Adverbs (క్రియా విశేషణములు)
1. ఒక verb యొక్క గాని adjective యొక్క గాని, మరియొక adverb యొక్క గాని అర్ధమును విస్తరించు లేక మార్చునట్టి (modify) మాటలు Adverbs అనబడును అని ఇదివరలో నేర్చియున్నాము.
2. Adverbs sometimes modify sentences and phrases as: Unfortunately he was not at home. The child was nearly under the wheels of the carriage.
‘Aman is truly happy only when he is in sound health’ J only adverb when Conjunction modify చేయునని కొందరి అభిప్రాయము. కానీ అది, దాని తరువాత వచ్చు ‘when he is in sound health’ e adverbial clause modify చేయుననుట సమంజసము. మరియు ‘He arrived long before the time’ అను వాక్యములో long e adverb, before e preposition modify 30 కొందరి అభిప్రాయము. కాని అది, దాని తరువాత వచ్చు “before the time” అను adverbial phrase ను modify చేయుననుట సమంజసము.
Read and Learn more Parts Of Speech
Adverbs are four kinds:
(1) Simple,
(2) Interrogative,
(3) Conjunctive and,
(4) Relative.
Simple adverbs : ఇవి యే మాటలకు చేర్చబడునో వాని యర్థము విస్తరించుట లేక మార్చుట మాత్రము చేయును. ఉదా : He reads well. He runs very fast.
(2) Interrogative Adverbs: When, Where, Why, How అను Adverbs ను ప్రశ్నలు వేయుట యందుపయోగించునపుడు Interrogative
adverbs అందురు. ఉదా : When did he come? Where is he? Why did you go away? How did you escape?
(3) Conjunctive Adverbs : వాక్యములనుగాని, మాటలనుగాని కలుపుట మాత్రమే, conjunction, యొక్క పని, కాని అపుడపుడు adverbs, conjunction పనియు adverb పనియు కూడ చేయును. అపుడవి Con- junctive adverbs అనబడును.
‘I shall speak to him when he comes (=అతడు వచ్చినపుడు నేను అతనితో మాట్లాడుదును) అను వాక్యములో When రెండు వాక్యములను కలపుచు కేవలము conjunction గా నుపయోగింపబడినది.
‘I do not know when he comes (=అతడు ఎపుడు వచ్చునో నాకు తెలియదు) అను వాక్యములో When రెండు వాక్యములను కలుపుటయేగాక, దాని తరువాత నున్న comes అను క్రియను modify చేయుచున్నది. కాబట్టి ఇచట conjunction పనియు, adverb పనికూడా When చేయుచున్నది. కనుక When ఇక్కడ Conjunctive adverb అందురు.
Conjunctions – He fired the gun after I (had) loaded it. He started before I arrived. I take a walk wherever it is convenient for me.
Conjunctive adverb: Wherever you go, I will go. The magistrate enquired when he came and whither he was going. I do not know how to solve this problem.
Relative adverbs: ఇవి ఐదు .
(1) where (2) why (3) how, (4) when, (5) while
Where ఈ క్రింది రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి ఒకే వాక్యముగా వ్రాయుము. 1. I know an open place 2. We can play on it.
రెండవ వాక్యములోని pronoun it మొదటి వాక్యంలోని noun place కి చెందును. అనగా రెండు వాక్యములు కూడ ఒకే స్థలమును గురించి చెప్పుచున్నవి. కావున వాటిలోని భావములను కలిపి ఒక వాక్యముగా ఇట్లు వ్రాయవచ్చును.
I know an open place where we can play. aes Where అను మాట adverb వలె can play అను verb ను modify చేయుటయేగాక, దాని వెనుకనున్న place అను noun కు చెందుచు రెండు వాక్యములను కలుపుచున్నది. కావున where ఇచ్చట Relative adverb అనబడుచున్నది.
Note: 1. Where we can play-Adj. Cl. qualifying the noun place.
