Analysis : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

Analysis

Def: A Sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense.
Analysis అనగా వాక్యములను (sentence) అవి యే యే భాగములు గూడి అయినవో వానిని అట్టి భాగముల క్రింద విడదీయుట.

The chief parts of a sentence are the subject and the Predicate. If the Verb is transitive, there is also an object. A sentence may contain only one subject and one predi- cate; or more subjects than one and more predicates than one.

Def: A sentense which contains only one subject and one predicate is called a Simple sentence as :

1. Birds fly.
2. I brought a book.

Def: A Clause is a group of words, forming part of a sentence and having a subject and a predicate of its own as: In ‘I cannot sya whenhe went away’ there are two clauses: 1. 1 cannot say. 2. When he went away.
A sentence which contains more than one subject and more than one predicate may be either Complex or compound.

Def: A sentence which contains one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses is called a Complex sentence as : 1. It is not known who has done this. 2. I think he destroyed the letter which you sent him.

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N.B: For ‘Principal and Subordinate’ clauses; see Chapter IX.

Def: A sentence which contains at least, two principal clauses is called a Compound sentence; as: Birds fly and fishes swim.

N.B: A compound sentence may also contain subordinate clauses depending upon the principal clause; as:- The teacher asked the boy why he was crying, but he gave no answer.

Simple Sentences are of five kinds :

1. An Asser. sentence simply affirms or denies some- thing (a) An Affirmative sentence states a fact: God made the world. (b) A Negative sentence denies or says ‘no’ : He did not go.
2. An Interrogative sentence asks a question: Did God make the world?
3. An Imperative sentence gives an order: Come here. Go there.
4. An Optative sentence states a wish or prayer : God save the king.
5. An Exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling (as an interjection does: How great God is!

The chief parts of a Simple sentence are the subject, the verb and the object. The subject or the object is always a noun or a noun equivalent. We may add the meaning of a noun (i.e. we may enlarge its meaning) by an Adjective (or an Adjective equivalent.) In analysis we call this, Enlargement of the subject or of the Object. This is also called an Adjectival adjunct or Attribute.

The essential part of the predicate is the verb. We may add to the meaning of a verb by an adverb (oranadverb equivalent) which extends its meaning. This in analysis, we call the extension of the verb; this is also called anAdverbial adjunct. Note: A verb of incomplete predication requires a complement.

Thus we have Seven parts in a sentence:
The subject and its enlargements (Attributes)
The object and its enlargements (attributes)
The verb, its complement and its extensions (adjuncts)

Let us analyse the sentence:

The good king loved his country dearly.

(1) Subject king
(2) Enlargements of the subject – the good
(3) Verb: loved
(4) Extension of the verb: dearly.
(5) Object: country
(6) Enlargement of the object : his

Examples of Analysis

(Answers are given in a tabular form on page 210)

1. Once a hungry fox saw some fine grapes hanging upon a wall.
2. A man employed for the purpose found the thief stealing awatch.
3. One hot summer day a small boy aged eight was bringing water from a river.
4. Rama, the son of Dasaratha, killed many cruel demons in the forest with the greatest ease.
5. Rama, the exile, made Vibhishana, King of Lanka after Ravana’s death, amidst great rejoicings.
6. Lear, King of Britain, became mad at the ingratitude of his daughters.
7. My father taught all his sons Physical Science with much success.
8. Alexander, the King of Macedonia, was surnamed the Great, after his conquest of the Persian Empire.

Ex. 40 B

Analyse the following Simple Sentences:

1. A tall fisherman once caught a small fish.
2. The people of Arabia often cross the sandy deserts.
3. The last straw breaks the camel’s back.
4. Your tiny fingers scarce could feel the slender little line.
5. The hungry spider carefully watched the happy little flies.
6. The little flies saw there the pretty shining web.
7. All the flies flapped their little wings.
8. Theold teacher punished the wicked boy very severely.
9. Once upon a time a certain jackal chased a ewe-sheep.
10. Once a little black ant found a large grain of wheat.
11. In Arabia much of the land is desert.
12. In the Indian village was a cart drawn by two bullocks.
13. On the otherside of the bridge a cart drawn by four horses has stopped.
14. What did you say? 15. Where have you seen him?
16. Rama was presented with a watch by his father.
17. There is no use in crying over a broken jar.
18. Krishna, the monitor of the ninth class was severely punished by his class teacher.
19. Into the valley marched slowly the whole army before night-fall.
20. The good alone are happy. Complex sentence To analyse Complex sentence we should study the na- ture of clauses.

