Clauses
1. Adverb Clauses
20. ఈ క్రింద italics లో చూపించిన group of words ను పరిశీలించండి :-
1. They rested at sunset. [Rested when?]
2. They rested when evening came. [Rested when ?]
పై రెండు వాక్యములలో ‘when’ అను పదములు Adverbs అయి ఉన్నవి. అవి కాలమును తెలియజేయుచున్నవి గావున అవి ‘rested’ అను verb పదమును అజమాయిషీ (modify) చేయుచున్నవి. ఎప్పుడు ‘rest తీసుకున్నాడు అని వివరిస్తున్నది కదా! అనగా ఆ particular పని ఏ సమయములో జరిగిందీ అని చెప్పుచున్నవి.
‘at sunset’ అను పదసముదాయము Adverb Phrase అని మనకు తెలుసును. రెండవ వాక్యములో నున్న ‘when evening came’ అను పదసముదాయమును కూడా Adverb Phrase క్రింద జమ కట్టవచ్చునా? జమకట్టడానికి వీలుకాదు. ఇది Phrase కాదు. ఎందుకంటే ఆ రెండు words లో నామవాచకమైన ‘evening’ అను పదము ఇచ్చట Noun అయి ఉన్నది.
‘evening’ అను పదము తాను వచ్చియున్నను అనే భావపూరితమైన action ను చూపించుచున్నది కదా. దానికి తోడుగా Predicate భాగమైన ‘came’ అచ్చట ఉన్నది కూడా. కావున ఈ 3 పదములను (when evening came) ఒక వాక్యము క్రింద జమ కట్టవచ్చును. కాని, ఇచ్చట ఇవి పెద్ద వాక్యములో భాగమై ఉన్నవి.
Read and Learn more Analysis Transformation of Sentences
ఈ విధముగా వాక్యములో ఒక భాగముగా నున్న పదములు ఒక Subject ను ఇంకొక Predicate ను కూడా కలిగియున్నచో ఆ మొత్తము Clause అవుతుంది. ఇచ్చట ‘when evening came’ అను భాగము Clause అయి ఉండి, time ను గురించి చెబుతూ అది Adverb యొక్క పనిని చేయుచున్నది. కావున, దానిని Adverb Clause అని అంటాము. కాలమును తెలియజేయు పదములు, place ను తెలియజేయు పదములు Adverb అగును కదా! davba sos
నిర్వచనం
(Def): కొన్ని పదముల సమూహము తమ Subject ను స్వంత Predicate ను కలిగియుండి, Adverb యొక్క పని చేయుచున్నచో, ఆ పదముల సమూహమును Adverb Clause అని అంటాము.
అభ్యాసము 23
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Adverb Clauses ను గుర్తించండి :-
1. You may sit wherever you like.
2. He fled where his pursuers could not follow.
3. He behaves as one might expect him to do.
4. Because you have done this I shall punish you.
5. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
6. If you eat too much you will be ill.
7. He finished first though he began late.
8. Will you wait till I return?
9. Just as he entered the room the clock struck.
10. They went where living was cheaper.
11. He does not always speak as he thinks.
12. Take a lamp because the night is dark.
13. Since you have already decided, why do yo ask my opinion?
14. If I make a promise I keep it.
15. You will pass if you work hard.
16. He advanced as far as he dared.
17. I forgive you since you repent.
18. I shall remain where I am.
19. We shall wait here until you come.
20. When I was younger, I thought so.
21. It was so dark that you could not see your hand.
22. Wherever one goes, one hears the same story.
23. If you do not hurry you will miss the train.
24. I do it because I choose to.
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అభ్యాసము 24
క్రింది ఖాళీలను తగినట్టి Adverb Clauses ను అందించండి :-
1. Do not go_______
2. He is not so clever.______
3. I was so hurried_____
4. He ran so fast______
5. He always does_____
6. He spoke so low_____
7. I shall do nothing____
8. Fools rush in_____
9. Nobody likes him,____
10. Open rebuke is better_____
11. He will succeed______
12. Make hay_____
13. He is so busy_____
14. Do not come_____
15. The boy went out to play_____
16. He does_____
17. He always comes____
18. He did______
19. She sings exactly______
20. The earth is larger,______
21. His father died_______
22. He cannot see______
23. Do you work well_______
24. I found my books_____-
25. I will not go out._____
26. You will succeed or fail______
27. Arithmetic is less difficult______
29. Do_______
28. We shall miss the train._____
21. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి :-
1. The stolen property was found in the dacoits’ hiding place.
2. The stolen property was. found where the dacoits were accustomed to hide.
పై రెండు వాక్యములలో italics లో నున్న పదములు Adverb యొక్క పనిని చేయుచున్నవి.