Note: 2. Where – Relative adverb having for its antece- dent, place and modifying verb, can play.
Why
1. He failed. I know the reason
2. I know the reason. why he failed.
How
1. You did the sum. I cannot understand the way
2. I cannot understand the way. how you did the sum.
When
1. He will come here. I do not know the time
2. I do not know the time. when he will come here.
While
1. In his speech the pauses were short and few. In his speech the pauses while he was
2. He was thinking of the right word during those pauses. thinking of the right word were short and few.
Note: 1. Relative adverbs introduce restrictive adjective clauses.
Note: 2. Relative pronoun 58 Relative adverbs s అపుడపుడు లోపించును. ఉదా:
(1) On the day (when) I was born, Kakinada was bombed.
(2) The reason (why) I do this is to make matters clear.
(3) I cannot understand the way (how) you did the su
(4) Grammar is man’s attempt to explain the way (how) he used words.
Note: 3. I will return to my house hence I came out. I know the place whither he is going.
In the above two sentences, hence and whither are now antiquated, being replaced by their equivalent from which and to which.
The same may be said of the Relative adverbs formed by the compounds of where, such; as: whereat, whereby, wherein, wherefrom; whereupon etc. These are gradually getting replaced by which preceded by the prepositions which enter into the composition of these words. Whereat at which; whereby by which; – wherein = in which; etc.
e.g. You may take my life, when you do take the means hereby I live.
Simple adverbs
విధములుగా భావింపబడినవి:
అవి తెలియజేయు అర్థములను బట్టి అరు
(a) ‘Gopal was then very rich’; ‘Rama wants to see him now’ అను వాక్యములలో then, now అను మాటలు ఆయాపనులు జరుగు కాలములను చెప్పుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Adverbs of time అనబడును. now, then when, ago before, after, to-day, to- morrow, yesterday, soon, ever, always. They show when a thing happens and answer to the questions ‘when’?
(b) “The boy sat here’; ‘He stood there for an hour’. వాక్యములలోని here, there, అను మాటలు ఆయాపనులు జరిగిన స్థలములను చెప్పుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Adverbs of place అనబడును.
here, there, where, near, below, hither, thither, down, within, without, inside.
They show where a thing happens and answer to the question ‘where’?
(c) ‘I have told you twice’. ‘He often comes late’ e వాక్యములలో twice, often అను మాటలు ఆయా పనులు ఎన్ని సార్లు చేయబడునో చెప్పుచున్నవి కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Adverbs of number అనబడును.
à once, thrice, again, seldom, sometimes, firstly, secondly, frequently.
They show how often a thing happens and answer to the question ‘How often?
(d) “The boy ran fast’; The girl spoke loudly’ వాక్యములలో fast, loudly అను మాటలు ఆయా పనులు జరిగిన రీతిని చెప్పుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Ad, erbs of manner or quality
అనబడును.
boldly, late, highly, slowly, loudly, fast, easily, bravely, well, ill, quickly, badly, so.
They show how a thing happens and answer to the question ‘How?
(e) ‘He grew terribly angry’; The teacher was very displeased’s terribly, very e adverbs, angry, displeased అను ‘pure Adjective’ యొక్క పరిమితిని చెప్పుచున్నవి. కాబట్టి యిట్టి మాటలు Adverbs of degree or quantity అనబడును.
overy, quite, nearly, almost, greatly, fully, com- pletely, scarcely, partly, enough, much, little, hardly, too.
They show how much or to what extent or in what degree a quantity exists, and answer to the question ‘How much?’
“The teacher was very displeased with you. This sen- tence is wrong. For very a pure adverb of degree cannot modify the verbal force in the participle, displeased. So the correct form of the sentence is “The teacher was much (or very much) displeased with you”.
(f) (a) Adverbs of Affirmation: yes, by all means, certainly, surely.
