Adjectives : Definition & Types with Examples in Telugu

Adjectives (విశేషణములు)

Adjectives ఏడు విధములు,
1. Qualitative,
2. Numeral,
3.Quantitative,
4. Demon- strative,
5. Distributive,
6. Interrogative,
7. Relative

1. వస్తువులు (things) ఎట్టి గుణములు గలవియో చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of Quality end. &: a tall tree, a bold man, a dark room, an old house..

Def. Adjectives of quality show of what kind a thing is.

2. వస్తువులు (things) ఎన్ని గలవో, లేక యే orderలో నున్నవో చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of number అనబడును. ఉ: two boys, three cows, ten men, few rupees, many goats, all men, fifth boy, first place.

Def. Adjectives of Number (Numeral Adjectives) show how many of a thing there are or in what order. e.g. Any, some, a, an, certain, no, few, many, all, several 3 ఇన్నియని చెప్పక. వస్తువుల సంఖ్యను సూచించుటచే ఆవి Indefinite Numeral Adjectives అనబడును.

Def: Adjectives which do not denote an exact number are called Indefinite Numeral Adjectives.

Two, three, second, third అనునవి వస్తువుల సంఖ్యను సరిగా యిన్ని అనియో, ఒక వరుసలో ఇన్నవది అనియోసూచించుటచే అవి Definite Numeral Adjectives అనబడును.

Def. Adjectives which denote some exact number or show the serial order in which a thing stands are called Definite Numeral Adjectives.

Note:- – In ‘Both’ (=the two) boys won prizes, ‘both’ is an adjective. In ‘Both’ the boys won prizes, it is best to regard both as a pronoun put in apposition to the subject (the boys); as: The boys, both of them, won prizes 2. All the children ran after the piper-The children, all of them ran after the piper. 3. వస్తువుల (things) యొక్క పరిమితిని చెప్పుమాటలు Adjectives of Quantity e. &: much rice, some milk, little
money.

Def: Adjectives of Quantity show how much of a thing there is.

4. వస్తువులలో (things) ఫలానా అని చూపునట్టి మాటలు Demon- stative Adjectives eod.& this book, that boy, these trees, those houses, the same book, such conduct.

Def: Demonstrative Adjectives point out which things are meant.
The adjectives these and those do not agree with the nouns kind and sort to which they refer.

Wrong
Correct

1. These kind of things.
2. Those sort of things. 1. This kind of thing.
2. Things of this kind
3. All (or many) sorts of things.
5. వస్తువులు (things) ఒక్కొక్కటిగా తీసికొనినట్లు తెలియజేయు మాటలు

Distributive Adjectives అనబడును. ఉ: each boy, every man, either pen, neither party.

Def: Distributive Adjectives show that things are taken separately.
6. What books do you read? Which boy got the prize? Whose house is this? What, Which and Whose అను మాటలు books, boy and house అను nouns కు ముందుంచబడి ప్రశ్నలు వేయుట కుపయోగపడినవి గాన, అవి Interrogative Adjectives అనబడును.

Def: What, which and whose when used with Nouns to ask questions are called Interrogative Adjectives.

7. Relative Adjectives: Which and what are sometimes used as relative adjectives.

ఈ క్రింది ఎడమవైపు రెండు వాక్యములను కలిపి ఒకే వాక్యముగా వ్రాయుము.

(A) (1) Wait for two days.
(b) He will return within that time.

Wait for two days
within which time he will return.
Within which time he will return – Adj. Clause; qualifying the noun, days.
Which-Relative adj. having for its antecedent days and qualifying the noun, time.

(B) (a) He had some money. stood.
(b) That he took with him. What money he had.
He took with him
what money he had.
Adj.

Cl. qualifying that under-

What. Rel. adj. having for its antecedent that under- stood and qualifying the noun, money.

But the generalizing relative adjectives whichever, which-so- ever; and whatever what-so-ever are much commoner; and the clauses which they introduce are always subordinate (Adv. Cl. of condition) modifying the verbs in the Principal clauses:e.g. (a) Whichever way he goes, we shall be sure to catch him. (b) Whatever step he takes, we shall be prepared.

Ex. 23A

Name the class to which each Adjective in the following belongs:

1. This is a very heavy stone.
2. Each angle is a right angle.
3. Neither party is the right.
4. I saw a lame boy.
5. The tree has several branches.
6. Every man must do his duty.
7. Many persons gathered in the street.
8. Which boy has won the prize?
9. He has much money.
10. He has lost all his wealth.
11. What books are selected?
12. Have you any money?
13. All men are mortal.
14. Most boys like cricket.
15. Either pen will do.
16. Some boys are clever.
17. I ate some bread.