2వ వాక్యములో italics లో నున్న పదముల సమూహము Clause అగుచున్నది. ఎందుకంటే ఆ group subject (the dacoits) 8 m ఉన్నవి. కావున Clause కాని 1వ వాక్యములో italics లోనున్న group of words మాత్రము Phrase అయి ఉన్నవి. అచ్చట subject + predicate అను రెండు భాగములు లేవు. “In the dacoits’ hiding place మొత్తము పదముల సముదాయము ఒక చోటును గురించి మాత్రమే చెబుతున్నది.
అభ్యాసము 25
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో ప్రతి Adverb Phrase కు బదులుగా Adverb Clause ను సూచించుము.
1. On his return we asked him many questions.
2. Do it to the best of your ability.
3. The prince was met on his arrival by his secretary.
4. In spite of poverty he became distinguished.
5. Upon seeing the signal the troops set out.
6. Nobody must expect to become rich without hard work.
7. They were very grateful to him for his kindness.
8. In comparison with air water is heavy.
9. The weather is too bright to last.
10. My heart is too full for words.
11. The work is too much for any man to do single-handed.
12. With a view to early retirement he saved his money.
13. In the event of the president’s death the vice-president succeeds him.
14. He always carried out his duties according to instructions.
15. The price is high for an old car.
16. He ran with all his might.
17. After such hard work, he requires a long rest.
18. He was base enough to accept the dishonourable terms.
19. Many ships were so shattered as to be wholly unmanageable.
20. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
అభ్యాసము 26
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో ప్రతి Adverb Clause ను తొలగించి దాని స్థానములో
Adverb phrase ను లేక Adverb ను ప్రవేశ పెట్టండి :
1. I have not been well since I returned from Chennai.
2. When he entered the room he saw the vase broken.
3. They fought as heroes do.
4. When the Sun set he returned home.
5. Though I am poor, yet am I contented.
6. When the righteous rule, the people rejoice.
7. We have come so that we may help you.
8. The thief crept as a jackal does.
9. I am glad that he has recovered from his illness.
10. He works hard so that he may become rich.
11. He worked so hard that he succeeded.
12. As soon as I saw the cobra I ran away.
13. We ran so that we might arrive in time.
14. He jested even as he lay dying.
15. No man can become a great artist unless he applies himself continually to his art.
16. There was nothing he would not do if only he might make profit.
17. He was not so rich that he could buy a motor car.
18. When he had uttered these words he sat down.
19. This exercise is so difficult that I cannot do it.
20. The news is so good that it cannot be true.
21. I did not pay him, as I had no money with me.
22. He lived carefully so that he might live long.
23. The steamer will leave as soon as the mails arrive.
24. He may go home after his work is finished.
26. He was punished as he deserved.
25. As he was sick, he remained at home.
27. This sum is right so far as the working is concerned.
28. It rained so hard that the streets were flooded.
29. I took him because you recommended him.
30. My parents were poor though they were of noble birth.
31. He refuses to work whatever I may say.
32. We will do the work as well as we can.
33. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
34. Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman Empire lasted.
35. We are kind to you because you are kind to us.
36. He was posing rich though his income was only £ 40 annually.
37. The passage is so difficult that I cannot comprehend it.
2. Adjective Clauses
22. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న పదముల సమూహములను (group of words) గమనించండి :-
1. The umbrella with a broken handle is mine. [Which umbrella?]
2. The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine. [Which Umbrella?]
‘With a broken handle’ అను పదముల సముదాయము గొడుగును వర్ణించుచున్నది అనగా umbrella అను noun ను వర్ణించుచూ Adjective పాత్రను పోషించుచున్నది. కావున దీనిని Adjective phrase అని అంటారు.
రెండవ వాక్యములో ఉపయోగించిన which has a broken handle’ అను పదముల సమ్మేళనము (group) కూడా umbrella ను వర్ణించుచున్నది. కావున అది కూడా Adjective అయి ఉన్నది. కాని రెండవ దానికి ఒక Subject మరియు స్వతహాగా ఒక Predicate ఉన్నందున అది Adjective Clause అయినది. నిర్వచనం (Def): Adjective Clause లోనున్న కొన్ని పదములు ఒక group గా ఉండి, ఆ group లో Subject మరియు స్వతహాగా ఒక Predicate ఉన్నట్లయితే అది Adjective Clause అవుతుంది.