(b) Adverbs of Negation: no, not, nay, not at all
Adverbial Accusative
The only words whose accusative can be used adverbi- ally are nouns, denoting, (1). Time, (2) Place, (3) Distance, (4) Weight, (5) Measure, (6) Manner, (7) Value, (8) Degree, (9) Direction, (10) Space, (11) Attendant circumstances.
1. (a) They sat an hour in the council (= for an hour): how long.
(a) Last june I went to Madras: when.
(b) He blew his pipe three times: how often.
2. He went home (=to his house): whither.
3. He walked ten miles (=for ten miles): how far.
4. The bus weighs four tons: how much.
5. The river is a mile broad here: how much.
6. He came full speed (=at full speed)
7. (a) This chair costs four rupees.
(b) The watch is worth sixty rupees.
8. (a) The wound was skin deep.
(b) I am ten years your senior (= I am your senior by ten years): how much.
9. The windows of the tower face both ways (= in both ways).
10. It is the same all the world over.
11. (a) He died a ruined man.
(b) He lived and died a Christian.
N.B.: The following notes are for advanced pupils.
Note: 1. A Noun so used is called an adverbial accusative.
Note: 2. In most cases, as shown above, the Adverbial accusative may be replaced by a noun-equivalent with a prepo- sition.
Note: 3. An important difference between adverbial accusatives and object accusatives is that the latter may become the subject of a passive construction (i.e. ‘He killed a tiger’ becomes ‘A tiger was killed by him’) but the adverbial accusa- tive cannot become the subject of a passive construction (i.e. “They sat an hour in the council’ cannot, be turned into ‘An hour was sat by them in the council’)
An accusative governed by a preposition may some- times be turned into the subject of a passive construction, the preposition being retained as an adverb immediately after the verb, as a general rule: ‘Everybody laughed at him ‘becomes’ He was laughed at by everybody’.
Note: 4. (a) The accusative is used with transitive verbs; as:
(1) I struck him dead.
(2) He washed his hands clean.
(b) The accusative is also used with intransitive verbs followed by a predicate adjective or adverb as:
(1) To cry oneself hoarse.
(2) To laugh a man down.
(3) A lover’s eye will gaze an eagle blind.
(c) In ‘To look things in the face’. To look a gift horse in the mouth,’ it is best to regard the italicised words as accusa- tives.
N.B.: That may be used as an adverbial accusative; as: I remember the day that he came .
Ex. 35 D
Name the class to which each Adverb in the following belongs:
(1) The school will open to-morrow.
(2) He comes last in the list.
(3) He was badly hurt.
(4) My brother is now at Madras.
(5) How did he escape from the jail?
(6) The rope was long enough.
(7) Your father seldom goes out for a walk.
(8) The girl sat inside.
(9) He stood there for sometime.
(10) The explanation is quite clear.
(11) Why were you so late?
(12) This is half boiled rice.
(13) I am very glad to hear the news.
(14) He would always sleep in the class.
(15) As you say so, I shall go.
(16) I may be away, but I cannot tell yet.
(17) I left school three years sice.
(18) I have not any money.
(19) You have given me too much.
(20) Perhaps it will rain.
(21) Sometimes you are careless.
Ex. 35 E (1)
Point out which of the italicised words are Conjunctions, which are Conjunctive Adverbs and which are Relative Ad- verbs:
(1) You will not succeed unless you work hard.
(2) I remember the house where I was born.
(3) I explained why I was absent.
(4) Since you say so. I must believe it.
(5) The train started while we were talking.
(6) Go quickly whence you came.
(7) This is the reason why I failed.
(8) May I know when you can finish this work?
(9) I shall go whether you come or not.
(10) Whither thou goest, I will go.
(11) when you are called, you must come in at once.
(12) I waited till the train arrived.
(13) Where there is a will there is a way.
(14) I take a walk whenever it is fine.
(15) Let him be arrested whenever he may be found.
(16) Do you know the time when the Madras mail arrives? (
17) This is not the way how you should behave.
(18) I do not know how I can please you.