Subordinate Clauses

There are three kinds of subordinate clauses: (1) the Noun clause, (2) the Adjective clause, and (3) the Adverb clause. (1) A Noun clause does the work of a Noun. (b) An Adjective clause does the work of an Adjective. (c) An Adverb clause does the work of an Adverb.

Noun Clauses

A Noun clause does the work of a Noun, so like a noun it may be:-

(1) (a) The object of a transitive verb:

1. We know that he is a good boy.
2. Tell me if you can spare time.
3. No one knows whether he is alive.
4. Ask him when he wrote the letter.
5. We could not tell whence the noise arose.
6. Do you know where he  The Subordinate clause is printed in italics; the word or words to which it is grammatically related are printed in thick. lives?
7. She asked him why he was weeping.
8. The king asked him how old he was.
9. We cannot say who wrote the letter.
10. Find out which of the boys broke the bench.
11.I ask that I may be given time.
12. I do not know whom I am to punish.
13. I do not know whose pen is lost.
14. Take whatever you like.
15. Take whatever steps you like.
16. I asked him what he was doing.
17. I wish to know what he was doing.
18. Tell me what you have brought.

Note (1) In the sentence 16 above, we may supply the words, “the question”, before’ what’ (e.g. – asked him (the question) what he was doing) In the sentences 17 and 18 above, we may supply the words, “the answer to the question.” before what 17: Tell me (the answer to the question), What you have brought.

In these two sentences (16, 17, 18) the what – clauses) are dependent questions, what being an interrogative pronoun. So, if the words, “the question,” may be supplied before a what – clause depending upon a verb of asking; or the words the answer, to the question before the what-clause depending upon a verb of knowing or telling, the what – clause is a noun clause.

Note-(2) See that he finishes the work soon. Take care (=see) that he does not run away with the money.

Mind (=take care) that you are not caught. Jšávo 5*5 noun caluse e ‘see’ ‘take care’ ‘mind’ esas objecte.
(b) The retained Object of a Transitive verb :- I was taught that learning is good.
(c) The Object of a Infinitive:- He asked me to say what I wanted.
(d) The Object of a Participle:- Knowing that he was a fool, I did not talk to him at all.

(e) The Object of a Gerund: We all ran to the tent on hearing that it caught fire.
(1) The Object of the Transitive meaning in the Noun: 1. There is a hope that he may recover (=It is hoped that he may recover).
2. I have suspicion that he is not honest (=1. suspect that he is not honest).
3. There is a clear proof that he stole the purse. (=1 it is clearly proved that he stole the purse).
N.B. Other nouns used in this way are belief, doubt,fear.

(g) The object of the Transitive meaning in the combi- nation (to be + adjective):
1. The captain was afraid that he could not save the ship (feared)
2. I am desirous that you should succeed (=desire)
3. I am hopeful that I shall succeed (=hope)
4. I am certain (or sure) that he is a rogue (=know).

Note In the following sentences, the that clauses coming after the same combination (to be +adjective) had better be construed as noun clauses used adverbially to the adjectives –
1. I am glad that you have passed the examination.
2. The teacher is angry that you are not attentive in the class.
3. I am sorry that he failed in his attempt.
(h) In the following sentences the that clauses are to be construed as noun clauses used adverbially to past participle –
1. Rest assured that you will be given promotion.
2. She is annoyed that you are going away.
3. The people were disgusted that Caesar should make a triumph over another Roman.
4. I was grieved that you were unnecessarily punished
5. I was surprised that he failed in the examination.
6.1 was rejoiced that you had won the suit.
7. Cursed be 1, that I did so.
8. The boy was pleased that he had won a prize.

(1) In the following sentences the that – clauses are to be construed as Noun clauses used adverbially to verbs.
1. Do not The verb to be with an adjective is similar in meaning to a trnasitive verb.” laugh at me that I say so.
2. I rejoice that you are left off without any punishment.
3. I warned him that a repetition of the mistake would cost him his job.
5. I cursed him that his whole family would perish before long.
6. Igrieved that you should be so angry.
7. I will never consent,. not that your offer is a bad one but because I do not trust you.

