అధ్యాయము 34
కథా రచన (Story Writing)
కథారచనకు practice చాలా అవసరం. చదువులేని వ్యక్తికి ఒక కథ సరిగా చెప్పడం రాదు. అతనికి ఒక plan ప్రకారం పోవడం రాదు. చెప్పిందే చెబుతాడు. ముఖ్యమైన points (ఘట్టములు) వదలి వేయడం గూడా జరుగుతుంది. కీలకమైన సంఘటనలు అనవసరమైన చోట్ల చొప్పించుతాడు. ప్రధానమైన వివరణలను (details) యివ్వలేదు. సరియైన కథారచన చెయ్యాలంటే మొత్తం కథా గమనము నీ మనస్సులో ఉండాలి. దానికి ఉండవలసిన రూపం నీ మనస్సులో సాక్షాత్కరించవలయును. ప్రధానమైన ఘట్టములు ఒక దాని తరువాత ఇంకొకటి వరుస క్రమములో ఉండవలయును. ఈ క్రింద ఇచ్చిన exercise లో మీకు ఇతివృత్తము (plot) కొంత వరకు ఇవ్వబడింది. కొంత outline కూడా ఇవ్వబడింది. కాని ఇది ఒక ఆస్థిపంజరం వంటిది. ఈ అస్థిపంజరం అనే outline కు మంచి కథనంలో చక్కటి రూపాన్ని, ప్రాణాన్ని ఇవ్వాలి.
సూచనలు (Hints)
1. మీరు రాసేముందు మీ కథను గురించిన సంగ్రహమైన అవగాహన మీ మనస్సులో ఉండవలయును.
2. మీకిచ్చిన outline ను plan ను చక్కగా ఉపయోగించవలెను. ఏ point ను గూడా విడిచిపెట్టరాదు. Outline లోని order ప్రకారమే నీవు ముందుకు సాగిపోవలయును.
3. Outline యిచ్చిన points ను కలుపునపుడు అది సహజంగా ఉండవలయును. దానివలన కథలోని ఊహా చిత్రం దెబ్బతినదు. కథా సంగ్రహంలోని సంఘటనలను కలుపునపుడుగాని, వివరించునపుడు గాని, మీ ఊహా శక్తిని తగు రీతిలో ఉపయోగించవలయును. ఒక సంఘటనకు ఇంకొక సంఘటనకు సరియైన పొంతన ఉండవలయును.
4.అవకాశమున్నచోట dialogue వాడవలయును కాని అది అచ్చట ఉన్న కథా గమనానికి తగినట్లుగా, natural గా, interesting గా ఉండవలయును.
5. కథను చాలా జాగ్రత్తగా ముగించవలయును. మొత్తం కథ అంతగూడా ఆఖరు ఘట్టానికి వచ్చేలోపల ఉత్కంఠత కలిగేలాగా చూడాలి.
6. కథకు title పెట్టాలంటే ప్రధాన పాత్రను తీసుకోవాలి. ఒక కథా ఘట్టాన్ని కూడా ఎన్నుకోవచ్చు. “Barber of Baghdad” An accident. యివి కొన్ని examples. అందరికీ తెలిసిన సూక్తులు “Quotations” కూడా “heading పెట్టడానికి పనికి వస్తాయి. సామెతలు కూడా పనికి వస్తాయి. “No pains – No gains” etc.
7.Simple english రాయాలి. Grammer mistakes ఉండరాదు. Idiomatic పదాలను తగురీతిలో వాడుట చాలా మంచిది. ఒకటి రెండు సార్లు తిరిగి రాయండి. అప్పుడు final copy వస్తుంది.
Specimen Outline – ఒక నమూనా
Boy set to guard sheep-told to cry “Wolf!” if he sees a wolf near the flock-watches the sheep for several days-gets tired of the monotonous work-so one day shouts “Wolf!” as a joke- all the villagers hasten to his help-they find no wolf-boy laughs at them-villagers angry-plays the same joke a few days later-some villagers take no notice-some come running-finding noth- ing, they beat the boy-at last wolf really comes-boy is terrified and shouts “Wolf I Wolf-villagers take no notice-wolf kills several sheep.
Complete Story
The Boy Who Cried “Wolf!”
One of the boys in a village was sent out into fields to look after the sheep. “Mind you take care of them and don’t let them stray,” said the villagers to him. “And keep a good look out for wolves. Don’t go far away: and if you see a wolf coming near the sheep, shout out ‘Wolf!’ as loudly as you can, and we will come at once to help you.”
“All right I said the boy, “I will be careful.”
So every morning he drove his sheep out to the hillside and watched them all day. And when evening came, he drove them home again.
But after a few days he got rather tired of this lonely life. Nothing happened and no wolves came. So one afternoon he said to himself: ‘These villagers have given me a very stupid job. I think I will play a trick on them just for fun.”