Accusative of Description

This is an adjective-equivalent expressing such properties of objects as: 1. size. 2. colour. 3. age. 4. price. 5. profession of persons. In most cases, Accusative may be replaced by of + noun.

1. This plank is not the right width. (=of the right width)
2. What colour (=of what colour) is the rose?
3. She might be any age (=of any age).
4. What price (=of what price) is that article?
5. (a) What trade (=of what trade) is he?
6. (b) What part (=of what part) of speech are these words?

Use of: Some, any

1. In Negative sentences some is not used, but any is used; as:
I shall buy some mangoes. Wrong: I shall buy any mangoes.
Correct: I shall not buy any mangoes.

Note: But any may be used in Affirmative sentences when it has an emphatic meaning, such as: ‘No matter which or who or whom’ e.g.

1. Give me a book. Any book will do (=it does not matter which book you give me).
2. That is easy! Anybody can do that! (=it does not matter whom you ask; he will be able to do it).
b. In Interrogative sentences:
(a) Any is used: as; –
Have you brought any mangoes?
(b) Some may be used, when the interrogative sentences are quivalent to polite requests or when they happen to be questions to which the answer ‘yes’ is expected.

1. Will you please give me some mangoes?
Will you have some more coffee?
Would you mind giving me some paper?
2. Aren’t there some pens in that drawer?
Polite
requests.
Answer
‘yes’ is
expected
When the answer is
c. In Conditional * sentences:
There are some pens in that drawer, aren’t there?
Note: Are there any
pens in that drawer?
unknown to the speaker.

If I had any money, I should go there.
If there are any apples in the market, please buy some.

(a) I doubt whether he will have any chance.
(b) He wondered whether any of his classmates would be there.
(c) He was not certain whether any good would come of detaining students.
(d) In sentences expressing doubt, wonder and uncertainty.
(e) The rules given above for some and any apply to their compounds, such as: someone, anyone; somebody, anybody; something, anything; somewhere; anywhere.

Affirmative:

1. There is somebody knocking on (or at) the door. Interrogative:
See Appendix D
1. Is there anybody in the next room? 2. Did you go anywhere last week?

Negative:

1. There is not anybody there.
2. I did not go anywhere yesterday.
N.B. The use of, ‘no any’ is a common mistake. It is wrong to say, ‘I have no any money. It should be either ‘I have not any money’. or ‘I have no money’.

Use of few, a few, the few

Few (opposed to many) is negative in sense and means (not many).
eg. (a) His wants are few. (b) He is a man of few words. We had few (=almost no) opportunities.
2. A few (opposed to none) is affirmative and means some at least, (i.e. a small number).
e.g. (a) A few of the boys in the class got the answer for the problem.
(b) We are lucky, he spoke a few words.
3. The few means ‘not many’ but all (that) there are’. e.g. (1) He read the few books he had (=He had not many books, but he read all of them).

Use of : little; a little; the little.

1. Little is negative in sense and means not much. e.g. You will have little trouble in finding out my house.
2. A little is affirmative and means ‘some’ though not much.
e.g. (a) He knows a little of everything.
A conditional sentence consists of two parts:
(b) the condition (if clause) and
(c) the result of its fulfilment (Principal clause)

Degrees Of Comparison

(b) A little learning is a dangerous thing.

3. The little means ‘not much’ but all (that) there is.
.e.g. The little money he had was stolen.
Note: Little is also used as an ordinary adjective mean-
ing ‘small’ (=not great or big.)
e.g. (a) Go a little way (short distance).
(b) Work a little while (short time).
(c) A little child (small size or young).
(d) The little Subbaraos (Subbarao’s children)
Note: a) Little is used as an adverb meaning ‘to a small
extent only’ (or ‘not at all’)
e.g. (a) He is little known in our town.
(b) His house is little better than a hotel.

Comparison of Adjectives

Rama, Gopal, Krishna అను ముగ్గురు పిల్లలలో వారికి పొడుగులో గల తేడాలను కనిపెట్టునపుడు రాముని కంటే గోపాలుడును, గోపాలునికంటె కృష్ణుడును పొడుగుగా నున్నట్లు తెలియవచ్చినది. కనుక ముగ్గురిలోను ఎవరు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు? కృష్ణుడు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు.

ఇతరులతో పోల్చనంతవరకు రాముడు కూడ పొడుగు అని మాత్రము చెప్పవచ్చును. కనుక ‘Rama is tall’ అందుము. Gopal రామునికంటె పొడుగు కనుక ‘Gopal is taller than Rama’ అందుము. కృష్ణుడు గోపాలుని కంటె పొడుగు, కావున, ‘Krishna is taller than Gopal అందుము. కాని ముగ్గురిలోను లేక అందరిలోను కృష్ణుడు మిక్కిలి పొడుగు కావున ‘Krishna is
the tallest of the three’ లేక ‘Krishna is the tallest of all’ అందుము.

