbs which are always anomalous :
G-Can, could; may, might; must, ought; shall, should; will, would; (auxiliary verbs) These are originally verbs with full meanings. But when these senses have been entirely lost they are said to be used as Auxiliary verbs).
(a) Model verbs; as:-
1. Optative mood: May you live long! (wish)
2. Potential mood:- I can answer the question (ability) 3. (Fast dying) Subjunctive mood:
a) We eat that we may live (purpose).
b) If he should discover it, we are ruined (condition).
c) Would that I had died for thee (unfulfilled wish)
d) I would not do it, if I were you.
e) He may catch the train, if he hurries (doubt).
(b)ai) You must (ought to) do it (compulsion; necessity; obligation).
b) Who may this person be? (uncertainty).
c) It may rain to-morrow (possibility or contingency).
d) May I use your dictionary ? (permission).
e) You might post this letter for me (request).
f) The thieves hid behind the bush (for fear) that the police might not see them (fear).

USED (to): DARE, NEED (Auxiliary verbs,
The three A.F’s Used (to), Dare and Need have been already treated as full verbs [Vide II function (D) (E) (F)] These A.F’s are also used as Auxiliary verbs, when they accompany- ing a non-finite verb-form enlarge the main verbal meaning (expressed by the non-finite) vide: Webster’s International Dictionary as:
1. He used to smoke cigars before his marriage.
He used to (auxiliary) express that smoking (main verb) is a past habit.
2. He dare not jump across the stream.
He dare (auxiliary) expresses that there is no courage for him to jump (main verb).
3. You need not start now.
Here need (auxiliary) expresses that there is no present necessity
of starting (main verb).
From the foregoing, it is clear that :-
a) 24 A.F’s are (i) Auxiliary and
b) 10 A.F’s (lil Function G)
are only
c) The remaining 14 A.F.’s
Anomalous.
(a) Auxiliary
(b) Anomalous Auxiliary andFull verbs.
Anomalous ana gill Non-anomalous

Correct the following

1. Loved he not?
2. He this book saw not.
3. He reads not his book with care.
4. He did not brought the books.
5. Intend you to go?
6. I not like that man.
7. What said you?
8. Be not late for school.
9. Which boy did speak?
10. Go not out in the rain.
11. Why wentest thou to his house?
12. Why sit you not down.
13. Which way went the man?
14. My son obeys me not.
15. Went he to school?
16. I have no any money.
17. Why you come?
18. To whom you will give this book?
19. Why you have come?
20. Why you were here?
21. Came he?

Ans:- 1. Didn’t he love? 4. He did not bring the books. 5. Do you intend to go? 8. Don’t be late for school. 9. Which boy spoke? 11. Why didst thou go to his house? 13. Which way did the man go? 14. My son does not obey me. 16. I have no money. 21. Did he come? or Was he come?

Participles or Verbal Adjectives

Participles ar 355:- 1. Present participle 2. Past participle 3. Perfect participle. ఇవి క్రియలవలన ఏర్పడును.
(a) Present Participle:- a Simple present tense o చివర ing చేర్చుటచేత నేర్పడును. ఉదా : 80, going
(b) Past Participle:- a ox, Simple present tense రూపములకు చివర (i)en, n చేర్చుటచేతను ఏర్పడును; ఉదా :- beat, beaten, show, shown; (ii) ed, d,t walk, walked; love, loved; burn, burnt verb యొక్క Conjugation లోని మూడవ రూపము (అనగా ఆఖరు వరుసలోని రూపము) Past participle.
(c) Perfect Participle:- 5 having so past participle రూపములు చేర్చుటనే ఏర్పడును. ఉదా :- having walked, having loved, having burnt.
Ten Forms of Different Participles Transitive Verbs
Active voice
Passive voice
Present: Eating
Being eaten
Past:-
Eaten
Perfect: Having eaten
Having been eaten
Intransitive Verbs
Present Fading The flowers in the vase are fading. Past – faded: The flowers have not entirely faded. perfect- Having faded: The flowers having faded, had to be thrown out.
N.B. 1. A good knowledge of the participles as well as their use in 1. Construction 2. Synthesis and 3. Transformation of sentences goes a long way in acquiring command over the language.