(2) The Object of a Preposition
1. It is plain from what you have said.
2. There is no sense in what you spoke.
3. I have no idea of what you are going to do.
4. Go whenever you like except that you must not go in the rain.
5. He daily takes batavias except when they are not available.
6. Do not depend upon what he says.

(3) The Subject of a verb-
1. That he is a good boy is well known.
2. What he said was false.
3. When he goes here is not known.
4. How this happened has to be found out.
5. Why he failed is quite clear.
6. Whether the child will recover is still doubtful.
7. Where Rama was born is unknown.
8. Who broke the slate could not be found out.
9. Which way the boy went not observed.
10. Whatever I have is yours.

Note: A noun clause may be used as a Nominative Absolute; as :-
That he took the money having been proved, it rests with him to show that he did not take it with a dishonest motive.

(4) (a) The Subjective Complement of a verb :-
1. This was what you said yesterday.
2. This is where I live.
3. My fear is that I may fail.
(b) The Objective Complement of Verb:- We have made him what he is.
(5) (a) Put in Apposition to a Noun: The fact that he is a good boy is well known.
2. Your statement that you met Govind is false.
3. The report that he was killed is untrue.
4. The idea that the sun moves round the earth was shown to be wrong.
5. There is a belief among the Hindus that the appearance of a comet foretells a national calamity.
(b) Put in Apposition to a Pronoun: It is well known that he is a good boy.
2.1 take it that you have finished the work.
3. Depend on it that I shall help you.
4. It is certain that he will be here tomorrow.

N.B. Thus it is seen that Noun clauses are always intro- duced by the Conjunctions: that, if and whether, and by the Interrogative adverbs: when, whence, where, why and how; and by the Interrogative pronouns: who, which and what; and by the Compound relatives: whatever, whichever, whoever, etc.

Adjective Clauses

An Adjective clause does the work of an adjective, so like an Adjective it qualified a noun or a pronoun.

Study the Adjective clauses in the following also:

1. The boy who came here yesterday is gone.
2. This is the book which I lost.
3. Bring me the horse that I bought.
4. Here comes the man whose foot was hurt.
5. This is the girl whom 1 wanted to marry.
6. There was no one present but pitied him.
7. Read such books as are useful.
8. This is the same story as i told you yesterday.
9. You are late again as usual.
10. I collected as many flowers as I could.
11. Do you know the time when he started?
12. Tell me the place where he lives.
13. The reason why he failed is clear.
14. This is the house in which he lived.
15. This is the boy that I spoke of.
16. We follow Mahatma Gandhi than whom India has not produced a nobler son.
17. Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
18. People trust those who discharge their debts.
19. He who serves his country serves God.
20. We love them who love us.
21. Whom the gods love die young.
22. Who steals my purse steals trash.
23. This is the way how you should proceed.
24. I will fulfil what I have promised.
25. Give me what you have brought.

N.B. Thus it is seen that Adjective Clauses are always introduced by the relative pronouns: who, which, that, whose, whom, but and as; and by relative adverbs: when, where, why and How.

Note-(a)

1. Do you know the time when he came here?
2. Do you know the place where he lives?
3. Tell me the reason why he was absent.
4. That is not the way how you should treat him.

In the above sentences, when, where, why and how have You are late again as (is)usual (Adj. Clause qualifying the idea contained in the Principal Clause) You are late again as (it is) usual (Adv. Clause of manner modifying are late) Who the gods love (Adj. Clause qualifying those understood).

Those die young (Main Clause). Who steals my purse (Adj. Clause qualifying the understood). He steals trash (Main Clause). time, place, reason and way respectively for their antecedents; so they are relative adverbs and they introduce adjective clauses.

Note-(b)

1. Do you know when he came here?
2. Do you know where he lives?
3. Tell me why he was absent.
4. This is not how you should behave.
In the above sentences, when, where, why and how have no antecedents as before and they introduce noun clauses.

Note-(c) In sentences 24 and 25 above, before the what clauses, the words, “the question” or the words “the answer to the question,”cannot be supplied; so those clauses must be construed as Adjective clauses qualifying the antecedent that understood before them (for purposes of analysis); for the sentence 24 means:-

What I have promised, that I willl fulfil. For purposes or understanding the meaning of the sen- tence, we may replace what by that which, when the sentence reads: I will fulfil that which I have promised.