అభ్యాసము 27
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Adjective Clauses ను గుర్తించండి. అవి ఏ ఏ Nouns ను Pronouns వర్ణించుచున్నవో చెప్పండి :-
1. Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow.
2. The letter brought money which was badly needed.
3. The house that I live in belongs to my father.
4. I am monarch of all I survey.
5. I have a little shadow which goes in and out with me.
6. The dog that bites does not bark.
7. He tells a tale that sounds untrue.
8. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody any good.
9. The boy stood on the burning deck whence all but he had fled.
10. They never fail who die in a great cause.
11. I remember the house where I was born.
12. He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
13. Here is the book you want.
14. Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just.
15. He died in the village where he was born.
16. Heaven helps those who help themselves.
17. He never does anything that is silly.
18.It is a long lane that has no turning.
19. He laughs best who laughs last.
20. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
అభ్యాసము 28
తగినట్టి Adjective Clauses ను ఈ క్రింది ఖాళీలలో పూరించండి :-
1. I know the place______
3. The house____ is a hundred years old.
5. Where is the book.______?
7. He has lost the book___________
9. I know the man_____________
11. The boy____gained the prize.
13. Water______should be kept in a covered jar.
15. He went away by the train.
2. He is the man______
4. His offence is one.______
6. Boys will not be promoted.
8. I found the______get good marks.
10. No man._____shall suffer in any way.
12. Students____ book,
14. Any boy will be punished.
23. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి :-
1. He met a girl with blue eyes.
2. He met a girl whose eyes were blue.
‘With blue eyes’ అనే పదసముదాయము నామవాచకమైన (girl) అనే పదమును వర్ణించుచున్నది. తరువాత 2వ వాక్యములోని ‘whose eyes were blue’ అనే పదసముదాయము కూడా girl అను నామవాచక పదమును వర్ణించుచున్నది. కావున పైన ఇచ్చిన రెండు వాక్యములలోని రెండు groups కూడా Adjective గా పని చేయుచున్నవి.
కాని, ‘with blue eyes’ అను group ఇచ్చట Phrase అయి ఉన్నది.
‘whose eyes were blue’ అను group 2వ వాక్యములో Clause అయి ఉన్నది. ఇచ్చట Subject + Predicate ఉన్నందున ఇచ్చట రెండు groups కూడా Adjective భాగమునకు సంబంధించినవి కావున, ఒక దాని స్థానంలో ఇంకొకటి రావచ్చును.
అభ్యాసము 29
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో ప్రతి Adjective పదమునకు Phrase కు బదులుగా Adjective Clause ను వ్రాయండి :-
1. A man of industrious habits is sure to succeed.
2. He told us the time of his arrival.
3. The time for departing has now arrived.
5. I have a box, filled with almonds.
4. Do you know the road leading to the temple?
6. We all admire a man of courage.
7. A city on a hill cannot be hid.
8. The people in the gallery could not hear.
9. You can have anything of your liking.
10. The houses of the Burmans are generally built of bamboo.
అభ్యాసము 30
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Adjective Clauses ను Adjective పదములుగా గాని, Adjective Phrases గా గాని మార్చి వ్రాయండి :
1. Do you know the woman who is wearing a blue sari?
2 The boy who sits near me is my cousin.
3. That was the reason why he came late.
4. The reason, why he failed, is obvious.
5. The workers, who were weary with their exertions, lay down to rest.
6. The sun, which at mid-day was hot, made the traveller thirsty.
7. Which is the road that leads most quickly to the station?
8. People who eat too much die early.
9. Many men who have not been trained to write become journalists.
10. This is the place where our forefathers landed.
11. The explanation he gave was not satisfactory.
12. Such men as you cannot be easily disheartened.
13. This boy, who has been industrious, has earned a prize which he has well deserved.
14. A belief which is generally held is not necessarily one which is true.
15. An author who was famous during the freedom struggle lived in that cottage which overlooks the lake.
3. Noun Clauses
24. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న భాగములను (groups) పరిశీలించండి
1. I expect to get a prize.
[Expect what?]
2. I expect that I shall get a prize. [Expect what?]
‘To get a prize’ అను పదముల సముదాయము మొదటి group అయి ఉన్నది. ఈ మాటల group లో Subject లేదు. Predicate లేదు కావున ఈ group Phrase అవుతుంది. ఈ Phrase ఇచ్చట expect అను Verb నకు Object గా నున్నది. ఈ విధంగా అది నామవాచకముగా పనిచేయుచున్నది. కావున ఇది Noun phrase అయినది.