The participle construction is a brief and convenient way of joining a subsidiary statement to the principal one. Present Participle
This is one of the eight non-finites, formed by adding “ing” to the simple present tense form; so we cannot make sentencs with this alone.
The following are some of its most important uses:
1. As part of a verb to form the continuous tenses; I am eating; I was eating; I shall be eating; etc.
2. As epithets :- There are books in running brooks.
3. As a predicate-adjective:-
He came running along the street.
N.B. The following examples are worth noticing :- 1. There is no one living in the street. 2. They wait about doing nothing. 3. He felt his strength improving. 4. He spent an hour visiting all the stalls in the Exhibition. 5. If one’s life is spent trying to stop nuclear tests, it is the noblest. 6. He is busy preparing for the examination. 7. While going to the bazar, he had an accident.
4. In compound participle phrases:-
5. A good-looking fellow. 2. A well-fitting cap.
Note:- Running brooks running are run అను క్రియనుండి ఏర్పడి adjective వలె brook అను noun ను quality చేయుచున్నది. ఇట్లు verb వలెను. adjective వలెను కూడ వ్యవహరించుట డి దీనిని Verbal Adjective అందురు.
Since running partakes of the nature of both a verb and an adjective it is called a participle.
5. Participles, adjectives ao adjectives
a) Adverbs చేత modify చేయబడును. ఉదా:-
The girl was found in an almost dying stage.
b) Degrees of Comparison ను తీసికొనుము. ఉదా :- He spoke in a more pleasing way.

6. Some participles are used as Prepositions.
There are many rumours concering, (or regarding) the murder; Respecting your plan, I shall write to you.. During the summer vacation, my father wishes to celebrate my sister’s marriage.
7. Some participles are used as actual nouns: as >> buildings; surroundings; savings; cuttings; belongings’ etc.
Present Participle
Active voice
a) Qualifying the subject:-
1. I was walking on the road. I saw a snake.
ఇందు మొదటి వాక్యము Subsidiary of statement (అప్రధాన విషయము), రెండవది Primary statement (ప్రధానవిషయము). ఇచట subsidary statement ను Participle phrase లోనికి మార్చి, పై రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి, Simple sentence గా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును. Walking on the road, I saw a snake.
Walking – Present participle qualifying the pronoun. 1. (Or) Walking on the road, participle phrase qualifying. ‘I walking on the road, saw a snake’ అనుట తప్పు. ఏలన pronoun (1) subject ou participle phrase subject 50% ముందు రావలెను.
5 noun subject as a participle phrase subject ముందు గాని తరువాత గాని రావచ్చును. ఉదా : walking on the road, Rama saw a snake.Or Rama walking on the road, saw a snake.
Note : 1. పై వాక్యములోని రెండు పనులలో ఒకటి ప్రారంభమై జరుగుచుండగా రెండవది సంభవించును.
Note: 2. Simple Walking on the road, I saw a snake. Complex – While I was walking on the road, I saw a
Compound – I was walking on the road and I happened to see a snake then.
2. Taking up his gun, he rushed at the tiger. పై వాక్యములోని రెండు పనులు ఇంచుమించు ఒకే సమయమందు (అనగా ఒక పని వెనువెంటనే రెండవది) ప్రారంభమగును.
e.g. (1) The sum rising has made the sky bright.
The day dawning, we all woke up. (Participle in an absolute phrase).
3. Not seeing the mother bear, the hunter went upto its den to catch hold of one of its cubs.
పై వాక్యములోని రెండు పనులు ఒకే సమయమునందు ప్రారంభమై, ఒకటి జరుగుచున్నంత కాలము రెండవది జరుగును.
4. Next morning filling up their stock with provisions the travellers rode off through the forest.
పై వాక్యములోని రెండు పనులలో ఒకటి జరిగిన వెంటనే రెండవది జరుగును. అనగా రెండు పనులకు మధ్య అవధి (interval) తక్కువ.
5. (a) He is feverish. He has applied for leave. 33 వాక్యము (subsidiary statement) లోని verb చే సూచించబడు స్థితి (state) వలన రెండవ వాక్యములోని పని జరుగుట సంభవించును.
2 do Jivo 503, Simple, Complex, Compound sentences గా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.
S-Being feverish, he has applied for leave. Cx-He has applied for leave, as he is feverish
Cd-He is feverish, so he has applied for leave. (b) 1. The weather was fine. 2. I went out for a walk. S-The weather being fine, I went out for a walk. Ax – As the weather was fine, I went out for a walk. Cd-The weather was fine and I therefore went out for a
(c) He had a sword in hand. He rushed at the enemy. S-S Sword being in hand, he rushed at the enemy
Or Sword in hand, he rushed at the enemy (Here the parti- ciple is understood).