Ex. 40 D

Pick out the Adjective Clause and give its construction:-
1. This is the boy who takes pains.
2. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
3. All that glitters is not gold.
4. This is the place in which Rama lived.
5. What is the cause for which you are come?
6. He would not tell the reason why he refused.
7. He is not a man whom we can trust.
8. This is the boy for whom the police have been searching.
9. Give me as many books as you can spare.
10. The news is not such as I expected.
11. I played with the same bat that he did.
12. There is none but, will agree with me.
13. There is no Hindu but knows the story of Ramayana.
14. Napoleon is a general than whom a better has not been seen.
15. The boy whose pen was lost came weeping to me.
16. This is not the time when you should play.
17. The place where it happened is not known.
18. All is well that ends well.
19. This is a gift from heaven to him who loves best.
20. We will follow Brutus than whom Rome knows no nobler son.

Adverb Clause

An adverb clause does the work of an Adverb; so it adds to the meaning of some Verb, or Adjective or another Adverb i.e. modifies it.
Adverb clauses may be classified as:- Adverb clause of (1) Time, (2) Place, (3) Manner, (4) Extent or Degree (5) Com- parison, (6) Reason or cause, (7) Result or Effect or Conse- quence, (8) Condition or Supposition (9) Purpose, and (10) Concession or Contrast.

(1) Time: When he was six years old his fathr died. It struck me as I was speaking. Wait here until I return. He came here a few minutes after you left. It is long since I heard from you. Make hay while the sun shines. He came here, before I got ready.

As soon as he came here, he heard the news. He entered the room just as the clock struck. The sun will rise so long as the world lasts. You may work as long as there is light. While walking in the dark he sprained his foot (=While he was walking in the dark etc.) Till called for this must be kept (=Till it is called for, etc.) This done, he went home (=When this had been done etc.)

(2) Place: He stood where he was without moving. Where there is a will, there is a way. Let him be arrested wherever he may be found. Go quickly whence you came. Whither thou goest I will go. Fools rush in whereangels fear to tread. Where twain (two) had thought the same good thought, there Allah’s house should be.

(3) Manner: He did as he was told. You reap as you sow.. As is the king, so are the subjects. You may do as you please. He tried to appear as if he liked it. (=He tried to appear as (he would appear) if he liked it). (You) Rewrite as (you are) directed.

Note-In the sentence “The captain set sail with as much indifference as if I had been on board the ship” the clause: as (the captain would set sail) – is an Adv. cl. of degree but not
manner.

(4) Extent or Degree: This is not true so far as I know. He ran as fast as he could. He ran so quickly that I could not overtake him. The more men have, the more they desire. The sooner he comes, the better (it is for him). He is so poor that he cannot pay his school fee.

(5) Comparison:- Rama writes better than Krishna. He is older than he looks. He is as stupid as he is lazy. You are as tall as Gopal. He is not so rich as his brother. No sooner did he see the snake, than he fell senseless.

(6) Reason or Clause: Please grant me leave, as I am not well. He cannot attend school because he is very weak. Since you spoke the truth, I excuse you. Now that you are grown up, you may manage your affairs. Seeing that the medicine did not act, he applied a fresh medicine. He yielded to the enemy, in as much as his army was thoroughly defeated. In that he himself has suffered being tempted, he is able to succour them, that are tempted. I prompted him on the ground that he was efficient.

(7) Result or Effect or Consequence He behaved in such a manner, that he was dismissed from school. Very heavy rain fell so that rivers were soon in floods. So great a fire broke out that London was burnt down.

(8) Condition:- If you work hard, you will succeed. You cannot catch the train unless you walk fast. Had I any money, I would give you some. Were I you, I should not act like that. Should I be appointed in your office, I would try to please you with my work. In case he does not show progress, he will be sent out. But that I saw it with my own eyes, I could not have believed it.

Provided (that) you promise to behave better, I shall excuse you this time. Supposing it were true how would you proceed? But that he is sick he would be here to-day. He sees very well, considering that he is sixty years of age. Whether you call in a doctor or not, he will not recover. Whether good or evil, you will have to put up with it.