పైన చెప్పిన tall, taller, tallest అను తేడాలను తెలియజేయు మూడు రూపములు Degrees of Comparision అని పిలువబడును.

1. The Positive Degree :- ఉ: tall, small, Gopal is tall.
His house is small.
2. The Comparative Degree: a Boys Xe
తేడాను చెప్పునపుడు మాత్రమే ఉపయోగింపబడును. ఉ: Taller, smaller. Gopal is taller than Rama.
3. The Superlative Degree: a dodos 50
వస్తువులను పోల్చునపుడు ఉపయోగింపబడును. ఉ: tallest, smallest. Krishna is the tallest of all the boys.
Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative forms

1. ఒకటే syllable గల Adjectives విషయములో:
(a) Positive degree 338 er 33 Comparative degree యును, est చేర్చుటచే Superlative degree యును, ఏర్పడును. : hard, harder, hardest.
(b) Positive కి చివర e ఉన్నయెడల. Comparative ఏర్పడుటకు 7 ను, Superlative ఏర్పడుటకు st యును చేర్చబడును. ఉ: wise, wiser,
wisest.
(c) Positive కి చివరనున్న y వెనుక
(a) హల్లులున్న యెడల ఆ y ని ” క్రింద మార్చి er, est చేర్చవలెను. & dry, driet, driest.
(b) హల్లులు లేనియెడల ‘y’ ” క్రింద మారదు. ఉః gay, gayer, gayest.
(d) Positive కి చివర ఒకటే హల్లుండి ఆ హల్లుకి వెనుక ఒకటే అచ్చున్న యెడల, ఆ చివర హల్లు ద్విత్వమగును. ఉ: red, redder, reddest; thin, thinner, thinnest.
కాని Positive కి చివర రెండు హల్లులున్నయెడల గాని, చివరి హల్లునకు వెనుక రెండచ్చులుండినగాని ఆహల్లులు ద్విత్వము కానేరవు. ఉ: thick, thicker, thickest; weak, weaker, weakest.
2. రెండు syllables గల కొన్ని adjectives కును మూడు syllables Xo adjectives, positive & more and most o Trwa Jaj3 Comparative, Superlative degree e 5. & beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful.
3. కొన్ని adjectives irregular గా compare చేయబడును. ఉ:

1. Comparison 30

Comparative degree

తరువాత than అను మాటయును. Superlative degree తర్వాత of అను మాటయును రావలెను. ఉదా: Rama is taller than Krishna. Gopal is the tallest of all the boys.
Superlative Adjective op the articles 0333. the tallest tree.
Adjective కి ముందు the ఉంచినపుడు ఆ phrase ఒక బహువచన నామవాచకమునకు సమమగును. ఉ the rich అనగాthe rich people; the poor on the poor people.

2. Comparative degree

Comparison than అను మాటయు, selection సూచించునపుడు of అను మాటయు రావలయును. ఉదాః

(1) Rama is stronger than Gopal.
(2) This pen is the better of the two (Selection) N. B. Selection ro
కి ముందు the తప్పక రావలెను.

Comparative Adjective

3. A few English Comparative Adjectives (latter, elder, former, hinder, inner, outer, upper etc.,) do not take than after them.

Wrong – He is elder than I..
Correct He is older than I.

These are used as ordinary adjectives as :- elder brother; inner compartment, latter part, hinder legs; upper storey.

4. Latin Comparatives (superior, inferior, senior, junior pior, anterior, posterior, ulterior take to after them; as: This rice is far superior to that. He is junior to me.

5. Much and Little 3 (quantity) 30. Many and few Song (number) 30. much money, but many rupees, little bread, but few loaves.

6. (a) Older and oldest are used both of persons and things; as: Rama is older than Gopal (of greater age). This is the oldest tree in the forest (of the greatest age).
(b) Elder and eldest are used of persons only, and chiefly with reference to the members of the same family; as – Krishna is my elder brother (born prior). He is my eldest son (first born).7. (a) Later and latest refer to time and are opposed to earlier and earliest; as:- This is a later Publication. Tell me the latest news. He came later than I.
(b) Latter and last refer to order or position; as: The latter part of his life was happy. He is the last boy in the class. (c) Latter is opposed to former. Latter means the second mentioned of two things; former means the first mentioned of two things; as Rama and Gopal are brothers; the latter (=gopal) is more intelligent than the fomer (=Rama).