So he got up and began shouting as loudly as he could, “Wolf! Wolf!”
The people in the village heard him, and at once they came running with sticks.
“Wolf! Wolf!” shouted the boy; and they ran faster. At last they came up to him, out of breath.
“Where is the wolf?” they panted. But the boy only laughed and said: “There is no wolf. I only shouted in fun. And it was fun to see you all running as hard as you could I”
The men were very angry.
“You young rascal !” they said. “If you play a trick like that again, we will beat you instead of the wolf.” And they went back to their work in the village.
For some days the boy kept quiet. But he got restless again, and said to himself: “I wonder if they will come running again if I cry “Wolf !’ once more. It was such fun the last time.”
So once more he began shouting, “Wolf! Wolf!”
The villagers heard him. Some said, “That boy is up to his tricks again.” But others said, “It may be true this time; and if there really is a wolf, we shall lose some of our sheep.”
So they seized their sticks, and ran out of the village to the hillside.
“Where is the wolf ?” they cried, as they came up.
“Nowhere !” said the boy laughing. “It was fun to see you running up the hill as fast you could.”
“We will teach you not to play jokes,” shouted the angry men; and they seized the boy and gave him a good beating, and left him crying instead of laughing.
A few days later a wolf really did come. When the boy saw it, he was very frightened and began shouting “Wolf! Wolf! Help ! Help !” as loudly as he could.
The villagers heard him, but they took no notice. “He is playing his tricks again,” they said. “We won’t be made fools for a third time. You can’t believe a boy after you have caught him lying twice.”
So no one went to his help, and the wolf killed several sheep and frightened the boy nearly out of his wits.
అభ్యాసము 133
క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన outlines ను ఉపయోగించి మంచి కథను రాయండి.
1. An old lady becomes blind calls in a doctor agrees to pay large fee if cured, but nothing if not- doctor calls daily covets lady’s furniture delays the cure every day takes away some of her furniture at last cures her-demands his fees-lady refuses to pay, saying cure is not complete- doctor brings a court case judge asks lady why she will not pay-she says sight not properly restored she cannot see all her furniture-judge gives verdict in her favour-moral.
2. A jackal wants crabs on the other side of a river wonders how to get across- tells camel there is sugarcane the other side camel agrees to carry him across in return for the information – they. cross-jackal finishes his meal-plays trick on camel-runs round the fields howling-villagers rush out-see camel in sugarcane-beat him with sticks camel runs to river-jackal jumps on his back – while crossing, came! asks jackal why he played him such a trick-jackal says he always howls after a good meal camel replies he always takes a bath after a good meal-rolls in the river- jackal nearly drowned-tit-for-tat
3. A son is born to a Rajah the mother dies in childbirth a young mother with a baby is chosen as nurse-she nurses both babies together enemies of the Rajah plot to kill his son they bribe the guards and get into the palace the nurse is warned just in time- – quickly changes the children’s dresses leaves her own child dressed as prince and flies with real prince-murderers enter room and kill the child left behind – so prince is saved-Rajah offers nurse rewards- she refuses them and kills herself Rajah grieved- erects splendid tomb for the faithful nurse.
4. A miser loses a purse of a hundred pieces of gold-in great distress-goes to town crier – crier says he must offer a reward offers reward of ten pieces of gold the crier announces this a few days later a farmer comes to the miser he has picked up the purse returns it to miser-miser counts the money a hundred pieces of gold-thanks the farmer-the farmer asks for the reward- miser says there were a hundred and ten pieces in the purse, so the farmer has already taken his reward of ten pieces they quarrel-farmer appeals to the judge the judge hears the case, and asks for the purse sees that it only just holds a hundred pieces decides it cannot be the miser’s purse – so gives the purse to farmer the miser had overreached himself.
5. A king distressed his people lazy-to teach them a lesson he had a big stone put in the middle of the road one night-next day merchants pass and go round it-an officer driving in his carriage did the same-a young soldier came riding, did the same all cursed the stone and blamed the government for not removing it-then the king had the stone removed-under it was an iron box, marked, “For the man who moves away the stone”-inside a purse full of money-the people were ashamed.
6. Tiger kills an indian lady travelling through the jungle-as he eats her body, he notices her gold bangle- keeps it as he thinks it may be useful-later he hides himself by a pool-traveller comes to pool, dusty and tired-strips and bathes in cool water-sees the tiger in bushes watching him-terrified-tiger greets him with a mild voice- says he is pious and spends time in prayer-as a sign of goodwill, offers the traveller the gold bangle-traveller’s greed overcomes his fear-crossed pool to take bangle-tiger springs on him and kills him.