(Whether it is good or evil, etc.) If necessary, we must go elsewhere (=If it is necessary etc.) Weather permitting I will come (=If weather permits, etc.) I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the mistake.

Note-In each of the following sentences, the main clause is not adversative in meaning; hence the subordinate clauses are to be construed as Adv. Clauses of condition and not concession. Whatever you do, be just (=whether you do this or do that etc.) Whichever way he goes, we are sure to catch him. However he acts, he will not take us by surprise.

Note: A generalizing relative pronoun or relative adjective ro relative adverb without any antecedent expressed or understood, introduces an adverb clause of condition;

(9) Purpose He worked hard that he might pass the examination. He drew his sword in order that he might defend himself. He did not touch me lest he should catch the disease. Men work so that they may earn money.

Note: As an Adverb clause of purpose shows what is wished or desired, the verb in it, is in the Subjunctive mood.

(10) Concession or Contrast:- Though he is poor, he is honest. Though much alarmed at the news, he did not lose hope (=Though he was much alarmed at the news, etc.) He wants to try again, although he has failed a number of times. Even if it rains, Ashall be present there. Weak as I am I can walk a mile without any difficulty. However intelligent you may be, you cannot

1. Generalizing relative pronouns are a special kind of relative pronouns formed by adding ever, or sever to ‘who’ ‘whom’ ‘which’ or ‘what’.
2. Generalizing relative Adjectives which are much commoner are whichever, whichsoever, whatever, whatsoever.
3. Generalizing relative adverb. However. succeed without industry. Notwithstanding that he has already slept for ten hours, he still feels sleepy. For all you say, I still like him. Cost what it might (=whatever it might cost) he would have it. He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.

However much or often he may try, he will never succeed. However rich he may get, he will not be contented. However well you may work, you cannot demand more than your stipulated pay.

Admitting that he is innocent, he might have avoided bad company. If I am dull (=though I admit that I am dull) I am at least industrious. Whatever amount or trouble he took, he would not make a fortune (=even if he took any amount of trouble etc.)

Note 1. The main clause of a sentence containing a clause of concession is adversative (-opposed) in meaning to the subordinate clause.
Note-2. When the subordinating conjunction however takes some adverb (e.g. much, well or often etc.). or some adjectives (rich, intelligent etc.) it introduces an Adverbial clause of concession.
N.B. Thus it is clearly seen that Adverb clauses are introduced by

(1) the Subordinating Conjunctions as, when, if, because, until, after, since, while, than, unless, before, etc.
(2) the conjunction that when it means so that or in order that, or when it follows so as a correlative and
(3) generalizing relatives without any antecedent expressed or understood.

Now study the following clauses :-

Who – clauses

1. (a) (a) Tell me who beat you. (N.CL.)
(b) Who did you say he was.
Note ‘Who he was’ is a noun clause of ‘did you say’. Who is the subjective complement of Inter, verb was therefore nominative (So whom is wrong).
(b) (a) I know the man who beat you. (Adj. CI.)
(b) He is a man who, I know is trustworthy. (Adj. Cl.) Note-“I know” is an adverbial clause of parenthesis; who is the subject of is trustworthy.
(c) He is a man whom I know to be trustworthy.(Adj. Cl.) Note – Here whom is the object of know.
(c) Rama sent this book to my brother, who sent it to me. (Pr. Cl; who and he).
(d) They should pardon my son, who has never committed such a fault before – (Adv. Cl. of reason who because he). (e) Envoys were sent, who should sue for peace
Envoys were sent, that might sue for peace. (Adv. Cl. of purpose)

Which-clauses

(a) I know which way I should take. (N.CI.)
(b) The book which you gave me is lost. (Adj. CI.)
(c) He hanged all the priisoners, which was a very bar- barous act. (Pr. Cl. which and it).
(d) I cannot solve this sum which is so difficult. (Adv. Cl. of reason; which = because it).