6. (1) He opened the box. (2) Upon that he saw a snake
మొదటి వాక్యములోని పని జరిగిన మీదట దాని ఫలితముగా అంతట రెండవ ‘వాక్యములో” పని జరుగును.
Simple – Opening the box, he found a snake in it.
Cx- When he opened the box, he found a snake in it. Cd-He opened the box and thereupon he found a snake
7. Turn to the right. You will find a temple. S-Turning to the right, you will find a temple. Cx-If you turn to the right, you will find a temple. Cd. Turn to the right and you will find a temple. e. g……God willing, we shall meet again (=If God wills…) 8. You must confess your fault. Otherwise you will be fined.
S-Not confessing your fault, you will be fined.
Cx-If you do not confess your fault, you will be fined (or) Unless you confess your fault, you will be fined.
Cd-You must confess your fault, or you will be fined. 9. The wrestler, possessed greater strength than his opponent. The former was defeated.
S. Possessing greater strength the wrestler was defeated. Or
In spite of the wrestlr possessing greater strength than his opponent he was defeated.
Cx-Though the wrestler possessed greater strength than his opponent; he was defeated.
10. When the present participle is left without a proper subject of reference, the participle is called an impersonal absolute as:
(1) Considering hisabilities, he should have been selected (=If one considers his abilities). (2) Roughly speaking; there are a thousand applications for two posts.
3. Supposing this to be true, you are certainly guilty.
b) Qualifying the object:
1) I saw a boy. 2) He was sitting near the well.
S-I saw a boy sitting near the well.
Cx. I saw a boy who was sitting near the well. Cd-A boy was sitting near the wel and I happened to see
him then.
Our Headmaster starts today to attend the District Head- master’s conference opening tomorrow at Kakinada.
c) Qualifying the complement
The bearer of this note is a candidate appearing for the Matric in April next.
Present Participle
Passive Voice
a) Qualifying the subject:

1. He was disgusted with his step-mother’s treatment. 2. He left the house.
ఇచ్చట Passive Voiceలో నున్న subsidiary statement లోని క్రియను passive present participleలోనికి మార్చి, పై రెండు వాక్యము లను కలిపి Simple sentence గా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.
.Being disgusted with his step-mother’s treatment, he left thehouse.
Being disgusted passive present participle qualifying the pronoun.
Note: Being disgusted అను మాటను లోపింపజేసి వాక్యము నిట్లు కూడ వ్రాయవచ్చును.

Disgusted with his step-mother’s treatment he left the house.
e.g. Provided you agree to the condition, there will be no difficiculty = That you agree to the condition, being provided, there will be no difficulty.
b) Qualifying the object:
1. The people saw the traitor’s corpse.
2. It was dragged along the streets.
S-The people saw the traitor’s cropse being dragged along the streets.
Or
The people saw the traitor’s corpse dragged along the streets (omitting being).
Cx-The people saw the traitor’s corpse, while it was being dragged along the streets.
Perfect Participle
Active Voice
a) Qualifying the subject;
He made a mistake..
He apologised.
-ఈ రెండు పనులలో (ఒకటి తప్పు చేయుట) పూర్తి అయిన పిమ్మట రెండవ పని క్షమింపగోరులు) జరుగును. అందుచే మొదటి పూర్తి అయిన పనిని తెలియజేయు వాక్యమును Perfect Participle లోనికి మార్చి ఆ రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి Simple sentenceగా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.
Having made a mistake, he apologised.
Having made-Perfect Participle qualifying the subject,
e.g: Having eaten six plantains, I suffered from stom- achache last night.
b) Used in an absolute phrase:
The commander had fled. So the army was defeated.
The commander having fled the army was defeated.