(19) I asked him when he would return.
(20) The book was found where it had been left.
Ans: Conjunctions 1, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 20. Conjunctive adverbs: 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19. Relative adverbs: 2,7,16, 17.
Ex. 35 (E) 2
Fill up the blanks with Adverb ending in ly:
(1) He is improving.
(2) The books is-spoiled.
(3) 1 explained the sum to the boys.
(4) I told him-that he should not talk so.
(5) I am-in need of money.
(6) The sun is-going down.
(7) The boys followed the teacher
(8) He is-forty years old.
(9) The boy has escaped death.
(10) He-pocketed the insult.
(11) The man was-sent to the hospital.
(12) Narayana is related to me.
(13) He was-treated by the doctor.
(14) The soldier fought very-
(15) My grandfather is ill, so start
(16) His failure is due to his negligence.
(17) There are any rains in our parts.
(18) He was dealt with.
Ans: (4) sternly, (5) badly, (7) closely, (8) nearly, (9) narrowly, (10) coolly, (11) immediately, (12) closely, (13) care- fully, (15) immediately, (17) scarcely (or hardly), (18) severely.
Ex. 35F
Point out the adverbial accusatives in:
(1) Bind him hand and foot.
(2) That hat is a great deal too big for me.
(3) Our friend died .ast night.
(4) Have it your own way.
(4) Months ago he told me that very thing.
(6) The shot went to out to sea miles beyond the target.
(7) The Mayor sent East West, North.
(8) They could not move a step.
(9) It happened years ago.
(10) They waited the whole night long.
(11) He weighs hundred and fifty pounds.
(12) The train came full speed.
(13) This house costs twelve thousand rupees.
(14) He died a puritan.
(15) He smote them ‘hip and thigh’.
(16) You are two years my junior.
Ans: (1) hand and foot (2) deal (4) way (5) month (6) miles (10) night (11) pounds (14) puritan.
Comparison Of Adverbs
Many adverbs are compared like Adjectives 1.ly తో అంతమగు Adverbs సాధారణముగా more and most అను మాటలు వాని ముందుచుటచేత compare చేయబడును. Ex: loudly, more loudly, most loudly.
N.B. : Early అను మాటకు మాత్రం చివర ని క్రింద మార్చి er Find est చేర్చుటచేత compare చేయబడును.
Ex: early, earlier, earliest.
2. తక్కినవిerest చివర చేర్చుటచేత compare చేయబడును.
Ex: soon, sooner, soonest; hard, harder, hardest.
3. A few adverbs are compared irregularly:
| Comparative | Positive | Superlative |
| ill, badly | worse | worst |
| Well, good | better | best |
| Much | more | most |
| Little | less | least |
| Far | farther | farthest |
| Near, nigh | nearer | next |
| Late | later | latest, last |
Adverbial Phrases
రెండు లేక అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ మాటలు చేరి Adverb యొక్క అర్థము కలిగియున్న యెడల అవి Adverbial phrase * అనబడును.
Ex: at last, by and by, now and then.
Position of the Adverb
1. క్రియలను modify చేయునపుడు Adverb సాధారణముగా Intransitive verbs dog, Transitive verbs aus, Object తర్వాత వచ్చును.
Ex: He lived well. He did his work patiently.
For the definition of Phrase; see under ‘Phrases’ N.B.: For adverbs of frequency, see ‘Anomalous verbs’ 2. సహాయ క్రియలున్నపుడు Adverbs సాధారణముగా సహాయక్రియల (Auxiliary verbs) కును ప్రధాన క్రియల (Principal verbs) కును మధ్య వచ్చును.
Ex: 1. Your son will soon return.
2. He has readily consented.
Note: Some common words such as loud, hard, fast, long, high, wide, much, little etc., are either Adjectives or Adverbs
Adjective Adverb
1. He spoke in a loud voice. Don’t talk so loud.
2. This is a hard sum. He works hard.
3. The street is wide. Keep the door wide open.
4. This is a fast horse. He runs fast.
Only : వాక్యములో ఈ మాటకు గల స్థానమును బట్టి వాక్యము యొక్క అర్థము మారును.