When – clauses

(a) Do you know when he was born? (N.Cl.)
(b) Do you know the time when he was born? (Adj. Col.)
(c) Come to me at 5 p.m. when I shall accompany you to the beach. (Pr. Cl. when = and then).
(d) I was here when he came. (Adv. Cl. of time). Where-clauses
(a) I know where he was born? (N.CL.)
(b) I know the place where he was born? (Adj. Cl.)
(c) On 24th January, we reached Calcutta, where we stayed a fortnight. (Pr. Cl. where = and there).
(d) I live where he lives. (Adc. Cl. of place)

That-clauses

(a) He said that he was going. (N.CI.)
(b) This is the boy that I spoke of. (Adj. Cl.)
(c)(a) He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him. (Adv. Cl. of result)
(b) He is so poor that he cannot pay his school fees. (Adv. Cl. of extent or degree).
(c) He works hard that he may succeed. (Adv. Cl. of purpose).
(d) He is pround that he is rich (Adv. Cl. of reason). If-clause

6. (a) I doubt if he passed the examination. (N.CL.) (b) (a) If he is in Madras, I shall see him (Adv. Cl. of Condition).
(b) If the English paid ship money (although it is true that they paid ship-money), they did it under protest. (Adv. Cl. of concession)

Why-clause

7. (a) I know why he has come back. (N.CL.)
(b) I know the reason why he has come back. (Adj. Cl.)

But-clauses

8 (a) He is intelligent, but the problem is too hard for him. (Pr. Cl.)
(b) There is no rose but has a thorn. (Adj. Cl.) (but = that not–There is no rose that has not a thorn)
(c-1) (a) It never rains but it pours. (Adv. Cl. of condition; but = unless – It never rains unless it pours) (= it never rains without pouring). There is nothing good or bad but (unless) thinking makes it so
(b) The boy stood on the burning deck whence all but he had fled (even if he did not flee)
(c) I would have gone but that you forbade me (Adj. Cl. of condition; but that if not).
(d) Perdition catch my soul, but I love thee (Adv. Cl. of condition; but if not).
(c-2) (i) He is not such a fool but he can tell that (Adv. Cl. of result; but that not)
(b) Inever go there but I see him.
(Adv. Cl. of result; but when not).
(d) (a) Never fear but I will go. (N. Cl. ; but that- not =Never fear that I will not go)
(b) It cannot be but Nature hath some Director of infinite power. (N. Cl. but that not. It is impossible that Nature has not a Director of Infinite power.

Note 1. In the above sentences it gives emphasis to the noun or pronoun following; and for that purpose, the simple sentence is turned into a complex one; for instance sentence is merely a very emphatic form of saying ‘I want Rama’ — Rama and nobody else.
Note:- 2. In sentence 1 to 6 it =the person(s), while in sentences 7 and 8, it – the thing (s).
Note:-3. The subordinate clauses in the above eight sentences, may be construed as Adjective clauses qualifying the pronoun it.
Note:-4. From the above eight sentences, it is seen that it is used as an antecedent to relatives of either number and any gender and any person.

So the antecedent of the relative pronouns in all the sentences is it, but the verb in the adjective clause agrees (both number and person) with the pronoun before the relative, but not with the antecedent (b) as it generally should; otherwise, ‘I who say’ in sentence (5) and, “They who is’ in sentence (6) sound monstrous.
Note:- 5. In such sentences as:-
(1) Is this a dagger which I see before me?
(2). Is that a knife that he has in his hand?

The adjective clause qualifies this in sentence (1), and that in sentence (2).
B-1. It is rarely that I meet him.
2. It was here that it happened.
3. It was on this condition that I went.
4. It is with this temper that I consider this affair.
N. B.:- At first sight, these sentences appear to be of the form of those sentences containing a formal subject like: ‘It is right that you should come; which is the more usual way of saying “That you should come is right’, but the above sentences in (B) will not bear this inversion; for instance, sentence (1) becomes ‘That I meet him is rarely’, which is nonsense.
In those, four sentences in (B) that is a conjunction so these sentences seem to defy grammatical analysis but the that clauses may be construed as Noun clauses used adverbially to adverb(rarely, here) and adverb equivalents (on this condi- tion, with this temper).
Note:-6. (a) It was twelve O’ clock when I reached this place. (Adv. Cl. of time, modidfying was).
(b) It was yesterday that he repaid the loan, (Noun. Cl. used adverbially to the adverb, yesterday).
(c) I rember the day that he repaid the loan. (Ad. Cl. qualifying the noun, day) Here that (=on which) is an adverbial accusative.