Note: Perfect participle చేయుపనిని చేయునని గ్రహింపనగును.
c) He has narrowly failed. He wishes to sit for the October examination.
Past Perfect tense
Having failed narrowly he wishes to appear for the October examination.
e.g. Having learnt that there is a vacancy for a typist, I apply for
Note: Perfect participle 6 Present Perfect
tense చేయు పనిని చేయును.
Perfect Participle
Passive Voice
He was insulted by his master. So he resigned.
Passive voice లో నున్న మొదట జరిగిన పనిని తెలియజేయు వాక్యమును Passive Perfect Participle లోనికి మార్చిపై రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి Simple sentenceగా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.
Having been insulted by his master, he resigned.
The Commander had The Commander having been been killed. So the army fled. killed, the. army fled.

Note : ఒక పని పూర్తి అయిన పిమ్మట దాని ఫలితముగా కొంత ఆవధితో మరియొక పనీ సంభవించు సందర్భములోనే Perfect participleను
వాడవలెను.
Note: Sometimes the perfect participle is understood: as: 1. Given the three sides of a triangle, construct it = The three sides of a triangle (having been) given, (you) construct it. 2. All things (having been) considered, you were found to be in the right.
Past Participle A
The past participle is one of the eight non-finites (the third form in the conjugation) and so we cannot make a sentence with this alone.
The following are some of the important uses:
1. It forms part of a verb to form the perfect tenses as: I have eaten. I had eaten.
2. As epithet:
1. A ruined tower. 2. A burnt child dreads the fire.

Note : Ruined అనునది ruin అను verb నుండి ఏర్పడి పనిని తెలియజేయును. tower అను nounను adjective వలె qualify చేయు చున్నది. కాబట్టి దానిని past participle అందురు.
3. As a predicative adjective – He looks tired.
4. Compound Participle Phrase:
1. Well-behaved boy. 2. Ready-made goods.
5. To form the passive voice:
A tiger was killed by me.
6. As a noun: Let bygones be bygones.
7. To express the idea of getting a thing done by others: I cannot do it; so I shall have (or get) it done by my brother.

Note: Done – Obj. compl. of have (or get).
B . I saw a box. It was covered with a cloth.
Subsidiary statement eos ‘It was covered with a cloth’ passive voice లో నున్నది. దీనిని passive voice లో నుండు Adjective clause లోనికి మార్చి ఆ రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి complex sentence గా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.
Complex: I saw a box which was covered with a cloth.
complex sentenceలో నున్న Rel. pron. (which) ను దాని తరువాతనున్న be యొక్క రూపము (was)ను కూడ లోపింపజేసి ఆ Adjective clause ను phrase లోనికి మార్చి ఆ వాక్యములను simple sentenceగా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.

Simple: I saw a box covered with a cloth.
Note: covered; Past part. qualifying the noun box. e.g: 1. The basket is filled with flowers. 2. It is on the table.
Complex: The basket which is filled with flowers, is on the
Sim: The basket filled with flowers is on the table. Note: filled – Past Participle qualifying the noun basket. Note: Transitive ver a past participle మాత్రమే ఈ construction సాధ్యమగును.
1. With the enemy’s guns resounding, and his own friends opposed to him, Lenin had to agree to a compromise. 2. Bruised and bleeding, Gandhi was taken to his friend’s house in Durban.
1. This had been done.
2. We all left the place.
Note: Done absolute this.
D This (having been) done, we all left the place (=When this had been done, we……….) Past part. qualifying the Nominative
Gerunds or Verbal Nouns