1. ‘Only he promised to see me’, means ‘he alone and none else promised to see me’.
2. ‘He only promised to see me’, means ‘he only prom ised but did not fulfil the promise
3. ‘He promised only to see me’, means ‘he promised to do nothing more than to see me’.
4. ‘He promised to see only me’, means he promised to see only me and none else.
In the same way the adverbs merely, solely, chiefly require special attenction.
Note 1. The adverbs enough, since and ago always come after the words they modify; as:- He is kind enough to see me. I saw him long since. This took place a month ago
Note 2. Notice the difference between the meaning of: It was a happy thing that
(a) 1. Happily he did not die he did not die.
2. He did not die happily – He did not die a happy
(b) 1. I found the road easy- death.
I found the road not difficult to walk on.
2. I found the road easily- I found the road without difficulty.
Ex. 35 G
(a) Give the meaning of the sentence: ‘He lives for their sake’ – by placing only in different places.
(b) Correct the position of the Adverbs in:
(1) He explained clearly his words.
(2) I have read often that book.
(3) He struck severely the ox with his whip.
(4) He soon will return home.
(5) The stick is enough long.
(6) He went out seldom before sunrise.
(7) He exactly stood in front of me.
(8) The master taught very well the boy.
(9) I wanted never to see him.
(10) He patiently did his work till sunset
Formation Of Advebs
Adverbs are formed from:
1. Adjectives by adding-ly (a corruption of like): as quick, quickly; foolish, foolishly.
Note: 1. When the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, change y and i and add ly: as: happy, happily. 2. When the adjective ends in le, simply change into y; as single, singly; double, doubly.
3. When the adjective already ends in ly, we often make use of a phrase; as Godly, in a godly manner.
II. Nouns : (a) by placing a before them; as sleep, asleep; way, away. (b) by placing a preposition before them; as: to-day. III. Adverbs are formed combining two or more different words; as: (a) along, below (b) within, beneath (c) thereby, henceforth, (d) meantime, midway, (e) forthwith, however without.
Form adverbs from:
Ex. 35 H
(1)glad (2) ample (3) playful (4) here (5) up (6) luck (7) angry (8) one (9) please (10) worthy (11) home (12) hunger (13) down (14) fault (15) foot (16) mean (17) broad (18) deed (19) shore (20) hence (21) side (22) sure (23) times (24) sides (25) way (26) hard (27) long (28) there (29) late (30) need.
Adverb-equivalents
1. A phrase formed with a preposition; as: He hunts in the wood.
2. A noun without a preposition (Accusative to time, distances etc.) as:
(a) He may live many years.
(b) He walked ten miles.
3. A noun or pronoun in the Dative case; as:
(a) I bought my son a cycle. (b) It will last you a year.
4. An Adverbial phrase; as: They walked side by side.
5. An Adverbial clause (in a Complex sentence); as: When you come, I shall tell you.
6. Gerundial infinitive; as:
(a) (a) He came to see me. (b) He is quick to hear.
(b) (a) He wept to hear the news, (b) He was seen to fall. (c) You seem to be ill.
7. An Absolute phrase; as:
(a) The sun having set, we all went home.
(b) To tell you the truth, I was not there,
(c) They were thunderstruck – so to speak on hearing the news.
7. (a) An Adjective; as: He went away sad (-he was sad, when he went away).
Note: Sad describes the state of the agent.
(b) The moons shines bright (=The moon shines, and the effect of the shining is brightness)
Note: Bright describes the effect of the action.
(c) The green trees whispered low and mild (=the kind of whisper was low and mild).
Note: Low and mild describes the manner of doing the action; this occurs only in; as; They praised him soft and low.
9. A participle as: He went away disappointed.