రెండవ వాక్యములోని ‘that I shall get a prize’ అను పదసముదాయములో Subject మరియు Predicate ఉన్నవి. కావున దీనిని Clause అని చెప్పవలయును. ఇచ్చట ఈ పదసముదాయము Verb నకు Object గా పనిచేయుచున్నది. మరియు ఆ విధంగా అది Noun కి బదులుగా Clause రూపములో పనిచేయుచున్నది. కావున ఈ పద సముదాయం Noun Clause అయ్యింది.
ఇప్పుడు ఈ క్రింది వాక్యమును పరిశీలించండి :-
That you have come pleases me.
That you have come’ Clause. ‘pleases’ Verb Subject గా నున్నది. కావున అది ఇచ్చట Noun పాత్రను పోషించుచూ Noun Clause అయినది.
నిర్వచనం(Def) : Non Clause అనగా కొన్ని పదముల సముదాయము (group). దానిలో ఒక Subject మరియు Predicate ఉండును. ఈ Noun Clause, Noun చేయు పనిని చేయును.
అభ్యాసము 31
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Noun Clauses ను గుర్తించండి :-
1. I often wonder how you are getting on.
2. I fear that I shall fail.
3. He replied that he would come.
4. Do you deny that you stole the watch?
5. I thought that it would be a fine day.
6. That you should cheat me hurts me.
7. No one knows who he is.
8. He saw that the clock had stopped.
9. That you should say this is very strange.
10. I don’t see how you can get out of this mess.
11. I earn whatever I can.
12. I do not know what he wants.
13. There were no complaints except that the day was too hot.
14. I went to see what had happened.
15. I do not understand how it all happened.
16. Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
17. It grieved me to hear that she was ill.
18. I want to know how far it is from here.
19. Where we were to lodge that night was the problem.
20. He begged that his life might be spared.
21. I think you have made a mistake.
22. Can you guess what I want?
23. How the burglar got in is a mystery!
24. It is uncertain whether he will come.
25. I do not know what he will do.
అభ్యాసము 32
తగిన Noun Clauses తో ఈ క్రింది ఖాళీలను నింపండి :-
1. I cannot understand______
2. They all said________
3 I think______
4. This is just_____________
5. He told me_____________
6. _______is a well-known fact.
7. Do you know________
8. I wonder,_____
9. I do not know
10. Please show me_____
11. ____________is quite certain.
12. I feel certain_______
13. Tell him_____________
14. Will you tell me________
15. His father was anxious_________
16. You forget____
17. It is certain__________
18. Have you heard_____
19. do with your might._____
20. He was pleased with______
అభ్యాసము 33
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న పదములను మార్చి తగిన Noun Clauses తో ఖాళీలను పూరించండి :-
1. The time of his coming no one can guess.
2. I heard of his success.
3. The reason of his failure will never be known.
4. I predict a change in the weather.
5. The jury believed the man guilty.
6. We expect an improvement in business.
7. Who can doubt the truth of his statement?
8. I know him to be trustworthy.
9. I do not believe the account given by him.
10. He confessed his guilt.
11. He described the attack on the camp.
12. The place of their meeting was known to the police.
13. The sailor told us the direction of the wind.
14. His arrival was quite unexpected.
15. His friends hoped for his success.
16. I know your great regard for him.
అభ్యాసము 34
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Noun Clauses ను తీసివేసి Noun లేక Noun Phrase తో ఖాళీలను నింపండి.
1. I hope that I shall be there in time.
2. He is sure that we will win the match.
3. I remarked that it was a fine day.
4. They do not know where he is concealed.
5. The police must know where he is living.
6. I believe what he says.
7. Tell me what you think about this.
8. The doctor is hopeful that she will soon recover.
9. It is to be regretted that he retired from the world so early in life.
10. I do not believe what he says.
11. He showed how the problem was done.
12. It seems that he is a swindler.
13. He does not know where I live.
14. Tell me why you did this.
15. It is not known who has written this book.
16. The law will punish whosoever is guilty.
25. ఇంతవరకు మనము మూడు విధములైన Clauses గురించి చదివి యున్నాము.
1) Adverb పనిని చేయు Adverb Clauses
2) Adjective పనిని చేయు Adjective Clauses
3) Noun పనిని చేయు Noun Clauses.
26. ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములను పరిశీలించండి. మరియు ప్రతి వాక్యములో Clause చేయుచున్న పనిని గూడా గమనించండి :-
1. I knew where I could find him.
2. I went to the place where I could find him.
3. I went where I could find him.
1వ వాక్యములో Italics లో నున్న పదసమూహము Clause గా పనిని చేయుచున్నది. మరియు ‘know’ అను భావమును తెలియచేయుచున్న Verb పదమునకు Object (కర్మభావము) గా కూడా ఉన్నది.