(1) ‘Reading novels is pleasant’ e అనునది Verb వలె novels అను కర్మను కలిగియుండుటయే గాక, noun వలె is అను క్రియకు కర్తగా నున్నది. కాబట్టి reading అనునది verb వలెను. noun వలెను కూడ వ్యవహరించుటచే అది యొక verb-noun; దీనినే Gerund అందురు.
Gerund present participle 38 a simple present రూపమునకు చేర్చుటచే ఏర్పడును.
(2) Transitive verb 35 Gerunds Active voice! సంబంధించినవి రెండు Passive voice కి సంబంధించినవి రెండు మెత్తము నాలుగు రూపములు గలవు..
verbయొక్క Gerund కు రెండే రూపములు,
Present: Fading. Perfect – Having faded.

(3) ఇప్పుడు Participle రూపములును. Gerund రూపములును, ఒక్కగానే కనిపించుచున్నవి. కాని Participle, Gerund ఒకటి కావు. Participle adjective పనిచేయగా Gerund noun పనిని చేయును.

(4) Gerund ఒక విధమైన Nounకాబట్టి ఆది Noun వలనే ఒక verbకు (c) complement m (d) 25
(a) subject (b) object preposition కు object గాను ఉండవచ్చును. ఉదా ::
a) Subject to a verb: Reading is pleasant.
b) Object to a verb: I like reading;
c) Complement to a verb: The best kind of occupation is reading.
d) Object to a prepostion: He is fond of reading.

(5) Gerund, transitive verb od 50 verbకూడ కాబట్టి Tranisitive verbవలనే objectను govern చేయును. ఉదా I am fond of reading novels.

(6) Gerund verb sa adverbs 33 modify 3.
ఉదా :
a) He is noted for speaking clearly.
b) He is in the habit of taking exercise daily.
Note: oder main verbos subject, Gerund
యొక్క subject ఒకటే అయి ఉండవలెను. ఉదా :
We increase trade by learning languages.
Wrong – Trade increases by learning languages.
ఏలన learning కి subject గా trade ఉండ వీలు లేదు.
Correct: Trade increases by our learning languages.sg మారునపుడు Gerund (learning)కి వెనుక దానికి చెందు subject యొక్క possessive case రూపము (our) వాడవలెను.
Note: If the main verb is passive the subject of the Gerund may be implied; as:

1. Trade is increased by learning languages. 2. Iron is found by digging in the earth.
A Gerund should not be used for infinitive and vice versa, where idiom has established certain conventions.
A writer ignorant of that idiom is often betrayed by his failure to observe the conventions.
Some nouns, adjectives and verbs are idiomatically fol- lowed by the infinitve and some by the gerund, a few of which are set out in the table see page 153.

The sentence; “Your mother is opposed to your going abroad.” Implies: your mother is not opposed to you person- ally, but she is opposed to the action of going abroad.
Going: Gerund, object of the prepostion, to and qualified by the possessive adjective your.
On the above analogy we have, “I am opposed to Rama’s going abroad.” This sentence is grammatically correct but reads awkward if not absurd. The use of the noun Rama in the possessive case, (Rama’s) offends against euphony, elegance and genius of the language. This is confirmed firstly by the pronoun this having no possessive form at all; as:
“There is little hope of this happening today”. Secondly, this usage has long been adopted by good writers:
“Upon Prometheus telling his father, the wish of his friend, Valentine, he at once determined to send his son to Milan”- Lamb..
Lastly this provides an idiomatic and elegant mode of expression: “I am opposed to Rama going abroad”.

But here the noun Rama defines construction. The par- ticiple going and the noun Rama are fused into a whole; hence going is called a fused participle.
Note: The possessive form must be avoided in the case of nouns (in fused participle construction) and usage has changed since the days of Fowler.
Note: A running stream means a stream that runs (here running is a participle qualifying the noun stream).
Whereas ‘drinking water’ does not mean ‘water’ that drinks but ‘water fit for dinking (here evidently drinking is not a participle but a gerund used as an adjective qualifying the noun water as: Riding horse (=Horse used for riding, walking stick (=stick used in walking); Writing table (=table used for writing); Dining hall (=hall used for dining), Reading room (-room used for reading.)