1. Fill up the blanks with than or of :-

1. Rama is taller….. Gopal. 2. Seetha is younger….. Savitri. 3. Hari is the best…… all the boys in the class. 4. Gold is heavier….. Iron. 5. Iron is the most useful….. all the metals. 6. Krishna runs faster….. I. 7. He loves me better….. you. 8. He is a better boy….. Kesava. 9. I am worse….. Rama in History. 10. London is the largest ….. all the towns in the world. 11. Iron is the cheapest….. all the metals. 12. My pencil is larger….. yours. 13. Kings are not the happiest ….. men. 14. Your hat is smaller….. mine. 15. The rose is the loveliest….. all the flowers. 16. Gopal is the cleverer….. the two. 17. Krishna is the wiser….. the two. 18. This boy is the more intelligent….. the two.
Ans: 2. than 3. of 7. than 10. of 13. of 16. of 18. of 2. Correct the following:-

1. He is short than you. 2. He is the cleverest than all the boys. 3. This book is easiest to that. 4. Gopal is young than all. 5. My son is clever than yours. 6. Rama is an active boy than Sunder. 7. John is more taller than James. 8. To-day is very cold than Yesterday. 9. My pay is little than yours. 10. John is the baddest boy in the class. 11. This man is senior than that. 12. This paper is inferior than that. 13. Rama is junior than Gopal. 14. His strength is superior than mine. 15. Rama is elder than Krishna. 16. He is my elder brother. 17. Thissummer hotter than the latest. 18. The later of the two reasons is sound. 19. Tell me the last news.
Ans: 1. Shorter 2. of 3. easier than 4. the youngest of 6. a more active. 7. taller than 9. less 10. the worst 11. to 12. to 13. to 14. to 15. older 16. elder 17. last 18. latter 19. latest.

Formation of Adjectives

Adjectives are formed from:
(a) Nouns – Fool, foolish; Care, careful; king, kingly; gift, gifted; fame, famous.
(b) Verbs Move, movable; talk, talkative.
(c) Adjetives Black, blackish; (=somewhat black); Sick (=unhealthy) sickly (= somewhat sick, habitually ailing) Ex. 24 A

Form Adjectives from :-

Man, tire, boy, white, fury, ease, eat, sense, gold, whole, play, silk, dirt, pardon, courag, glory, health.

Adjective – equivalents

1. Verb-adjectives (Participles): Like other adjectives
they are used in two ways:-
(a) As epithets:
(a) Living creatures.
Creatures living beneath the sun.
(b) A printed book.
A table made of wood.
(a) As predicative adjectives:
(A) Said of the subject:
(a) The people came running. They are playing.
Active Participles. Passive
Participles.
Active Participles.
(b) I became assured that my
would be cured.
foot
They were changed into blocks of wood.
(B) Said of the object :
(C) time.
(a) I found the thief running away. They heard the people ringing the bells.
(b) I saw a rat caught in a trap.
I got my leg broken.
Passive Participles..
Active Participles
Passive Participles.
In the Nominative Absolute construction :
God willing, (=if God wills) we hope to succeed this
Everything having been prepared. (=after everything had been prepated) he dropped a bomb.
This done (=when this had been done) he retired.
He having the start (=as he had – the start) the enemy was at a disadvantage.
2. A Noun in apposition:
(a)We, Andhras (b) Asoka, the Emperor of India. (c) Delhi, the capital of India.
3. A Noun in the Possessive case:
(a) Rama’s house (b) The King’s palace.
4. ANoun in the Accusative case (acccusative of description): (a) The earth is the shape of an orange (-orangeshaped). (b) The towers were exactly the same height (=of the same height). (c) What colour (=of what colour, is the rose?)
5. Epithet nouns :
(a) Nouns may be used like epithet-adjectives;A Gold ring (a ring made of gold); gipsy coat; the river Ganges; the village watchman (=a watchman for the village); cannon balls (=ballls for cannon); the sick room (=room for the sick).
(b) A noun forming part of a compound noun
(a) Fruit – trees; market – place; honey – bee.
(b) Playmates; timepiece; milkmaid.
(c) A verb noun (=gerund forming part of a compound noun: Dancing – lesson (= a lesson in dacing) walking – stick; drawing-room.
(d) A compound noun: Drawing room furniture.
6. Proper noun:
Nellore rice; Kashmere shawls, Sunday hats.
7. (A) A phrase:
Walking on the road, I saw a snake.
(B) A lump of lead (-leaden lump) (b) Ten years of age (=Ten years old). (c) The day after to-morrow. (d) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
8. An Adverb:
(a) The then king.
(b) The off side.
(c) The houses there.
(d) The trees yonder.
(e) The classes below.
(f) The above remarks.
(g) Life abroad.
(h) The far-off isles.
(i) In after years.
9. A clause (in complex sentence) :
This is the house that my father built.
10. Gerundial infinitive:
(a) Give me water to drink.
(b) This house is to let.
11. A quotation: Always follow the ‘live and let live’ policy.