Ex. 40 G.
Analyse into clauses and give their Construction:-
Example: When he reached the cottage door Krishna who had gone out to attend a fair, was grieved to find that his absence had made his mother so ill that she was almost dying.
clause.
Ans: 1. Krishna was grieved to find: — Prinicipal
2. When he reached the cottage door :- Adverb clause of time modifying the verb, was grieved.
3. Who had gone out to attend a fair:– Adjective clause qualifying the noun, Krishna.
4. That his absence had made his mother so ill:-Noun clause, object to the infinitive, to find.
5. That she was almost dying:- Adverb clause of result modifying the adverb, so.
This is a Complex sentence containg four-Subordinate clauses.
(a) – 1. He thinks he is still a young man and will eve to eat the fruit of the tree he is planting.
2. When the pigeons heard this advice, they did as their king told them.
3. When he saw it, he could not make out what it was and why it was put there.
4. A little while after the workmen had left the place, a herd of monkeys, who lived in the trees close by came down to see what was being done.
5. That is the reason, why every bat who has lived since then, is afraid to come out of his den until he knows by the darkness deep that the birds and beasts are all gone to sleep.
6. When he went into the fields next morning, he met the fox, who told him to go straight on till he came to a castle.
7. The prince looked so young, that the King of the country said he would spare his life, if he would bring him the golden horse, which could run quicker than the wind.
8. Next morning the King said that if the price could bring him a lovely princess, who lived in a golden castle, he would spare his life.
9. The moment the prince entered the room in which the King and Queen were sitting, every one in the castle awoke, and the prince was again made prisoner.
10. The bales of cotton which are pressed into small space, are then taken to the factories or mills, where the cotton is spun into yarn or thread.
11. The birds that come to the tree under which I live tell me that you are good and wise, and know everything.

Ans. :-(a)-5-(a) That is the reasnon Pr. Cl. (b) why every bat is afraid… den… Adj. Cl. qualifying reason (c) Who has… then… Adj. Cl. qualifying bat. (d) Until he knows… deep… Adj. Cl. of time modifying is afraid. (e) That the birds… sleep … N. Cl. Object of knows.

(a)-8-(a) Next morning the king said -Pr. Cl. (b) That he would spare his life -N. Cl. object of said. (c) if the prince could-princess-Adv. Cl. of condition, modifying would spare. (d) Who lived… castle — Adj. Cl. qualifying princess.

(b) 1. With the quick insight which every child in Holland has, the boy perceived at once that the water must soon enlarge the hole, through which it was now only dropping and that the whole country would be flooded and ruined.

2. He knew that, if he removed the small slender finger, which he had opposed to the escape of the water, he himself and the whole village, would perish.

3. Certain it is that at day-break he was found in the same painful position by a clergyman; who as he advanced thought he heard groans, and bending over the dyke, discovered that the child was writhing with pain.

4. Uberto was seized as a ‘traitor’, and the nobles thought they used him very gently, when only decreed that he should be banished for ever from Genoa and deprived of all his property.

5. He asked what ransom was expected for the youth, and learned that he was belived to be a person of importance, -not less than two thousand crowns would be taken.

6. The son of a vile mechanic, who told you that one day you might repent the scorn with which you treated him has the satifaction of seeing his prediction accomplished.

7. This Dionysius refused, unless some person could be found who would consent to suffer death in his stead, if he did not perform his promise.

8. If you attain this object, you may serve your friends in Greece so that, when they see you they will look at you as a wonder, as was the case with Themistocles.

9. When the captain saw this, he sent some of the most beautiful things he had, to the king of the country who was so much pleased, that he sent for the captain to come to his palace.

10. When Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy the second time, he led his army across the cold stormy Alps, where the snow lies deep all the year round, and the roads are often blocked up by masses of ice.

11. Never was the old saying that a dutiful father had dutiful children better exemplified than in Sir Thomas More’s family.

12. My friends’s talk made so bold an impression on my mind, that soon after I was abed, I fell insensibly into a most unaccountable reverie that had neither moral nor design in it and cannot be so properly called a dream as a delirium.

13. When contrary to the wicked hopes he had formed, his brother proved victorious his envy and malice knew no bounds, and he swore he would burn the chamber where Orlando slept.