2వ వాక్యములో Clause అయిన పదసమూహము Adjective చేయుపనిని చేయుచున్నది. నామ వాచకమైనట్టి ‘place’ అను పదమును వివరించుచున్నది.
3వ వాక్యములో Clause అయిన పదసమూహము Adverb చేయుపనిని చేయుచున్నది. మరియు ‘went’ అను Verb పదమును అజమాయిషీ (modify) చేయుచున్నది.
దీనిని బట్టి ఒకే Clause ఒక వాక్యములో Noun Clause గాను, ఇంకొక చోట Adjective Clause గాను, మరియొకచోట Adverb Clause గాను ఉండవచ్చునని తెలియుచున్నది.
ఈ విధంగా ఒక Clause కు ఒకే ఒక గుర్తింపు ఇవ్వడం చాలా కష్టమౌతుంది. అది వాక్యములో చేయుపనిని బట్టి దానికి grammar గుర్తింపు ఇవ్వవలసి వుంటుంది.
అభ్యాసము 35
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో Clauses ను గుర్తించండి. అది ఏ తరహాకు చెందిన Clause అవుతుందో కూడా గుర్తించండి. తరువాత అది ఏ పదముతో సంబంధము కలిగియున్నదో వివరించండి :-
1.come when you like.
2. I know the man who is here
3. He says that he met your brother,
4. The hand that rocks the the world.
5. Before I die I intend to see Venice.
6. Let us rejoice as we go forward.
7. I was reading a book which I had read before.
8. Perhaps he thinks that I am a fool.
9. As I drew near I saw a very curious sight.
10. Where are the friends whom I knew?
11. Can a man live whose soul is dead?
12. I think that he will die.
13. Have you heard that Rama has won the prize?
14. He made a vow that he would fast for a week.
15. He admitted that he wrote the letter.
16. It was not the vizier whom the king suspected.
17. I know the place which you mention.
18. That he will do it, I have no doubt.
19. When he heard this he turned very pale.
20. That such a thing could happen, I do not believe.
21. I want to find the man who did this.
22. Have you seen the horse that he has bought?
23. My father hopes that you will visit us.
24. He behaved as a brave man should do.
25. I will wait until the next train comes.
26. The general feared that he would be surrounded.
27. He ate when he was hungry.
28. Since he has been in hospital he has improved greatly.
29. As I was going in my father came out.
30. There came a time when he was tired of waiting.
31. He spoke of a time when wars should cease.
32. They live where the climate is good.
33. I know a place where roses grow.
34. They have gone to a land whither few travellers go.
35.Sadly they returned to the prison whence they had so hopefully set forth that morning.
36. They returned whence they had come.
37. The swallows will return to the country whence such birds migrate.
38. Let none follow me to the retreat whither I now depart.
39. I refer to the year when the monsoon failed.
40. This is not the sort of place where you’ll get rich in a hurry.
41. The wind bloweth whither it listeth.
42. You will always regret the day when you did this.
43. Another occupies the seat where once I sat.
44. He has gone to that bourne whence no traveller returns.
అభ్యాసము 36
ఈ క్రింది వాక్యములలో italics లోనున్న భాగములకు Clauses ను రూపొందించండి. తరువాత అలా ఉపయోగించిన Clause, Noun Clause అవుతుందా, Adjective Clause అవుతుందా లేక Adverb Clause అవుతుందా అని కూడా వివరించండి :-
1. He cannot find a place to sleep in.
2. The girl with long hair is my cousin.
3. Have you heard the news?
4. In spite of his efforts he failed.
5. He walked slowly to avoid slipping.
6. This is my home.
7. He cried aloud for joy.
8. I am surprised at your question.
9. He works hard for a living.
10. Being lame he has to use crutches.
11. I am hopeful of his speedy recovery.
12. I heard of his arrival.
13. The sun having set, the army stopped to rest.
14. The duration of the war is uncertain.
15. He declared his innocence.
16. His remarks were not received with approval.
17. Did he explain the purpose of his coming?
18. He ordered the traitor to be executed.
19. He remarked on the boy’s impudence.
20 His silence proves his guilt.
21. I cannot tell you the date of my return.
22. His share in the plot was suspected.
23. He speaks like a born orator.
24. I promise you a holiday on condition of your good behaviour.
25. He is not so foolish as to accept your offer.
26. In my old home we had many fruit trees.
27. Under existing conditions railway travel is expensive.