7. A young man setting out on a journey-accompanied part way by an old man-they part under a pipal tree- young man asks old man to keep Rs. 100 for him till he returns-old man agrees and takes money-old man says he never gave him any to keep-young man takes him before judge-judge sends young man to summon tree to court-a long time away-judge asks old man, “Why?”-Old man says tree is long way off-judge sees that the old man knows which tree it is-when young man returns, judge gives verdict in his favour.
8. A poor Brahmin travelling through forests-comes across a tiger caught in a trap-tiger begs him to let him out-Brahmin in pity does so-tiger knocks him down-Brahmin pleads for his life and says the tiger is ungrateful-tiger agrees that he may appeal to three things against tiger-Brahmin first asks a pipal tree tree says all men are ungrateful-tree gives them shade and they cut its branches- Brahmin next asks the road-the road says that in return for its services men trample on it with heavy boots-Brahmin then asks a buffalo-buffalo says her master beats her and makes her turn a Persian wheel-Brahmin in despair-consults a jackal-jackal asks how tiger got into cage-tiger jumps in to show him-jackal shuts cage and walks away with Brahmin.
9. Baghdad merchant, about to go with a caravan to Damascus, suddenly falls ill-entrusts his bales of silk to a camel-driver-says he will go to Damascus as soon as he is well-will pay camel-driver when he arrives- camel-driver waits in Damascus-merchant does not come camel-driver sells the silk for a large sum- shaves his beard, dyes his hair and dresses in fine clothes-Baghdad merchant at last arrives-searches all Damascus for camel-driver-one day recognises him-camel-driver pretends to be a merchant of Samarkand-Baghdad merchant brings him before the judge-judge decides he can do nothing, as there are no witnesses-as camel-driver leaves court, judge suddenly calls out “Camel- driver!” He stops and turns round-judge puts him in prison, and makes him pay money to Baghdad merchant.
10. A slave in ancient Carthage-cruel master-slave runs away into desert-sleeps that night in a cave- waked up by terrible roar-sees lion coming into cave-terrified but lion quite gentle-holds up wounded paw slave takes out a big thorn-lion grateful and wags his tail-slave and lion live together as friends at last slave homesick-goes back to Carthage-is caught by his master-condemned by judge to be thrown to lions-thousands go to amphitheater to see man fight lion- slave brought out- lion rushes to attack him- but when he sees slave lies down and licks his feet-same lion-great astonishment-governor sends for slave-hears his story-frees slave and gives him the lion.
11. King Solomon noted for his wisdom-Queen of Sheba heard of his fame-came to visit him-impressed by his wealth and grandeur-wanted to test his power of solving puzzles-showed him two garlands of flowers, one in right hand and one in left-one real, the other artificial-asks, “Which is which?”- Courtiers puzzled-both garlands look the same-Solomon silent-Queen feels triumphant-Solomon ordered windows to be opened-bees flew in from garden-buzzed about the Queen-all settled on garland in her right hand-Solomon said the flowers in right hand real, in left hand artificial-Queen impressed with his wisdom.
12. Ship of pirate becalmed near rocky coast-pirate sees bell fastened to dangerous submerged rock– asks what it is-is told it was placed there to wam sailors in storms-thinks it would be a joke to take the bell-rows across in boat to rock-they cut the chain and sink the bell-wind rises and they sail away- years after pirate returns to same coast-sea covered with fog and storm rising-pirate does not know where he is a terrible crash-ship strikes on the same rock-as they go down the pirate realizes his ship wrecked on the same rock-wishes he had left the bell alone.
13. Rich nobleman gives a grand feast-many guests-his steward tells him a fisherman has brought a fine fish-nobleman tells him to pay him his price-steward says his price is a hundred lashes-nobleman thinks this a merry jest-sends for fisherman-fisherman confirms steward’s report-nobleman agrees- fisherman quietly receives fifty lashes-then stops-says, he has a partner to whom he promised half the price-“Who is he?”-nobleman’s porter-“Why?”-porter refused to let him in if he did not agree-porter brought in and given the other fifty lashes-guests enjoy joke-nobleman rewards fisherman..
14. Ali, a barber in Baghdad-Hassan, a wood-seller-Hassan brings Ali load of wood on a donkey-they bargain about the price-at last Ali offers so much for “all the wood on the donkey’s back-Hassan agrees unloads the wood-Ali claim: donkey’s wooden saddles-Hassan protests-quarrel-Ali seizes saddle and drives Hassan away with blows-Hassan appeals to Khalif-Khalif gives him ad- vice-some days later Hassan goes to All’s shop-asks Ali to shave him and a friend for so much-Ali agrees-shaves Hassan first- “Where is your friend?”-“Outside-Hassan fetches in his donkey- Ali refuses to shave donkey-drives Hassan away-Hassan reports to Khalif-Khalif sends for Ali- forces him to fulfil his bargain-Ali has to shave Hassan’s friend, the donkey, before all the courtiers- great laughter, and shame for Ali.