14. I once put a wasp into the nest, but when the spider came out in order to seize it as usual, upon perceiving what kind of enemy it had to deal with it instantly broke all the bands that had held it fast and contributed all that lay in its power to disengage so formidable an antagonist.

15. When the ship fell and the mast became nearly horizontal, he crawled out to the mizzen-top, and sat there till the spar gave way and plunged him into the waves, whence he was dragged into one of the boats half-drawned but grasping tight his precious trust.

16. Nor is there in the whole range of nature a grandeur or more magnificent scene than is the ocean in a storm, when deep calls unto deep, and its liquid mountains roll and break against each other, when it dashes to pieces, in the wantonness of its power, the strongest structures which man can rear for the purpose of floating over its billows, than it is that the proudest and bravest tremble and quail at the roaring and thunder of the waves.

17. When such a man perceives that if he fails, every one will be able to understand the risk that has been incurred, but that if he succeeds, no one will estimate the danger that has been silently overcome, he bows nevertheless to the supreme dictates of his judgement, regardless alike of the honours of his own age and the praise of posterity.

Ans–(b) 1-(a) With the quick insight, the boy perceived at once–Pr. Cl. (b) which every child in Holland has — Adj. Cl. qualifying insight. (c) That the water hole… N. Cl. object of of perceived. (d) That the whole country… ruined… (N. Cl. Co. ordinate to ill (e) Through which it droppin Adj. Cl. qualifying hole.

3.(a) Certain it is — Pr. Cl. (b) That at day-break he… clergyman – N. Cl. put in apposition to it. (c) Who thought- -Adj. Cl. qualifying clergyman. (d) As he advanced – Adv. Cl. of time modifying thought. (e) (That) he heard groans. N. Cl. object of thought. (f) (who) bending over the dyke discovered -Ad. Cl. qualifying clergyman. (g) that the child was writhing with pain – N. Cl. object of discovered.

13. (a) His envy and malice knew no bounds — Pr. Cl. (b) When contrary to the wicked hopes his brother proved victorious Adv. Cl. of time, modifying knew. (c) That he had formed — Adj. Cl. qualifying hopes. (d) He swore – Pr. Cl. (e) (That) he would burn the chamber –N. Cl. object of swore. (f) Where Orlando slept -Adj. Cl. qualifying chamber.

14. (a) I once put nest-Pr. CL. (b) But upon perceiving what kind of enemy; it instantly broke all the bands –Pr. Cl. (c) But upon… enemy; it contributed all. –Pr. Cl. (d) When the spider came out seize it– Adv. Cl. of time, modifying broke and contributed. (e) As (it was) usual — Adv. Cl. of manner; modifying came. (f) (That) it had to deal with — Adj. Cl. qualifying enemy. (g) That had held it fast – Adj. Cl. qualifying bands. (h) That lay in its power to disengage so formidable an antagonist – Adj. Cl. qualifying all. (i) As the wasp (formidable) –Adv. Cl. of degree modifying so.

16. (a) Nor is … scene – Pr. Cl. (b) Than is the ocean (grand and magnificient) in a storm)- Adv. Cl. of comparison modifying grandeur and more magnificent. (b) When deep calls unto deep-Adv. Cl. of time modifying is in. (b). (d) (When) its liquid mountains roll — Co. ordinate to c. (e) (When) its liquid mountains break against each other — Co. ordinate to (iii). (f) When it (ocean) dashes to pieces in the wantonness of its power the strongest structures Co-ordinate to c. (g) Which man can… billows – Adj.Cl. qualifying structures. (i) Then it is – Pr. Cl. (j) That the proudest and bravest tremble at the roaring… waves-C. used adverbially to the adverb then (k) (That the proudest and bravest) quail at the roaring… vaves – Coordinate to l.

17. (a) He bows nevertheless… posterity — Pr. Cl. (b) When such a man perceives — ADv. Cl. of time, modifying bows. (c) that every one will be able to understand the risk- -N. Cl. object of perceives. (d) If he fail Adv. Cl. of condition, modifying will be able to understand. (e) That has been incurred — Adj. Cl. qualifying risk. (f) That no one will estimate the danger Co-ordinate to iii. (h) That has been silently over- come– Adj. Cl. qualifying danger. (i) If he succeeds — Adv. Cl. of condition, modifying will estimate