To Distinguish Gerunds from Participles
Participles
1. A running stream
2. A dancing bear
3. A walking dictionary
Gerunds
A running track A dancing lesson
A dancing hall
A walking stick

1. Transformation of sentences with the help of the Gerund: A-Complex: When we opened the box, we found a snake in it, Simle On opening the box, we found a snake in it. Cd-1 opened the box and found a snake in it.
B-Complex: I do not doubt that you are able to do it. Simple -I do not doubt your being able to do it.
Cd-You can do it and I don’t doubt it.
C-Complex: The boy was punished, because he did not sit for the examination. Cd-The boy had not sat for the examina- tion, so he was punished.
D-Complex: Does anybody object, if I smoke?
Simple Does anybody object to my smoking?
E-Complex: Since I joined the army I have not seen him. Simple: Since joining the army I have not seen him. Cd-I joined the army, but I have not seen him since.
2. Complex Since he joined the army, I have not seen him. Simple: Since his joining the army, I have not seen him. Cd-He joined the army, but I have not seen him since. Ex. 35 B.
ఈ క్రింది వానిలో participles ను Gerunds ను కనుగొనుము.

1. Here is a sleeping cat.
2. I am tired of doing this work.
3. Sleeping is necessary to life.
4. Sleeping is more difficult than writing.
5. In running the race he fell.
6. I saw a boy throwing a stone.
7. Riding is a healthy exercise.
8. He earns his living by writing books.
9. Writing books is his employment.
10. His employment is writing books.
11. We found him writing a book.
12. I saw a big writing table.
13. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
14. A barking dog never bites.
15. A drowning man catches at a straw.
16. A kid standing on the roof of a house saw a wolf passing by.

Verbal Nouns
Gerund నకు వెనుక The యును తరువాత of ను ఉండిన దానిని ప్రత్యేకముగా Verbal Noun అందురు. The reading of novels is pleasant. Formation of verbs
Verbs are formed from:
i) Nouns: Grass, graze; Food, feed; Fool, befool; Slave, enslave; Haste, hasten; Cross, crucify.
ii) Adjectives: Soft, soften; Glad, gladden; Just, justify.

Ex. 35 C
Form Verbs from:
Blood, gulf, hard, friend, dark, length, courage, bath, glass, fruit, broad, wide, loss. Convention Regarding Use of Gerund and Infinitive After Certain Words
Sl. No. Followed by Preposition & Gerund
1. Habit of rising early.
2. Duty of checking the work.
3. Idea of waiting till to-morrow.
4. Objections to white-washing
5. Resistance to being driven out.
6. With the view of building a house.
1. (Un) equal to facing danger.
2. Be used to carrying logs of wood.
3. Weary of walking.
4. Skilful in doing.
5. Sick of waiting.
1. Confess to having stolen.
2. Object to paying his share.
3. Succeed in solving the problem.
4. Looks forward to meeting his son.
5. Aim at passing the examination.
6. Perists in doing a thing.
NOUNS
Followed by Infinitive
1. Refusal to help me.
2. Reluctance to use force.
3. Tendency to tease subordinates.
4. Determination to learn English.
5. Hesitation to buy shares.
6. Inspiration to immortalise daffodils.
ADJECTIVES
1. (Un) able to face danger.
2. (In) sufficient to put down the rebellion. 3. (In) adequate to support a family.
4. (In) competent to manage the office. 5. Delightful to wander in the moonlight. VERBS
1. Does not profess to be a scholar.
2. Refusal to pay the fine.
3. Threatens to punish.
4. Avails to soften him..
5. Pledges [1. to engage] one’s word or one’s honour to do a thing. [=2. to bind oneself to do a thing]. [=to bind one by (or as if by) a pledge to do a thing e.g. He pledged the signatory powers to meet the common danger]. 6. (Be) pledged [-to cause one to make (or sign) a pledge: e.g. The officers are pledged to join the clerical staff in the strikel.